CHAPTER 28

28.001

Definitions.

(1) “Official records” means each instrument that the clerk of the circuit court is required or authorized to record in one general series called “Official Records” as provided for in s. 28.222.

(2) “Public records” has the same meaning as in s. 119.011 and includes each official record.

History. — s. 1, ch. 94-348; s. 1, ch. 99-259.

28.01 Bond of circuit court clerks; small counties.

History. — ss. 1, 3, ch. 3724, 1887; RS 1381; GS 1821; RGS 3066; CGL 4847; s. 1, ch. 17754, 1937; s. 1, ch. 20719, 1941; ss. 10, 12, 35, ch. 69-106; s. 152, ch. 95-147; s. 12, ch. 95-312; s. 7, ch. 98-34.

28.02 Bond of circuit court clerks; large counties.

History. — ss. 1, 3, ch. 3724, 1887; RS 1381; GS 1821; RGS 3066; CGL 4847; s. 1, ch. 17754, 1937; s. 1, ch. 20719, 1941; ss. 10, 12, 35, ch. 69-106; s. 153, ch. 95-147; s. 13, ch. 95-312; s. 8, ch. 98-34.

28.03 Obligation of sureties.

History. — s. 9, ch. 3724, 1887; RS 934; GS 1822; RGS 3067; CGL 4848; s. 2, ch. 17754, 1937; s. 1, ch. 20719, 1941; s. 154, ch. 95-147.

28.04 Justification of sureties.

History. — s. 10, ch. 3724, 1887; RS 935; GS 1823; RGS 3068; CGL 4849; s. 3, ch. 17754, 1937; s. 1, ch. 20719, 1941; s. 155, ch. 95-147.

28.05 Surety companies.

History. — GS 1824; RGS 3069; CGL 4850; s. 4, ch. 17754, 1937; s. 1, ch. 20719, 1941.

28.06 Power of clerk to appoint deputies.

History. — s. 1, Feb. 12, 1834; s. 1, ch. 254, 1849; RS 1384; GS 1825; RGS 3070; CGL 4851; s. 1, ch. 21956, 1943; s. 156, ch. 95-147.

28.07 Place of office.

History. — s. 3, Feb. 12, 1834; RS 1385; GS 1826; RGS 3071; CGL 4852; s. 1, ch. 57-281; s. 1, ch. 87-190; ss. 2, 10, ch. 94-348; s. 2, ch. 99-259.

28.071 Clerk’s seal.

History. — s. 1, ch. 70-134; s. 1, ch. 70-439.

28.09 Clerk ad interim.

History. — s. 1, ch. 722, 1855; RS 1393; GS 1838; RGS 3083; CGL 4866; s. 157, ch. 95-147; s. 9, ch. 98-34.

28.101 Petitions and records of dissolution of marriage; additional charges.

(1) When a party petitions for a dissolution of marriage, in addition to the filing charges in s. 28.241, the clerk shall collect and receive:

(2) Upon receipt of a final judgment of dissolution of marriage for filing, and in addition to the filing charges in s. 28.241, the clerk may collect and receive a service charge of up to $10.50 pursuant to s. 382.023 for the recording and reporting of such final judgment of dissolution of marriage to the Department of Health.

History. — s. 2, ch. 67-520; s. 2, ch. 70-134; s. 1, ch. 70-439; s. 1, ch. 73-300; s. 9, ch. 83-217; s. 103, ch. 86-220; s. 1, ch. 87-145; s. 25, ch. 87-387; s. 7, ch. 88-98; s. 2, ch. 88-181; s. 12, ch. 94-134; s. 12, ch. 94-135; s. 54, ch. 96-418; s. 82, ch. 97-237; s. 14, ch. 98-403; s. 13, ch. 99-2; s. 5, ch. 99-243; s. 4, ch. 2001-122; s. 25, ch. 2003-402; s. 3, ch. 2004-251; s. 14, ch. 2004-265; s. 8, ch. 2014-19; s. 7, ch. 2017-233; s. 1, ch. 2023-284.

28.12 Clerk of the board of county commissioners.

History. — RS 1392; GS 1836; RGS 3081; CGL 4864; s. 3, ch. 70-134; s. 158, ch. 95-147.

28.13 Papers and electronic filings.

History. — s. 59, Nov. 18, 1828; RS 1389; GS 1830; RGS 3075; CGL 4856; s. 1, ch. 89-297; s. 159, ch. 95-147; s. 1, ch. 2013-109.

28.14 Records, judgments, orders, and decrees prior to circuit courts.

History. — s. 9, ch. 1629, 1869; RS 1402; GS 1853; RGS 3098; CGL 4882.

28.15 Records from superior courts.

History. — s. 2, ch. 520, 1853; RS 1403; GS 1854; RGS 3099; CGL 4883.

28.16 Certain records from prior county courts.

History. — s. 1, ch. 3004, 1877; RS 1404-1406; s. 1, ch. 4725, 1899; GS 1855-1858; RGS 3100-3103; CGL 4884-4887.

28.211 Clerk to keep docket.

History. — s. 1, ch. 71-4; s. 160, ch. 95-147.

28.212 Minutes of court proceedings.

History. — s. 1, ch. 72-320.

28.213 Disposal of physical evidence filed as exhibits.

History. — s. 1, ch. 72-7; s. 21, ch. 73-333; s. 2, ch. 89-176; s. 26, ch. 2003-402.

28.215 Pro se assistance.

History. — s. 27, ch. 2003-402.

28.222 Clerk to be county recorder.

(1) The clerk of the circuit court shall be the recorder of all instruments that he or she may be required or authorized by law to record in the county where he or she is clerk.

(2) The clerk of the circuit court shall record all instruments in one general series called “Official Records.” He or she shall keep a register in which he or she shall enter at the time of filing the filing number of each instrument filed for record, the date and hour of filing, the kind of instrument, and the names of the parties to the instrument. The clerk shall maintain a general alphabetical index, direct and inverse, of all instruments filed for record. The register of Official Records must be available at each office where official records may be filed.

(3) The clerk of the circuit court shall record the following kinds of instruments presented to him or her for recording, upon payment of the service charges prescribed by law:

(4) The county recorder shall remove recorded court documents from the Official Records pursuant to a sealing or expunction order.

(5) Any reference in these statutes to the filing of instruments affecting title to real or personal property with the clerk of the circuit court shall mean recording of the instruments.

(6) The clerk of the circuit court may maintain a separate book for maps, plats, and drawings recorded pursuant to chapters 177, 253, and 337.

(7)(

a) All instruments recorded in the Official Records 2 must remain open to the public, under the supervision of the clerk, for the purpose of inspection thereof and of making copies therefrom.

History. — ss. 2, 4, ch. 71-4; s. 24, ch. 81-259; s. 2, ch. 84-114; s. 2, ch. 92-25; s. 1, ch. 93-42; s. 100, ch. 94-119; s. 11, ch. 94-348; s. 1324, ch. 95-147; s. 2, ch. 95-214; s. 83, ch. 97-237; s. 3, ch. 99-259; s. 2, ch. 2013-109; s. 18, ch. 2019-71; s. 1, ch. 2021-116; s. 1, ch. 2021-215.

28.22205 Electronic filing process.

History. — s. 16, ch. 2009-61; s. 6, ch. 2014-17; s. 5, ch. 2015-2; s. 7, ch. 2020-2; s. 15, ch. 2021-116.

28.2221 Electronic access to official records.

(1) The Legislature finds that a proper and legitimate state purpose is served by providing the public with access to public records and information on the Internet. The Legislature further finds that a proper and legitimate state purpose is also served by preventing disclosure of records and information made exempt by law from public disclosure.

(3) Each county recorder shall use appropriate Internet security measures to ensure that no person has the ability to alter or to modify records placed on the Internet by the county recorder.

(4) Unless otherwise provided by law, no information retrieved electronically pursuant to this

section shall be admissible in court as an authenticated document.

(5)(

a) A county recorder may not place on a publicly available Internet website for general public display information made exempt from inspection or copying under s. 119.071 or any image or copy of a public record, including an official record, if that image or copy is of a military discharge; death certificate; or a court file, record, or paper relating to matters or cases governed by the Florida Rules of Family Law, the Florida Rules of Juvenile Procedure, or the Florida Probate Rules.

(6)(

a) Any information restricted from general public display, inspection, or copying under paragraph (5)(

a) pursuant to a request for removal made under s. 119.071 must be provided at any time to the individual whose information was removed. The written request for the restricted information must be by sworn affidavit consistent with s. 92.50 and must include the Official Records book and page number, the instrument number, or the clerk’s file number for any information or document to be released, and a description of the lawful purpose, and identify the individual or property that is the subject of the search. Any party making a false attestation is subject to the penalty of perjury under s. 837.012. A fee may not be charged for the production of any document pursuant to such request.

(7) A person who uses any official record in a manner not authorized in this

section commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. A person who unlawfully uses any official record with intent to cause bodily harm or with intent to threaten to cause bodily harm commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

(8)(

a) Each county recorder or clerk of the court must make the identity of each respondent against whom a final judgment for an injunction for the protection of a minor under s. 741.30, s. 784.046, or s. 784.0485 is entered, as well as the fact that a final judgment for an injunction for the protection of a minor under s. 741.30, s. 784.046, or s. 784.0485 has been entered against that respondent, publicly available on an Internet website for general public display, which may include the Internet website required by this section, unless the respondent is a minor.

History. — s. 2, ch. 2000-164; ss. 2, 4, ch. 2002-302; s. 2, ch. 2021-215; s. 2, ch. 2021-231; s. 1, ch. 2022-4.

28.2222 Public records capital improvement plan.

History. — s. 6, ch. 95-214; s. 5, ch. 2006-1.

28.2225 Title fraud prevention through identity verification; pilot program.

(1) As used in this section, the term “clerk” means the clerk of the circuit court for Lee County.

(2) Notwithstanding any other provision to the contrary in this chapter, when a deed or other instrument purporting to convey real property or an interest therein is presented to the clerk for recording, the clerk may require the person presenting the deed or other instrument to produce a government-issued photographic identification card as follows:

(3) A clerk who participates in the pilot program must:

(4) This

section does not require the clerk to provide or allow access to a record or other information that is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution or to otherwise violate the public records laws of this state.

(5) This

section is repealed on July 1, 2025.

History. — s. 1, ch. 2023-238.

28.223 Probate records; recordation.

(1) The clerk of the circuit shall record all wills and codicils admitted to probate, orders revoking the probate of any wills and codicils, letters of administration, orders affecting or describing real property, final orders, orders of final discharge, and orders of guardianship filed in the clerk’s office. No other petitions, pleadings, papers, or other orders relating to probate matters shall be recorded except on the written direction of the court. The direction may be by incorporation in the order of the words “To be recorded,” or words to that effect. Failure to record an order or a judgment shall not affect its validity.

(2) The clerk shall record all instruments under this

section in Official Records and index them in the same manner as prescribed in s. 28.222.

(3) All records of a court of this state heretofore exercising probate jurisdiction shall be placed, and remain, in the custody of the clerk and shall be the records of the circuit court. The circuit court may exercise judicial cognizance and power over them as it may over its own records.

(4) Certified transcripts of the whole or any part of probate or administration proceedings in any court of this state or of any foreign state or country may be recorded. If the certified copy is not a part of a pending probate proceeding in the court, the person causing it to be recorded shall pay the costs of recordation.

(5) The recording of any instrument required or permitted to be recorded under this

section in a pending probate or administration proceeding in the county shall be included in the fees prescribed in s. 28.2401.

History. — s. 2, ch. 74-106; s. 1, ch. 77-174; s. 161, ch. 95-147; s. 20, ch. 95-401.

28.231 Service charges by clerks of courts.

History. — s. 39, ch. 70-134.

28.235 Advance payments by clerk of circuit court.

History. — s. 12, ch. 94-348; s. 89, ch. 2003-261.

28.24 Service charges.

(1) For purposes of this section, the term “court record” means the contents of a court file and includes:

(2) For examining, comparing, correcting, verifying, and certifying transcripts of record in appellate proceedings, prepared by attorney for appellant or someone else other than clerk, per page: 5.00, from which the clerk shall remit 0.50 per page to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(3) For preparing, numbering, and indexing an original record of appellate proceedings, per instrument: 3.50, from which the clerk shall remit 0.50 per instrument to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(4)(

a) For certifying copies of any instrument that is a court record in the public records: 2.00, from which the clerk shall remit 0.50 to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(5)(

a) For verifying any instrument presented for certification prepared by someone other than clerk, per page: 3.50, from which the clerk shall remit 0.50 per page to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(6)(

a) For making copies by photographic process of any instrument in the public records consisting of pages of not more than 14 inches by 8 1

(7) For making microfilm copies of any public records:

(8) For copying any instrument in the public records by other than photographic process, per page: 6.00.

(9)(

a) For writing any paper that is a court record other than a paper otherwise specifically mentioned in this section, including signing and sealing: 7.00, from which the clerk shall remit 1.00 to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(10) For indexing each entry not recorded: 1.00.

(11) For receiving money into the registry of court:

(12) For examining, certifying, and recording plats and for recording condominium exhibits larger than 14 inches by 8 1

(13) For recording, indexing, and filing any instrument not more than 14 inches by 8 1

(14)(

a) Oath, administering, attesting, and sealing of court records not otherwise provided for in this section: 3.50, from which the clerk shall remit 0.50 to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(15)(

a) For validating certificates or any authorized bonds that are court records, each: 3.50, from which the clerk shall remit 0.50 each to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(16) For preparing affidavit of domicile: 5.00.

(17) For exemplified certificates, including the signing and sealing of them: 7.00, from which the clerk shall remit 1.00 to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(18)(

a) For authenticated certificates that are court records, including the signing and sealing of them: 7.00, from which the clerk shall remit 1.00 to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(19)(

a) For issuing and filing a subpoena for a witness, not otherwise provided for in this section, including the writing, preparing, signing, and sealing of it: 7.00, from which the clerk shall remit 1.00 to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(20)(

a) For approving a court bond: 8.50, from which the clerk shall remit 1.00 to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(21)(

a) For searching court records, for each year’s search: 2.00, from which the clerk shall remit 0.50 for each year’s search to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(22) For processing an application for a tax deed sale (includes application, sale, issuance, and preparation of tax deed, and disbursement of proceeds of sale), other than excess proceeds: 60.00.

(23) For disbursement of excess proceeds of tax deed sale, first $100 or fraction thereof: 10.00.

(24) Upon receipt of an application for a marriage license, for preparing and administering of oath; issuing, sealing, and recording of the marriage license; and providing a certified copy: 30.00.

(25) For solemnizing matrimony: 30.00.

(26) For sealing any court file or expungement of any record: 42.00, from which the clerk shall remit 4.50 to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(27)(

a) For receiving and disbursing all restitution payments, per payment: 3.50, from which the clerk shall remit 0.50 per payment to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the General Revenue Fund.

(28) Postal charges incurred by the clerk of the circuit court in any mailing by certified or registered mail must be paid by the party at whose instance the mailing is made.

(29) For furnishing an electronic copy of information contained in a computer database: a fee as provided for in

chapter 119.

History. — s. 1, ch. 3106, 1879; RS 1394; GS 1839; RGS 3084; ss. 1, 2, ch. 11893, 1927; CGL 4867; s. 2, ch. 29749, 1955; s. 1, ch. 63-45; s. 5, ch. 70-134; s. 1, ch. 77-284; s. 1, ch. 78-367; s. 1, ch. 79-266; s. 12, ch. 79-400; s. 1, ch. 82-205; s. 35, ch. 85-180; s. 2, ch. 85-249; s. 22, ch. 87-95; s. 2, ch. 87-145; s. 1, ch. 88-176; s. 1, ch. 92-200; ss. 5, 13, ch. 94-348; s. 5, ch. 95-214; s. 2, ch. 2000-144; s. 90, ch. 2003-261; s. 28, ch. 2003-402; s. 16, ch. 2004-265; s. 6, ch. 2005-236; s. 14, ch. 2007-62; s. 6, ch. 2008-111; s. 2, ch. 2012-100; s. 3, ch. 2013-109; s. 6, ch. 2019-58; s. 2, ch. 2021-116.

28.2401 Service charges and filing fees in probate matters.

(1) Except when otherwise provided, the clerk may impose service charges or filing fees for the following services or filings, not to exceed the following amounts:

(2) Upon application by the clerk and a showing of extraordinary circumstances, the service charges or filing fees set forth in this

section may be increased in an individual matter by order of the circuit court before which the matter is pending, to more adequately compensate for the services performed or filings made.

(3) An additional service charge of $4 on petitions seeking

summary administration, formal administration, ancillary administration, guardianship, curatorship, and conservatorship shall be paid to the clerk. The clerk shall transfer $3.50 to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the Court Education Trust Fund and shall transfer 50 cents to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the Department of Financial Services’ Administrative Trust Fund to fund clerk education. No additional fees, charges, or costs shall be added to the service charges or filing fees imposed under this section, except as authorized by general law.

(4) Recording shall be required for all petitions opening and closing an estate; petitions regarding real estate; and orders, letters, bonds, oaths, wills, proofs of wills, returns, and such other papers as the judge shall deem advisable to record or that shall be required to be recorded under the Florida Probate Code.

History. — s. 5, ch. 1981, 1874; s. 2, ch. 3888, 1889; RS 1592, 1596; GS 2056, 2060; RGS 3347, 3351; CGL 5200, 5204; s. 1, ch. 19174, 1939; CGL 1940 Supp. 2877(115); s. 1, ch. 21960, 1943; s. 1, ch. 28152, 1953; s. 1, ch. 65-430; s. 1, ch. 72-397; s. 16, ch. 73-333; s. 2, ch. 77-284; s. 2, ch. 78-367; s. 13, ch. 79-400; s. 25, ch. 81-259; s. 3, ch. 87-145; s. 5, ch. 91-152; s. 1, ch. 93-268; s. 2, ch. 96-209; s. 5, ch. 2001-122; s. 29, ch. 2003-402; s. 2, ch. 2004-5; s. 17, ch. 2004-265; s. 7, ch. 2008-111; s. 4, ch. 2009-61; s. 7, ch. 2019-58; s. 2, ch. 2023-284.

28.2402 Cost recovery; use of the circuit court for ordinance or special law violations.

(1)(

a) In lieu of payment of a filing fee under s. 28.241, a filing fee of $10 shall be paid by a county or municipality when filing a county or municipal ordinance violation or violation of a special law in circuit court. This fee shall be paid to the clerk of the court for performing court-related functions. A county or municipality is not required to pay more than one filing fee for a single filing against a single defendant that contains multiple alleged violations.

A filing fee, other than that imposed under this section, may not be assessed for initiating an enforcement proceeding in circuit court for a violation of a county or municipal code or ordinance or a violation of a special law. The filing fee shall not apply to instances in which a county or municipality has contracted with the state, or has been delegated by the state, responsibility for enforcing state operations, policies, or requirements under s. 125.69, s. 166.0415, or

chapter 162.

(2) To offset costs incurred by the clerks of the court in performing court-related functions associated with the processing of violations of special laws and municipal ordinances, 10 percent of the total amount of fines paid to each municipality for special law or ordinance violations filed in circuit court shall be retained by the clerk of the court for deposit into the clerk’s fine and forfeiture fund established pursuant to s. 142.01, except for fines a portion of which the clerk of the court retains pursuant to any other provision of state law.

A municipality does not include the unincorporated areas, if any, of a government created pursuant to s. 6(e), Art. VIII of the State Constitution.

History. — s. 30, ch. 2003-402; s. 18, ch. 2004-265; s. 7, ch. 2005-236.

28.2405 Comprehensive Case Information System.

History. — s. 3, ch. 2012-100.

28.241 Filing fees for trial and appellate proceedings.

(1) Filing fees are due at the time a party files a pleading to initiate a proceeding or files a pleading for relief. Reopen fees are due at the time a party files a pleading to reopen a proceeding if at least 90 days have elapsed since the filing of a final order or final judgment with the clerk. If a fee is not paid upon the filing of the pleading as required under this section, the clerk shall pursue collection of the fee pursuant to s. 28.246.

(2) Upon the institution of any appellate proceeding from any lower court to the circuit court of any such county, including appeals filed by a county or municipality as provided in s. 34.041(5), or from the county or circuit court to an appellate court of the state, the clerk shall charge and collect from the party or parties instituting such appellate proceedings a filing fee, as follows:

(3) A filing fee may not be imposed upon a party for responding by pleading, motion, or other paper to a civil or criminal action, suit, proceeding, or appeal in a circuit court.

(4) The fees prescribed in this

section do not include the service charges required by law for the clerk as provided in s. 28.24 or by other sections of the Florida Statutes. Filing fees authorized by this

section may not be added to any civil penalty imposed by

chapter 316 or

chapter 318.

(5) Filing fees for the institution or reopening of any civil action, suit, or proceeding in county court shall be charged and collected as provided in s. 34.041.

(6) From each attorney appearing pro hac vice, the clerk of the circuit court shall collect a fee of $100. The clerk must remit the fee to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the State Courts Revenue Trust Fund.

(7) Nothing in this

section authorizes the assessment of a filing fee if the assessment is otherwise prohibited by law.

History. — ss. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ch. 26931, 1951; ss. 3, 4, 5, ch. 29749, 1955; ss. 1, 2, ch. 57-322; s. 1, ch. 63-47; s. 1, ch. 63-43; s. 6, ch. 70-134; s. 1, ch. 74-154; s. 4, ch. 75-124; s. 1, ch. 77-174; s. 3, ch. 77-284; s. 2, ch. 82-168; s. 2, ch. 82-205; s. 10, ch. 83-217; s. 122, ch. 86-220; s. 4, ch. 87-145; s. 1, ch. 87-231; s. 2, ch. 88-176; s. 6, ch. 89-290; s. 1, ch. 90-181; s. 69, ch. 90-271; s. 3, ch. 91-152; s. 162, ch. 95-147; s. 3, ch. 96-209; s. 1, ch. 96-350; s. 14, ch. 96-354; s. 1, ch. 97-155; s. 12, ch. 99-277; s. 6, ch. 2001-122; s. 2, ch. 2002-55; ss. 31, 32, ch. 2003-402; s. 19, ch. 2004-265; s. 3, ch. 2006-245; s. 8, ch. 2008-111; ss. 5, 20, ch. 2009-61; s. 1, ch. 2009-204; s. 11, ch. 2010-162; s. 1, ch. 2011-133; s. 4, ch. 2012-100; s. 1, ch. 2012-138; s. 3, ch. 2013-44; s. 2, ch. 2017-126; ss. 3, 4, ch. 2018-118; s. 1, ch. 2019-42; s. 8, ch. 2019-58; s. 3, ch. 2021-116; s. 3, ch. 2023-284.

28.242 Service charges retained when case laid in wrong venue.

History. — s. 1, ch. 59-300; s. 43, ch. 67-254; s. 7, ch. 70-134; s. 163, ch. 95-147.

28.243 Personal liability for accepting checks.

(1) A check received by the office of a clerk of a court or comptroller which is tendered to him or her in payment for any services, collection of fines and forfeitures, sale of documentary stamps, recording of documents and instruments, collection of legal fees, or any other duties relating to his or her office and which is returned by the bank upon which the check is drawn shall be the personal liability of the clerk or comptroller unless the clerk or comptroller, after due diligence to collect the returned check, forwards the returned check to the state attorney of the circuit where the check was drawn for prosecution.

(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), the office of a clerk of a court or comptroller may accept personal checks drawn on any bank or similar financial institution in the United States for the payment of traffic fines and related court costs, and the clerk or comptroller shall not incur any personal liability for the acceptance of such checks. Any such check received by the office of a clerk of a court or comptroller which is returned by the bank upon which the check is drawn may be forwarded to the state attorney of the circuit where the check was presented for prosecution. The clerk or comptroller shall not be subject to the provisions of s. 832.07(2).

History. — s. 1, ch. 75-176; s. 1, ch. 83-277; s. 164, ch. 95-147.

28.244 Refunds.

History. — s. 1, ch. 96-209; s. 4, ch. 2013-109.

28.245 Transmittal of funds to Department of Revenue; uniform remittance form required.

History. — s. 2, ch. 2001-122; s. 33, ch. 2003-402; s. 20, ch. 2004-265; s. 8, ch. 2005-236; s. 12, ch. 2010-162.

28.2457 Mandatory monetary assessments.

(1)(

a) Except as otherwise provided by law, a monetary assessment mandated by statute shall be imposed and included in the judgment without regard to whether the assessment is announced in open court.

(2) As used in this section, the term “monetary assessment” or “assessment” includes, but is not limited to, a fine or other monetary penalty, fee, service charge, or cost.

History. — s. 1, ch. 2012-124; s. 3, ch. 2021-230; s. 12, ch. 2023-8.

28.246 Payment of court-related fines or other monetary penalties, fees, charges, and costs; partial payments; distribution of funds.

(1) The clerk of the circuit court shall report the following information to the Legislature and the Florida Clerks of Court Operations Corporation on a form, and using guidelines developed by the clerks of court, through their association and in consultation with the Office of the State Courts Administrator:

(2) The clerk of the circuit court shall establish and maintain a system of accounts receivable for court-related fees, charges, and costs.

(3) Court costs, fines, and other dispositional assessments shall be enforced by order of the courts, collected by the clerks of the circuit and county courts, and disbursed in accordance with authorizations and procedures as established by general law.

(4)(

a) Each clerk of the circuit court shall accept partial payments for each case type for court-related fees, service charges, court costs, and fines in accordance with the terms of an established payment plan developed by the clerk.

(5) When receiving partial payment of fees, service charges, court costs, and fines, clerks shall distribute funds according to the following order of priority:

(6) A clerk of court shall pursue the collection of any fees, service charges, fines, court costs, and liens for the payment of attorney fees and costs pursuant to s. 938.29 which remain unpaid after 90 days by referring the account to a private attorney who is a member in good standing of The Florida Bar or collection agent who is registered and in good standing pursuant to

chapter 559. In pursuing the collection of such unpaid financial obligations through a private attorney or collection agent, the clerk of the court must have attempted to collect the unpaid amount through a collection court, collections docket, or other collections process, if any, established by the court, find this to be cost-effective and follow any applicable procurement practices.

The collection fee, including any reasonable attorney’s fee, paid to any attorney or collection agent retained by the clerk may be added to the balance owed in an amount not to exceed 40 percent of the amount owed at the time the account is referred to the attorney or agent for collection. The clerk shall give the private attorney or collection agent the application for the appointment of court-appointed counsel regardless of whether the court file is otherwise confidential from disclosure.

History. — s. 34, ch. 2003-402; s. 21, ch. 2004-265; s. 1, ch. 2005-2; s. 9, ch. 2005-236; s. 2, ch. 2009-204; s. 13, ch. 2010-162; s. 2, ch. 2012-124; s. 5, ch. 2013-44; ss. 4, 16, ch. 2021-116; s. 1, ch. 2022-201.

28.29 Recording of orders and judgments.

History. — ss. 1-3, ch. 23825, 1947; s. 3, ch. 71-4; s. 2, ch. 72-320; s. 3, ch. 2021-231.

28.30 Records; destruction; reproduction; electronic recordkeeping.

(1) The purpose of this

section and s. 28.31 is to make available for the use of the clerks of the circuit court of the several counties of the state sufficient space to enable them to efficiently administer the affairs of office.

(2) The clerk of the circuit court of each county of the state is authorized to destroy and dispose of public records pursuant to the rules adopted by the Division of Library and Information Services of the Department of State pursuant to s. 257.36.

(3) Each clerk of the circuit court is authorized to photograph, microphotograph, or reproduce on film, or to maintain in an electronic recordkeeping system, any public record that the clerk may select. Such photographs, microphotographs, or other reproductions on film or reproductions from an electronic recordkeeping system shall be admissible in evidence with the same force and effect as the originals.

Duly certified or authenticated reproductions of such photographs, microphotographs, reproductions on film, or reproductions from an electronic recordkeeping system shall be admitted in evidence equally with the original photographs, microphotographs, reproductions on film, or reproductions from an electronic recordkeeping system.

(4) The clerk of the circuit court shall follow procedures for electronic recordkeeping in accordance with rules adopted by the Division of Library and Information Services of the Department of State.

(5) Except when otherwise provided by law or applicable rule, a document that is submitted to the clerk of the circuit court by electronic transmission is deemed filed when the document is received and the date and time are acknowledged by the clerk, as opposed to the date and time of transmission. The clerk is not liable for malfunctions or errors occurring in the transmission of documents for filing by electronic means.

History. — ss. 1, 2, 3, 4, ch. 25433, 1949; s. 8, ch. 69-82; s. 6, ch. 94-348.

28.31 Notice to county commissioners of intent to destroy; approval of board.

History. — s. 5, ch. 25433, 1949; s. 165, ch. 95-147.

28.32 Destruction of certain instruments.

History. — s. 1, ch. 25502, 1949.

28.33 Investment of county funds by the clerk of the circuit court.

History. — s. 1, ch. 73-282; s. 1, ch. 82-117; s. 166, ch. 95-147; s. 7, ch. 2000-264; s. 6, ch. 2009-61.

28.34 Salary discrimination based on gender or race; review within the county and circuit courts.

History. — s. 6, ch. 91-74; s. 14, ch. 94-348.

28.345 State access to records; exemption from court-related fees and charges.

(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the clerk of the circuit court shall, upon request, provide access to public records without charge to the state attorney, public defender, guardian ad litem, public guardian, attorney ad litem, criminal conflict and civil regional counsel, and private court-appointed counsel paid by the state, and to authorized staff acting on their behalf. The clerk of court may provide the requested public record in an electronic format in lieu of a paper format if the requesting entity is capable of accessing such public record electronically.

(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of this

chapter or law to the contrary, judges and those court staff acting on behalf of judges, state attorneys, guardians ad litem, public guardians, attorneys ad litem, court-appointed private counsel, criminal conflict and civil regional counsel, public defenders, and state agencies, while acting in their official capacity, are exempt from all court-related fees and charges assessed by the clerks of the circuit courts.

(3) The exemptions from fees or charges provided in this

section apply only to entities listed in subsections (1) and (2), state agencies and state entities, and the party represented by the agency or entity.

History. — s. 35, ch. 2003-402; s. 22, ch. 2004-265; s. 10, ch. 2005-236; s. 15, ch. 2007-62; s. 5, ch. 2013-109; s. 1, ch. 2020-73.

28.35 Florida Clerks of Court Operations Corporation.

(1)(

a) The Florida Clerks of Court Operations Corporation is created as a public corporation organized to perform the functions specified in this

section and s. 28.36. All clerks of the circuit court shall be members of the corporation and hold their position and authority in an ex officio capacity. The functions assigned to the corporation shall be performed by an executive council pursuant to the plan of operation approved by the members.

(2) The duties of the corporation shall include the following:

(3)(

a) The list of court-related functions that clerks may fund from filing fees, service charges, court costs, and fines is limited to those functions expressly authorized by law or court rule.

Those functions include the following: case maintenance; records management; court preparation and attendance; processing the assignment, reopening, and reassignment of cases; processing of appeals; collection and distribution of fines, fees, service charges, and court costs; processing of bond forfeiture payments; data collection and reporting; determinations of indigent status; and paying reasonable administrative support costs to enable the clerk of the court to carry out these court-related functions.

(4) The corporation shall be funded pursuant to a contract with the Chief Financial Officer. Funds shall be provided to the Chief Financial Officer for such purpose as appropriated by general law. Such funds shall be available to the corporation for the performance of the duties and responsibilities set forth in this section. The corporation shall participate in the Florida Retirement System for its eligible employees as provided in

chapter 121. The corporation may hire staff and pay other expenses from such funds as necessary to perform the official duties and responsibilities of the corporation as described in this section.

(5) Certified public accountants conducting audits of counties pursuant to s. 218.39 shall report, as part of the audit, whether the clerks of the courts have complied with the requirements of this

section and s. 28.36. In addition, each clerk of court shall forward a copy of the financial audit to the Florida Clerks of Court Operations Corporation. The Auditor General shall develop a compliance supplement for the audit of compliance with the budgets and applicable workload performance standards certified by the corporation.

History. — s. 36, ch. 2003-402; s. 23, ch. 2004-265; s. 2, ch. 2005-2; s. 2, ch. 2006-312; s. 9, ch. 2008-111; s. 3, ch. 2009-204; s. 3, ch. 2011-52; s. 6, ch. 2013-44; s. 1, ch. 2014-183; s. 3, ch. 2017-126; s. 4, ch. 2019-15; s. 2, ch. 2019-58; s. 8, ch. 2020-2; s. 5, ch. 2021-116; s. 2, ch. 2022-201.

28.36 Budget procedure.

(1) Only those functions listed in s. 28.35(3)(

a) may be funded from fees, service charges, court costs, and fines retained by the clerks of the court.

(2) Each proposed budget shall further conform to the following requirements:

(3)(

a) The Florida Clerks of Court Operations Corporation shall establish and manage a reserve for contingencies within the Clerks of the Court Trust Fund which must consist of an amount not to exceed 16 percent of the total budget authority for the clerks of court during the current county fiscal year, to be carried forward at the end of the fiscal year. Funds to be held in reserve include transfers of cumulative excess, as provided in s. 28.37(4)(b), from the Clerks of the Court Trust Fund and may also include revenues provided by law or moneys appropriated by the Legislature.

(4) If a clerk of the court estimates that available funds plus projected revenues from fines, fees, service charges, and costs for court-related services are insufficient to meet the anticipated expenditures for the standard list of court-related functions in s. 28.35(3)(

a) performed by his or her office, the clerk must report the revenue deficit to the corporation in the manner and form prescribed by the corporation. The corporation shall verify that the proposed budget is limited to the standard list of court-related functions in s. 28.35(3)(a).

If the corporation verifies that a revenue deficit is projected, the corporation shall certify a revenue deficit and notify the Department of Revenue that the clerk is authorized to retain revenues, in an amount necessary to fully fund the projected revenue deficit, which he or she would otherwise be required to remit to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the department’s Clerks of the Court Trust Fund pursuant to s. 28.37.

If a revenue deficit is projected for that clerk after retaining all of the projected collections from the court-related fines, fees, service charges, and costs, the corporation shall certify the amount of the revenue deficit to the Executive Office of the Governor and request release authority for funds from the department’s Clerks of the Court Trust Fund.

Notwithstanding s. 216.192 relating to the release of funds, the Executive Office of the Governor may approve the release of funds in accordance with the notice, review, and objection procedures set forth in s. 216.177 and shall provide notice to the Department of Revenue and the Chief Financial Officer. The Department of Revenue shall request monthly distributions from the Chief Financial Officer in equal amounts to each clerk certified to have a revenue deficit, in accordance with the releases approved by the Governor.

(5) The corporation may approve increases or decreases to the previously authorized budgets approved for clerks of the court pursuant to s. 28.35 for court-related functions, if:

History. — s. 37, ch. 2003-402; s. 24, ch. 2004-265; s. 3, ch. 2005-2; s. 11, ch. 2005-236; s. 10, ch. 2008-111; s. 4, ch. 2009-204; s. 14, ch. 2010-162; s. 2, ch. 2011-4; s. 7, ch. 2013-44; s. 4, ch. 2017-126; s. 3, ch. 2019-58; s. 9, ch. 2020-2; s. 6, ch. 2021-116.

28.37 Fines, fees, service charges, and costs remitted to the state.

(1) Pursuant to s. 14(b), Art. V of the State Constitution, selected salaries, costs, and expenses of the state courts system and court-related functions shall be funded from a portion of the revenues derived from statutory fines, fees, service charges, and court costs collected by the clerks of the court and from adequate and appropriate supplemental funding from state revenues as appropriated by the Legislature.

(2) As used in this section, the term:

(3) The portion of all fines, fees, service charges, and costs collected by the clerks of the court for the previous quarter which is in excess of one-fourth of the clerks’ total budget for the performance of court-related functions must be remitted to the Department of Revenue for deposit into the Clerks of the Court Trust Fund. Such collections do not include funding received for the operation of the Title IV-D child support collections and disbursement program. The clerk of the court shall remit the revenues collected during the previous quarter due to the state on or before the 10th day of the next preceding month immediately following the quarterly calculation.

(4)(

a) Each year, no later than January 25, for the previous county fiscal year, the clerks of court, in consultation with the Florida Clerks of Court Operations Corporation, shall remit to the Department of Revenue for deposit in the Clerks of the Court Trust Fund the cumulative excess of all fines, fees, service charges, and court costs retained by the clerks of the court, plus any funds received by the clerks of the court from the Clerks of the Court Trust Fund under s. 28.36(4), which exceed the amount needed to meet their authorized budget amounts established under s. 28.35.

(5) The Department of Revenue shall collect any funds that the Florida Clerks of Court Operations Corporation determines upon investigation were due but not remitted to the Department of Revenue. The corporation shall notify the clerk of the court and the Department of Revenue of the amount due to the Department of Revenue. The clerk of the court shall remit the amount due no later than the 10th day of the month following the month in which notice is provided by the corporation to the clerk of the court.

(6) Ten percent of all court-related fines collected by the clerk, except for penalties or fines distributed to counties or municipalities under s. 316.0083(1)(b)3. or s. 318.18(15)(a), must be deposited into the fine and forfeiture fund to be used exclusively for clerk court-related functions, as provided in s. 28.35(3)(a).

History. — s. 38, ch. 2003-402; s. 25, ch. 2004-265; s. 12, ch. 2005-236; s. 5, ch. 2009-204; s. 5, ch. 2012-100; s. 8, ch. 2013-44; s. 5, ch. 2017-126; s. 4, ch. 2019-58; s. 7, ch. 2021-116; s. 4, ch. 2023-284.

28.42 Manual of filing fees, charges, costs, and fines; payment plan form.

(1) The clerks of court, through their association and in consultation with the Office of the State Courts Administrator, shall prepare and disseminate a manual of filing fees, service charges, costs, and fines imposed pursuant to state law, for each type of action and offense, and classified as mandatory or discretionary. The manual also shall classify the fee, charge, cost, or fine as court-related revenue or noncourt-related revenue.

The clerks, through their association, shall disseminate this manual to the chief judge, state attorney, public defender, and court administrator in each circuit and to the clerk of the court in each county. The clerks, through their association and in consultation with the Office of the State Courts Administrator, shall at a minimum update and disseminate this manual on July 1 of each year.

(2) By October 1, 2021, the clerks of court, through the Florida Clerks of Court Operations Corporation, shall develop a uniform payment plan form for use by persons seeking to establish a payment plan in accordance with s. 28.246(4). The form must inform the person of the minimum payment due each month, the term of the plan, acceptable payment methods, and the circumstances under which a case may be sent to collections for nonpayment.

(3) By January 1, 2022, each clerk of court shall use the uniform payment plan form developed pursuant to subsection (2) when establishing payment plans.

History. — s. 98, ch. 2004-265; s. 3, ch. 2012-124; s. 8, ch. 2021-116.

28.44 Clerk discontinuance of court-related functions.

(1) No function of the clerk of court being performed in support of the trial courts by the individual clerks of court on July 1, 2004, may be discontinued or substantially modified on a unilateral basis except pursuant to this section. A clerk of court may discontinue performing a function performed in support of the trial court only if:

(2) “Substantial modification” of a function performed in support of the trial court means a modification which has the effect of reducing the level of services provided to the trial court.

History. — s. 13, ch. 2005-236.

28.45 Provision of financial data to Executive Office of the Governor.

History. — s. 17, ch. 2009-204.

28.47 Recording notification service.

(1) On or before July 1, 2024, each clerk of the circuit court must create, maintain, and operate a free recording notification service which is open to all persons wishing to register for the service. For purposes of this section, the term:

(2) The clerk must ensure that registration for the recording notification service is possible through an electronic registration portal, which portal must:

(3) When a land record is recorded for a monitored identity, a recording notification must be sent within 24 hours after the recording to each registrant who is subscribed to receive recording notifications for that monitored identity. Such notification must contain, at a minimum:

(4) There is no right or cause of action against, and no civil liability on the part of, the clerk with respect to the creation, maintenance, or operation of a recording notification service as required by this section.

(5) Nothing in this

section may be construed to require the clerk to provide or allow access to a record or information which is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution or to otherwise violate the public records laws of this state.

(6) This

section also applies to county property appraisers who have adopted an electronic land record notification service before July 1, 2023.

History. — s. 2, ch. 2023-238.