(a)

(1) Each provider and each applicant, as defined in

Section 14043.1, when applying for enrollment and continued enrollment, shall provide, to the department, a bond, or other security satisfactory to the department, of an amount determined by the department, pursuant to regulations adopted by the department.

(2) The department, in determining the amount of bond or security required by paragraph (1), shall base the determination on the level of estimated billings, and shall not be less than twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000).

(3) This subdivision shall become operative only if the director executes a declaration, that shall be retained by the director, stating that the surety bonds described in this paragraph are commercially offered throughout the state and by more than one vendor. (b)

(1) After three years of continuous operation as a provider, a Medi-Cal provider may apply to the department for an exemption from the requirements of subdivision (a).

(2) The department shall adopt regulations establishing conditions for the approval or denial of applications for exemption pursuant to paragraph (1). (

c) The department shall establish a mechanism to track rates of participation among providers who are subject to the requirement of subdivision (

a) to determine if the requirement is a deterrent to Medi-Cal program participation among provider applicants. (

d) Subdivisions (

a) and (

b) shall not apply to natural persons licensed or certified pursuant to Division 2 (commencing with

Section 500) of the Business and Professions Code, the Osteopathic Initiative Act, or the Chiropractic Initiative Act, or to any clinic licensed pursuant to subdivision (

a) of

Section of the Health and Safety Code, or exempt from licensure under subdivision (

c) of

Section of the Health and Safety Code, to any health facility licensed under

Chapter 2 (commencing with

Section 1250) of Division of the Health and Safety Code, or to any provider that is operated by a city, county, school district, county office of education, or state special school, or any professional corporation practicing pursuant to the Moscone-Knox Professional Corporation Act provided for pursuant to

Part 4 (commencing with

Section 13400) of Division of Title of the Corporations Code. (

e) Nothing in this

section shall relieve an applicant or provider of durable medical equipment or home health agency services from complying with subdivisions (

a) and (

b) of Sections 14100.8 and 14100.9, as applicable.