2017 FC 522, 2017 FC 522

[2017] 4 F.C.R. 458 IMM-1516-16 2017 FC 522 Stensia Tapambwa and Richard Tapambwa ( Applicants ) v . The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ( Respondent ) Indexed as: Tapambwa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) Federal Court, Southcott J.—Toronto, November 7, 2016; Ottawa, May 26, 2017.

Citizenship and Immigration — Status in Canada — Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection — Judicial review of decision of pre-removal risk assessment (PRRA) Officer who conducted “restricted PRRA”, i.e. applicants’ risks considered only under Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, s. 97 , not under s. 96 — Applicants from Zimbabwe, husband, wife — Both previously serving as sergeants in Zimbabwean military before leaving country — Eventually coming to Canada, claiming refugee protection but claims denied — Applicants determined inadmissible — Submitting PRRA application, requesting ministerial relief for assessment under Act , ss. 96, 97 — However, applicants determined not eligible to make claim for Convention refugee status since described under Act, s. 112(3) — PRRA application of applicants thus rejected, not considered persons in need of protection — Whether Canada’s international legal obligations, correct

interpretation of Act, s.112(3) requiring unrestricted PRRA on facts of case; in alternative, whether respondent required to exercise discretion under Act, s. 25.2 to exempt applicants from application of Act, s. 112(3), such that failure to consider their request for exemption vitiating PRRA decision; whether PRRA Officer’s s. 97 risk assessment reasonable — Argument that when refugee protection sought, decision maker must make contemporaneous assessment of whether claimant meeting definition of refugee, including assessment of possible exclusion under United Nations Refugee Convention, Art. 1F rejected — No clear authority provided that Canada’s international obligations including requirement for reconsideration of certain findings based on evolution of case law; therefore, could not be concluded that such requirement applying — Act, s. 112(3)(

c) applying to exclusion finding by RPD; not possible to identify viable construction permitting PRRA Officer to conclude

section not applying to refugee claimant previously excluded by RPD under Refugee Convention, Art. 1F — Therefore, provisions of Refugee Convention not supporting applicants’ proposed

interpretation of Act, s. 112(3) — Applicants’ further argument that respondent obligated to exercise discretion under Act, s. 25.2 to exempt applicants from application of Act, s. 112(3) also rejected — Act, ss. 25.2(1) , 25(1) examined, contrasted — PRRA Officer’s decision reasonable — Officer’s decision with respect to applicants’ risk under Act, s. 97 not outside range of possible, acceptable outcomes defensible in respect of facts, law — Therefore, no basis for concluding that Officer erring either in decision to carry out restricted PRRA or in conduct of s. 97 assessment itself — Questions certified for appeal — Application dismissed.

Constitutional Law — Charter of Rights — Life, Liberty and Security — Pre-removal risk assessment (PRRA) Officer assessing applicants’ risks only under Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, s. 97 not under s. 96 — Whether Charter, s. 7 requiring unrestricted PRRA on facts of present case; whether statutory regime at issue infringing applicants’ rights under Charter, s. 7 — Applicants’ argument that Charter, s. 7 requiring that applicants’

interpretation of Act , s. 112(3) be accepted rejected — Charter, s. 7 rights can be protected through availability of Act, s. 97 assessment, potential for resulting stay of removal under s. 114(1)(d) — Protection of Charter, s. 7 rights not requiring that applicant be afforded access to substance of application for grant of refugee protection — On facts of applicants’ case, s. 7 not requiring that Act, s. 112(3) be interpreted as requiring new assessment of exclusion, potential recourse to assessment under s. 96 — Thus, s. 112(3), related provisions of Act identified by applicants not infringing Charter, s. 7.

This was an application for judicial review of a decision of a pre-removal risk assessment (PRRA) Officer who conducted a “restricted PRRA”, meaning that the applicants’ risks were considered only under

section 97 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Act), not under

section 96. The applicants challenged the Officer’s refusal to consider their risks under

section 96 of the Act, the failure to afford them ministerial relief under

section 25.2 of the Act against the provisions thereof limiting them to a restricted PRRA, and the constitutional validity of these provisions of the Act. The applicants are citizens of Zimbabwe and are husband and wife, both of whom served as staff sergeants in the military in their country. They left Zimbabwe for political reasons and travelled to the United States where they resided for over 10 years without ever claiming refugee protection in that country. They eventually came to Canada and claimed refugee protection but their claims were denied on the basis that they were excluded from refugee protection pursuant to

section 98 of the Act because there were serious reasons to consider that they were complicit in crimes against humanity committed by the Zimbabwean National Army. When the applicants appeared at their admissibility hearing, it was determined that there were reasonable grounds to believe that the applicants were inadmissible for violating human or international rights.

Afterwards, they submitted their application for a PRRA and requested ministerial relief for an assessment under both sections 96 and 97 of the Act but it was concluded that the applicants were persons described under subsection 112(3) of the Act and, therefore, they were not eligible to make a claim for Convention refugee status. Their application was rejected and it was thus concluded that the applicants had failed to meet the requirements of

section 97 of the Act and that they were not persons in need of protection. The applicants took issue with being confined to a restricted PRRA given the Refugee Protection Division’s (RPD) determination excluding them from refugee protection under

section 98 of the Act based on complicity in crimes against humanity. They argued in particular that the RPD’s determination was inconsistent with the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) which changed the test for complicity in the commission of crimes against humanity, a decision that was released after the applicants’ negative RPD decision. Their arguments raised issues surrounding the

interpretation of the Act based on principles of international law, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Charter), and the constitutionality of the relevant provisions of the Act. They also challenged the reasonableness of the Officer’s analysis under

section 97 of the Act.

The main issues were whether Canada’s international legal obligations,

section 7 of the Charter and the correct

interpretation of subsection 112(3) of the Act require an unrestricted PRRA on the facts of this case; in the alternative, whether the respondent had to exercise discretion under

section 25.2 of the Act to exempt the applicants from the application of subsection 112(3) , such that failure to consider their request for an exemption vitiated the PRRA decision; in the further alternative, whether the statutory regime infringes the applicants’ rights under

section 7 of the Charter; and whether the PRRA Officer’s

section 97 risk assessment was reasonable. Held , the application should be dismissed. The applicants relied on the principle of non-refoulement to argue that Canada’s international obligations under the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention) must inform the

interpretation of the domestic statutory regime under the Act and subsection 112(3) in particular. It is clear from the Convention that non-refoulement does not apply to claimants who are excluded by

section F of

Article 1. Therefore, the Act does not conflict with this principle to the extent that it permits removal of such claimants. As to the argument that when refugee protection is sought, the decision maker must make a contemporaneous assessment of whether the claimant meets the definition of a refugee, including an assessment of possible exclusion under

section F of

Article 1, no clear authority was provided that Canada’s international obligations include a requirement for reconsideration based on evolution of case law. In the absence of such authority, it could not be concluded that such a requirement applied. Paragraph 112(3) (

c) of the Act applies to an exclusion finding by the RPD, which was the finding on which the PRRA officer’s decision turned herein. Following an examination of this paragraph, it was not possible to identify a viable construction of it that would permit a PRRA officer to conclude that this

section does not apply to a refugee claimant who was previously excluded by the RPD under

section F of

Article 1 of the Refugee Convention. Consequently, even if the argument that the principle of non-refoulement requires contemporaneous re-examination of previous exclusion findings following a change in case law was accepted, it would not be possible to interpret the relevant provisions of the Act to conform with that aspect of the principle. Therefore, the provisions of the Refugee Convention did not support the applicants’ proposed

interpretation of subsection 112(3) of the Act. The applicants’ argument that

section 7 of the Charter requires that their

interpretation of subsection 112(3) of the Act be accepted was rejected.

Section 7 Charter rights can be protected through the availability of a

section 97 assessment and the potential for a resulting stay of removal under paragraph 114(1)(d). The protection of

section 7 rights does not require that an applicant be afforded access to the process or the substance of an application for a grant of refugee protection or the rights associated with this status. Thus, the applicants’ argument that, on the facts of their case,

section 7 of the Charter mandates that subsection 112(3) of the Act be interpreted as requiring reconsideration of the applicants’ exclusion under

section 98 of the Act and potential recourse to an assessment under

section 96 was rejected. With respect to the applicants’ argument that the respondent was obliged to exercise his discretion under

section 25.2 of the Act to exempt the applicants from the application of subsection 112(3) , the disposition of this argument turned on the wording of subsection 25.2(1), a comparison to the similar grant of ministerial discretion found in subsection 25(1), and a purposive consideration of these provisions. Subsections 25(1) and 25.2(1) of the Act were examined and compared. Whereas subsection 25.2(1) does not contain imperative language pertaining to the requirement that the respondent examine the circumstances of a foreign national who is inadmissible, subsection 25(1) does.

The contrast in these two sections suggests that the legislature did not intend that the respondent be obliged to consider requests for relief based on public policy considerations as opposed to humanitarian and compassionate considerations. In

summary, the PRRA Officer’s decision was reasonable and, for that matter, correct in concluding that the Officer did not have the jurisdiction to consider the applicants’ request for ministerial relief. To the extent the applicants’ arguments impugned the respondent’s failure to exercise or consider the exercise of the discretion afforded by

section 25.2 of the Act or the Officer proceeding to assess the applicants’ risks without awaiting a decision by the respondent on the applicants’

section 25.2 request, no reviewable error on either standard of review was found. As to whether, in the further alternative, the statutory regime infringes the applicants’ rights under

section 7 of the Charter , on the facts of the applicants’ case,

section 7 does not require that subsection 112(3) of the Act be interpreted as requiring a new assessment of exclusion and potential recourse to an assessment under

section 96. For the same reasons, subsection 112(3) and the related provisions of the Act identified by the applicants do not infringe

section 7 of the Charter. While the applicants’ arguments challenging the reasonableness of the Officer’s assessment of their risk under

section 97 of the Act were considered, their arguments concerned the Officer’s assessment and weighing of the evidence. They did not raise issues that would place the Officer’s decision outside the range of possible, acceptable outcomes defensible in respect of the facts and law. In conclusion, no basis for a conclusion that the Officer erred was identified either in the decision to carry out a restricted PRRA considering only

section 97 of the Act or in the conduct of the

section 97 assessment itself. Finally, questions relating directly to the issues raised in this judicial review were certified for appeal. STATUTES AND REGULATIONS CITED Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , being

Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982 ,

Schedule B, Canada Act 1982 , 1982, c. 11 (U.K.) [R.S.C., 1985, Appendix II, No. 44], s. 7. Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act , S.C. 2000, c. 24, ss. 4 to 7 . Federal Courts Act , R.S.C., 1985, c. F-7, s. 57(1), (2) . Federal Courts Rules , SOR/98-106, r. 302. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 25, 25.2 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 112 , 113 , 114 . TREATIES AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS CITED

United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, July 28, 1951, [1969] Can. T.S. No. 6, Articles 1F, 33. CASES CITED APPLIED: Ishaq v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2015 FC 156, [2015] 4 F.C.R. 297; Canada (Attorney General) v. Larkman, 2012 FCA204, 433 N.R. 184. DISTINGUISHED: Singh Tathgur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2007 FC 1293, 321 F.T.R. 102; Saini v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship andImmigration), (FC), [1998] 4 F.C. 325, 150 F.T.R. 148 (T.D.); Talukder v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),2012 FC 658; Azimi v.

Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2015 FC 1177. CONSIDERED: Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2013 SCC 40, [2013] 2 S.C.R. 678; Hernandez Febles v. Canada (Citizenship andImmigration), 2012 FCA 324, [2014] 2 F.C.R. 224, affd 2014 SCC 68, [2014] 3 S.C.R. 431; B010 v. Canada (Citizenship andImmigration), 2013 FCA 87, [2014] 4 F.C.R. 326, revd 2015 SCC 58, [2015] 3 S.C.R. 704; Majebi v. Canada (Citizenship andImmigration), 2016 FCA 274; Li v.

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FCA 75, [2010] 3 F.C.R. 347; de Guzman v.Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2005 FCA 436, [2006] 3 F.C.R. 655; Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth andthe Law v. Canada (Attorney General), 2004 SCC 4, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 76; Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership v. Rex, 2002 SCC 42,[2002] 2 S.C.R. 559; Oberlander v. Canada (Attorney General), 2016 FCA 52, [2016] 3 F.C.R. 55; De Araujo v. Canada (Citizenshipand Immigration), 2007 FC 363, 311 F.T.R. 306; Khodja v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 1087.

REFERRED TO: Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v. Alberta Teachers’ Association, 2011 SCC 61, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 654; Loyola HighSchool v. Quebec (Attorney General), 2015 SCC 12, [2015] 1 S.C.R. 613; Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9, [2008] 1 S.C.R.190; Atawnah v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2016 FCA 144, [2017] 1 F.C.R. 153; Li v. Canada (Minister ofCitizenship and Immigration), 2005 FCA 1, [2005] 3 F.C.R. 239; Fi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2006 FC1125, [2007] 3 F.C.R. 400; Singh v.

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2004 FC 288, [2004] 3 F.C.R. 323; Németh v.Canada (Justice), 2010 SCC 56, [2010] 3 S.C.R. 281; Fernandopulle v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2005 FCA91, 253 D.L.R. (4th) 425; R. v. Hape, 2007 SCC 26, [2007] 2 S.C.R. 292; Carter v. Canada (Attorney General), 2015 SCC 5, [2015] 1S.C.R. 331; Danyluk v. Ainsworth Technologies Inc., 2001 SCC 44, [2001] 2 S.C.R. 460; Austria v. Canada (Citizenship andImmigration), 2014 FCA 191, sub nom. Tabingo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), [2015] 3 F.C.R. 346; J. P. v.

Canada (PublicSafety and Emergency Preparedness), 2013 FCA 262, [2014] 4 F.C.R. 371; Canada (Attorney General) v. PHS Community ServicesSociety, 2011 SCC 44, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 134; Traoré v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 1022; Florea v. Canada(Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1993] F.C.J. No. 598 (C.A.) (QL). AUTHORS CITED United Nations. High Commissioner for Refugees. Background Note on the Application of the Exclusion Clauses:

Article 1F of the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/GIP/03/05, 4 September 2003. APPLICATION for judicial review of a decision of a pre-removal risk assessment (PRRA) Officer who conducted a “restricted PRRA”,meaning that the applicants risks were considered only under

section 97 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, not under section96 thereof. Application dismissed. APPEARANCES Jared Will and Reni Chang for applicants. James Todd and Aleksandra Lipska for respondent. SOLICITORS OF RECORD Jared Will & Associates, Toronto, for applicants. Deputy Attorney General of Canada for respondent. The following are the reasons for judgment and judgment rendered in English by Southcott J.: I.

Overview [1] The applicants, Stensia Tapambwa and Richard Tapambwa, seek judicial review of a decision dated February 25, 2016 by a pre-removal risk assessment (PRRA) officer (the Officer or PRRA Officer), who conducted a “restricted PRRA”, meaning that the Officerconsidered their risks only under

section 97 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27 (the IRPA), not undersection 96. They challenge the Officer’s refusal to consider their risks under

section 96 of the IRPA, the failure to afford them ministerialrelief under

section 25.2 of the IRPA against the provisions of the IRPA limiting them to a restricted PRRA, and the constitutionalvalidity of these provisions of the IRPA.

[ 2 ] The applicants take issue with being confined to a restricted PRRA as a result of a Refugee Protection Division (RPD) determination which excluded them from refugee protection under

section 98 of the IRPA based on complicity in crimes against humanity. Their position is that the RPD’s determination is inconsistent with the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2013 SCC 40 , [2013] 2 S.C.R. 678 ( Ezokola ), which changed the test for complicity in the commission of crimes against humanity. Ezokola was released on July 19, 2013, approximately eight months after the applicants’ negative RPD decision. [ 3 ] The applicants’ arguments raise issues surrounding the

interpretation of the IRPA based on principles of international law and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , being

Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982 ,

Schedule B, Canada Act 1982 , 1982, c. 11 (U.K.) [R.S.C., 1985, Appendix II, No. 44] (Charter), as well as the constitutionality of the relevant IRPA provisions. Finally, the applicants challenge the reasonableness of the Officer’s analysis under

section 97 of the IRPA. [ 4 ] For the reasons that follow, this application is dismissed. II. Background [ 5 ] The applicants are citizens of Zimbabwe. Richard Tapambwa served in the Zimbabwean National Army (ZNA) for approximately 20 years and his wife, Stensia Tapambwa, served for approximately 16 years. Each of the applicants reached the rank of staff sergeant in the Data Processing Unit of the ZNA. After Mr. Tapambwa allegedly expressed political views hostile to the ruling party in March 2001, the applicants left Zimbabwe and travelled to the United States.

Despite residing in the United States for over 10 years, they did not claim refugee protection in that country. [ 6 ] In July of 2011, the applicants came to Canada and claimed refugee protection. Their claims were denied by the RPD in November 2012, on the basis that they were excluded from refugee protection pursuant to

section 98 of the IRPA because there were serious reasons to consider they were complicit in crimes against humanity committed by the ZNA. The RPD also considered the claims of the applicants’ children but, based on a negative assessment of the applicants’ credibility, found that they were neither Convention refugees nor persons in need of protection. The applicants’ application for judicial review of the RPD’s decision was dismissed on July 11, 2013. [ 7 ] In May of 2013, the applicants appeared before the Immigration Division (ID) for an admissibility hearing.

Based on the findings of the RPD, the ID found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that the applicants were inadmissible for violating human or international rights by committing

an act constituting an offense referred to in sections 4 to 7 of the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act , S.C. 2000, c. 24 . [ 8 ] The applicants then submitted an application for a PRRA and requested relief from the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (the Minister) against the IRPA provisions which entitled them to assessment only on the basis of

section 97 and not

section 96. The PRRA Officer declined to consider the request for ministerial relief, or to consider constitutional arguments raised by the applicants in support of their position that their risk should be assessed under both sections 96 and 97 , concluding that PRRA officers were without the jurisdiction to do so. [ 9 ] The Officer noted the RPD’s conclusion that the applicants were excluded from refugee protection pursuant to

section 98 of the IRPA and

section F of

Article 1 of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees [July 28, 1951, [1969] Can. T.S. No. 6] (the Convention or Refugee Convention). The Officer concluded that the applicants were persons described under subsection 112(3) of the IRPA and therefore were not eligible to make a claim for Convention refugee status. As such, the Officer considered their application for protection only on the basis of

section 97 of the IRPA and did not consider

section 96 . [ 10 ] After reviewing the evidence presented by the applicants, the Officer rejected their application on the basis that they had failed to prove a personalized risk to their life or of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment upon return to Zimbabwe. The Officer therefore concluded that the applicants had failed to meet the requirements of

section 97 of the IRPA and that they were not persons in need of protection. III. Issues [ 11 ] The applicants raise the following issues in this application: A. Do Canada’s international legal obligations,

section 7 of the Charter , and the correct

interpretation of subsection 112(3) of the IRPA require an unrestricted PRRA on the facts of this case? B. In the alternative, must the Minister exercise discretion under

section 25.2 of the IRPA to exempt the applicants from the application of subsection 112(3) , such that failure to consider their request for an exemption vitiates the PRRA decision? C. In the further alternative, does the statutory regime infringe the applicants’ rights under

section 7 of the Charter ? D. Was the PRRA Officer’s

section 97 risk assessment reasonable? [ 12 ] The applicants’ position that portions of the IRPA infringe the applicants’ rights under

section 7 of the Charter , and should therefore be declared of no force and effect, raises an additional preliminary issue: whether this Court should allow a late filing of their notice of constitutional question. The applicants served notice but did so five days before the hearing of this application and moved at the hearing for an abridgement of the notice period. IV. Analysis A. Preliminary issue—Notice of constitutional question

[ 13 ] Subsection 57(1) of the Federal Courts Act , R.S.C., 1985, c. F-7 states that the Court cannot judge legislation to be invalid, inapplicable or inoperable unless notice of the constitutional question has been served on the Attorney General of Canada and the attorneys general of each province. Subsection 57(2) requires that such notice be served at least 10 days before the day on which the constitutional question is to be argued, unless the Court orders otherwise. [ 14 ] The parties have referred the Court to Ishaq v.

Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2015 FC 156 , [2015] 4 F.C.R. 297, at paragraph 14 , where Justice Boswell held that the Court may excuse late service of a constitutional notice by extending the time for service. At paragraph 15, Justice Boswell set out the applicable test as follows: The test for granting extensions of time generally has been set out in Canada (Attorney General) v. Larkman , 2012 FCA 204 , [2012] 4 C.N.L.R. 87 ( Larkman ), at paragraph 61 :

(1) Did the moving party have a continuing intention to pursue the application?

(2) Is there some potential merit to the application?

(3) Has the Crown been prejudiced from the delay?

(4) Does the moving party have a reasonable explanation for the delay? Not all of these factors are always relevant nor do they all need to favour the moving party, and the “overriding consideration is that the interests of justice be served” ( Larkman , at paragraph 62 ). The same test should be applied here for purposes of subsection 57(2) . [ 15 ] Considering the Larkman factors [ Canada (Attorney General) v.

Larkman , 2012 FCA 204 , 433 N.R. 184], and relying on the fact that all the attorneys general had provided written consent to the late filing of the notice, Justice Boswell extended the time for service of the notice of constitutional question. [ 16 ] In the present case, the respondent consented to excusing the late notice and acknowledged that the Attorney General of Canada had de facto notice of the constitutional question as a result of the constitutional arguments having been advanced through the applicants’ written materials.

However, the respondent noted that it was not in a position to consent on behalf of the provincial or territorial attorneys general. At the hearing of this application, this issue was raised, and the applicants were afforded an opportunity to pursue such consent and report back to the Court in the days following the hearing.

As such, the Court heard arguments on the issue of constitutional validity, while reserving on the decision whether to grant the applicants the requested abridgment of the notice period and therefore on whether to rule on the invalidity arguments. [ 17 ] The applicants have subsequently provided the Court with written consent from all the attorneys general of the provinces and territories, either consenting or not objecting to the abridgement of time and indicating no intention to intervene in this application.

The respondent then confirmed that, in light of these consents, it has no issue with the request for abridgement of the time period for the constitutional notice. [ 18 ] Turning to the Larkman factors, it is clear that the applicants have had a continuing intention throughout this application to pursue these constitutional issues. I also consider that there is sufficient potential merit to the application that this factor weighs in their favour. The respondent has not been prejudiced by the delay.

The applicants offer little explanation for the delay, other than that the requirement for timely notice was apparently overlooked. However, considering all these factors and in particular the fact that neither the respondent nor the other attorneys general oppose the abridgement of time, the requested abridgement is granted. B. Standard of review [ 19 ] The applicants take the position that the PRRA Officer’s

section 97 risk assessment is reviewable on a standard of reasonableness but that the other issues, being constitutional questions, questions of international law or pure questions of jurisdiction, are to be reviewed on the correctness standard. The respondent does not take issue with this position. I agree that the standard of reasonableness applies to the

section 97 risk assessment. However, the selection of the standard applicable to the other issues is not as straightforward. [ 20 ] The applicants rely on Hernandez Febles v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2012 FCA 324 , [2014] 2 F.C.R. 224 ( Febles F.C.A.) (affd 2014 SCC 68 , [2014] 3 S.C.R. 431 ( Febles S.C.C.)), in which the Federal Court of Appeal held at paragraphs 22–25 that the correctness standard of review applied to the RPD’s

interpretation of

section F of

Article 1 of the Refugee Convention, noting the importance that a provision of an international convention be interpreted as uniformly as possible. However, the arguments in the case at hand relate more to the

interpretation of provisions of the IRPA than to the

interpretation of the Refugee Convention itself. The Federal Court of Appeal distinguished Febles F.C.A. on a similar basis at paragraph 71 of B010 v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2013 FCA 87 , [2014] 4 F.C.R. 326 (affd 2015 SCC 58 , [2015] 3 S.C.R. 704 ( B010 S.C.C.)) and also recently held in Majebi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2016 FCA 274 ( Majebi ), at paragraph 5 , that the

interpretation of the Refugee Convention does not fall into one of the categories of questions to which the correctness standard continues to apply. [ 21 ] I also note the analysis of standard of review conducted by the Federal Court of Appeal at paragraphs 19 and 20 of Li v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2010 FCA 75 , [2010] 3 F.C.R. 347. That case involved issues surrounding the

interpretation and operation of subsection 112(3) of the IRPA , which the Court concluded to be reviewable on a standard of correctness. The statutory

interpretation issues raised in the present case also involve subsection 112(3), including its interaction with

section 25.2. However, I am again conscious of the guidance by the Federal Court of Appeal in Majebi , that authorities that predate the articulation of the presumption of reasonableness review applicable to home statute

interpretation, set out in cases such as Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v. Alberta Teachers’ Association , 2011 SCC 61 , [2011] 3 S.C.R. 654 ( Alberta Teachers ), must be approached with caution . [ 22 ] I therefore consider the recent direction of the jurisprudence to favour a reasonableness review applicable to the issues of

statutory

interpretation raised by this application, including the effect of

section 7 of the Charter other than in the context of an argument of constitutional invalidity (see Loyola High School v. Quebec (Attorney General) , 2015 SCC 12 , [2015] 1 S.C.R. 613). However, questions of constitutional validity represent one of the categories to which the correctness standard continues to apply (see Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick , 2008 SCC 9 , [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190 ( Dunsmuir ), at paragraph 58 ; Alberta Teachers , at paragraph 30). As such, the constitutional validity of the relevant provisions of the IRPA should be reviewed on a standard of correctness (see also Atawnah v.

Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) , 2016 FCA 144 , [2017] 1 F.C.R. 153, at paragraph 7 ). [ 23 ] Regardless, I note that my conclusions on these issues are not based on any particular deference to the PRRA Officer’s decision, as that decision does not engage in analysis of these issues other than to conclude that the Officer did not have jurisdiction to consider the constitutional questions or request for ministerial relief under

section 25.2. As such, my conclusions on these issues, based on the analyses below, would remain the same whether viewed through the lens of correctness or reasonableness. C. Legislation [ 24 ] The principal provision at issue in this application is subsection 112(3), the relevant portion of which states as follows: 112 … Restriction

(3) Refugee protection may not be conferred on an applicant who (

a) is determined to be inadmissible on grounds of security, violating human or international rights or organized criminality; … (

c) made a claim to refugee protection that was rejected on the basis of

section F of

Article 1 of the Refugee Convention. [ 25 ] Subsection 112(3) is significant because it determines whether an application for protection is considered under both sections 96 and 97 of the IRPA , or

section 97 alone. This occurs by operation of the following provisions of

section 113 : Consideration of application 113 Consideration of an application for protection shall be as follows: … (

c) in the case of an applicant not described in subsection 112(3), consideration shall be on the basis of sections 96 to 98; (

d) in the case of an applicant described in subsection 112(3) — other than one described in subparagraph (e)(

i) or (ii) — consideration shall be on the basis of the factors set out in

section 97 and (

i) in the case of an applicant for protection who is inadmissible on grounds of serious criminality, whether they are a danger to the public in Canada, or (ii) in the case of any other applicant, whether the application should be refused because of the nature and severity of acts committed by the applicant or because of the danger that the applicant constitutes to the security of Canada; [ 26 ] Sections 96 and 97 set out the requirements which must be met to be, respectively, a Convention refugee or a person in need of protection.

Section 98 provides that a person referred to in

section E or F of

Article 1 of the Refugee Convention is not a Convention refugee or a person in need of protection. For present purposes, the relevant is paragraph F(

a) of

Article 1 which states that the provisions of the Convention shall not apply to any person with respect to whom there are serious reasons for considering the person has committed, among other things, a crime against humanity. [ 27 ] Therefore, the effect of paragraph 113 (

c) is that an applicant not described in subsection 112(3) receives consideration as a Convention refugee under

section 96 and a person in need of protection under

section 97 , unless excluded as a result of the PRRA Officer’s consideration of

section 98. However, an applicant who is described in subsection 112(3) receives consideration only on the basis of the factors set out in

section 97 . The applicants argue that this is a significant difference for the following reasons: A. An assessment under

section 97 is limited to risks of death, torture and cruel and unusual treatment and does not extend to persecution as does an assessment under

section 96; B. The standard of proof is higher under

section 97 than under

section 96, as

section 97 requires demonstration that harm is more likely than not to occur, as opposed to the requirement to show only more than a mere possibility of persecution under

section 96 (see Li v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2005 FCA 1 , [2005] 3 F.C.R. 239, at paragraphs 11 , 12 and 39); C.

Section 96 affords protection against generalized risks, as long as there is a nexus to one of the Convention grounds of persecution, while

section 97 requires a personalized risk (see Fi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2006 FC 1125 , [2007] 3 F.C.R. 400, at paragraph 16 ). [ 28 ] Furthermore, the effect of subparagraph 113 (d)(ii) is that even a positive

section 97 risk assessment is not sufficient to warrant protection, in that the assessment is then balanced against the nature and severity of acts committed by the applicant and public security considerations to determine if protection is warranted. Even if the decision is made to allow the application for protection, the effect of

section 114 is that the applicant receives a stay of removal rather than refugee protection:

Effect of decision 114

(1) A decision to allow the application for protection has (

a) in the case of an applicant not described in subsection 112(3), the effect of conferring refugee protection; and (

b) in the case of an applicant described in subsection 112(3), the effect of staying the removal order with respect to a country or place in respect of which the applicant was determined to be in need of protection. [ 29 ] The applicants object to the adverse consequences of being persons described under subsection 112(3). Given that the RPD’s rejection of their refugee claim, as a result of exclusion under

section 98 and

section F of

Article 1 of the Refugee Convention, employed pre- Ezokola jurisprudence as the test for complicity, the applicants argue that the Officer should have reconsidered their exclusion as part of their PRRA. D. Do Canada’s international legal obligations,

section 7 of the Charter , and the correct

interpretation of subsection 112(3) of the IRPA require an unrestricted PRRA on the facts of this case?

(1) PRRA Officer’s jurisdiction to determine constitutional questions [ 30 ] As a preliminary point, I note that the Officer relied on the decision of Justice Russell in Singh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2004 FC 288 , [2004] 3 F.C.R. 323, in concluding that PRRA officers do not have jurisdiction to determine constitutional questions. In a footnote in the applicant’s written submissions, they noted that the Officer made no mention of recent pronouncements by the Supreme Court of Canada on this issue.

However, there was no argument before me on the reasonableness of this jurisdictional conclusion by the Officer. In the absence of submissions on this jurisdictional issue and argument on applicable jurisprudence, my decision does not address this issue. Rather, recognizing the importance of the outcome of an administrative decision in conducting judicial review of that decision (see Dunsmuir , at paragraph 47 ), my decision turns on the parties’ arguments surrounding the substantive issue of the

interpretation of subsection 112(3) of the IRPA .

(2) Canada’s international legal obligations [ 31 ] The applicants argue that Canada’s international obligations under the Refugee Convention must inform the

interpretation of the domestic statutory regime under the IRPA , and subsection 112(3) in particular. They rely upon the principle of non-refoulement (the protection against deportation to persecution), enshrined in

Article 33 of the Refugee Convention, which prohibits contracting states from returning a refugee to territories where the refugee’s life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. [ 32 ] It is clear from the Convention that non-refoulement does not apply to claimants who are excluded by

section F of

Article 1. Therefore, the IRPA does not conflict with this principle to the extent that it permits removal of such claimants. The more nuanced question raised by the applicants is whether Canada’s obligations under the Refugee Convention mandate a re-examination of a previous exclusion finding contemporaneous with any intended removal, particularly in the context of a change in applicable jurisprudence. [ 33 ] The applicants rely on the principle described in Németh v.

Canada (Justice) , 2010 SCC 56 , [2010] 3 S.C.R. 281, at paragraph 50 , that under the Refugee Convention refugee status depends on the circumstances at the time the inquiry is made, such that formal findings of refugee status do not have binding effect. They argue that this principle supports their position that, when refugee protection is sought, the decision maker must make a contemporaneous assessment of whether the claimant meets the definition of a refugee, including an assessment of possible exclusion under

section F of

Article 1. [ 34 ] As support for their position in the specific context of exclusion findings, the applicants refer to a publication of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), entitled Background Note on the Application of the Exclusion Clauses:

Article 1F of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugee dated September 4, 2003 (Background Note). This document states that there may be occasions when information comes to light after the exclusion of an individual which casts doubt on the applicability of the exclusion clauses. In these cases the exclusion decision should be reconsidered and refugee status recognized if appropriate.

The respondent argues that this Background Note does not form part of the Refugee Convention and that it cannot be characterized as descriptive of Canada’s obligations under the Convention. [ 35 ] UNHCR publications of this sort can be useful guidance for interpreting Convention provisions, but they are not law and are not determinative of such

interpretation (see Fernandopulle v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2005 FCA 91 , 253 D.L.R. (4th) 425, at paragraph 17 ; Febles F.C.A., at paragraph 50 ). Moreover, the Background Note refers to the requirement for reconsideration of the exclusion decision when “information comes to light which casts doubt on the applicability of the exclusion clauses.” The Background Note does not itself require, at least not explicitly, reconsideration based on a change in the applicable jurisprudence.

The Court has not been provided with clear authority that Canada’s international obligations include a requirement for reconsideration based on evolution of jurisprudence. In the absence of such authority, I cannot conclude that such a requirement applies. [ 36 ] Regardless, even if I were to find that the Refugee Convention does include such a requirement, my conclusion is that, taking into account the applicable principles of statutory

interpretation, the relevant provisions of the IRPA are not capable of being interpreted as implementing this requirement. The applicants rely on the presumption that domestic legislation conforms with international obligations and the express interpretive provision in paragraph 3(3) (

f) of the IRPA. This

section states that the IRPA is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. The Federal Court of Appeal in de Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2005 FCA 436 , [2006] 3 F.C.R. 655, at paragraphs 82 , 83 and 87, considered paragraph 3(3)(

f) and held that the IRPA must be interpreted and applied consistently with such instruments unless, in the modern approach to statutory

interpretation, this is impossible. This interpretive approach would apply even in the absence of paragraph 3(3) (f), as courts must strive to avoid constructions of domestic law pursuant to which the state would be in violation of its international obligations, unless the wording of the statute clearly compels that result (see R. v. Hape , 2007 SCC 26 , [2007] 2 S.C.R. 292, at paragraph 53 ).

[ 37 ] I accept the applicants’ articulation of the relevant interpretive principles and do not understand the respondent to take issue with them. However, the difficulty with the applicants’ proposed

interpretation of subsection 112(3), read in combination with paragraphs 113(

c) and (d), is its lack of support in the language of these sections. [ 38 ] The applicants reference both paragraphs 112(3)(

a) and (

c) in their arguments, although paragraph 112(3)(

c) is the most relevant to this analysis. That is the

section applicable to an exclusion finding by the RPD, which was the finding on which the PRRA Officer’s decision turned. Paragraph 112(3) (

c) describes an applicant who “made a claim to refugee protection that was rejected on the basis of

section F of

Article 1 of the Refugee Convention”. The use of the past tense verbs “made” and “was rejected” indicates that this provision relates to a claim that was previously made and adjudicated. I cannot identify a viable construction of paragraph 112(3)(

c) that would permit a PRRA officer to conclude that this

section does not apply to a refugee claimant who was previously excluded by the RPD under

section F of

Article 1. [ 39 ] The applicants submit that this construction is available by interpreting the words “on the basis of

section F of

Article 1 of the Refugee Convention” as referring only to exclusion determinations properly made. They argue that an erroneous exclusion (as they would characterize the pre- Ezokola determination by the RPD) is not captured by the language of paragraph 112(3) (c), as it was not made on the basis of the Convention. [ 40 ] I cannot accept this as an available

interpretation of paragraph 112(3)(c). Such an

interpretation would represent a requirement for a PRRA officer, if so requested, to review every previous exclusion finding to assess whether or not it is erroneous. I consider such an

interpretation to be the opposite of the legislature’s intention, based on the plain and ordinary meaning of the words used in paragraph 112(3)(

c) and paragraphs 113(

c) and (d), which is to preclude assessment of exclusion where an exclusion finding has previously been made. [ 41 ] The applicants also note that paragraph 112(3)(

a) is written in the present tense, referring to an applicant who “is determined to be inadmissible on grounds of security, violating human or international rights or organized criminality”. They argue that this supports their

interpretation that the PRRA Officer must conduct a contemporaneous assessment of inadmissibility, even if a prior finding of inadmissibility has been made. They submit that paragraphs 112(3) (

a) and (

c) should be interpreted consistently, such that paragraph 112(3) (

c) also requires a contemporaneous assessment. [ 42 ] However, the applicants acknowledge that the language of paragraph 112(3) (

a) is potentially ambiguous as to the timing of the assessment. Given that paragraph 112(3) (

c) clearly references a past assessment, my conclusion is that the applicants’ argument in favour of consistent

interpretations of paragraphs 112(3)(

a) and (

c) does not support their position. Rather, it supports the conclusion that a PRRA officer is limited to considering

section 97 if the applicant has previously been the subject of an exclusion or inadmissibility finding. [ 43 ] Accordingly, even if I were to accept the applicants’ argument, that the principle of non-refoulement requires contemporaneous re-examination of previous exclusion findings following a change in jurisprudence, I would find that it is not possible to interpret the relevant IRPA provisions to conform with that aspect of the principle. I therefore find that the applicants’ arguments based on the provisions of the Refugee Convention do not support their proposed

interpretation of subsection 112(3).

(3) Section 7 of the Charter [ 44 ] The applicants argue that

section 7 of the Charter requires that their

interpretation of subsection 112(3) of the IRPA be accepted. Their position is that removal to a risk of persecution engages

section 7 rights and is therefore permissible only if the exposure to such risk is consistent with the principles of fundamental justice. The applicants submit that their removal, without a contemporaneous assessment of their exclusion from refugee protection, violates such principles, two of which they raise for the Court’s consideration. [ 45 ] First, the applicants submit that the principle of non-refoulement meets the criteria for recognition as a principle of fundamental justice, as set out in Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v.

Canada (Attorney General) , 2004 SCC 4 , [2004] 1 S.C.R. 76, at paragraph 8 . The Supreme Court of Canada determined that a principle of fundamental justice must be a legal principle, with sufficient consensus that it is vital or fundamental to our societal notion of justice, and that it must be capable of being identified with precision and applied in a manner that yields predictable results. [ 46 ] Second, the applicants rely on the protection against arbitrariness as a recognized principle of fundamental justice (see Carter v. Canada (Attorney General) , 2015 SCC 5 , [2015] 1 S.C.R. 331, at paragraph 83 ).

This principle requires a rational connection between the object of a law and the limit it imposes on life, liberty or security of the person. The applicants submit that there is no rational connection between denying refugee protection to those who have committed international crimes (the object of the law in question) and the limit imposed on the applicants’ liberty and security, because there is no substantive basis for excluding them from refugee protection. [ 47 ] The applicants take the position that the application of

section 7 of the Charter , in the context of these principles of fundamental justice, requires that subsection 112(3) be interpreted as they advocate, i.e. as requiring a contemporaneous assessment of their exclusion before they can be removed without having their risk assessed under

section 96 of the IRPA . [ 48 ] Turning to the principles of statutory

interpretation relevant to this argument, the applicants note the explanation by the Supreme Court of Canada in Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership v. Rex , 2002 SCC 42 , [2002] 2 S.C.R. 559, at paragraph 62 . The Court explained that statutory

interpretation which promotes Charter principles and values is only applicable in circumstances of genuine ambiguity, i.e. where a statutory provision is subject to differing, but equally plausible,

interpretations. However, the applicants argue that this limit on the application of the Charter as an interpretive tool is overridden in the present case by the effect of paragraph 3(3) (

d) of the IRPA , which states that the statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions taken thereunder are consistent with the Charter. The applicants’ position is that, regardless of whether the provision under review is ambiguous, the IRPA must be interpreted and applied in a manner that ensures conformity with the Charter. [ 49 ] The difficulty with the applicants’ position is the same as identified in the above analysis of the interpretive effect of the Refugee

Convention. While arguing that an ambiguity is unnecessary, the applicants submit that paragraph 112(3) (

c) does contain a latent ambiguity, as to whether an erroneous exclusion can be considered to have been made “on the basis of” the Convention. However, my analysis as set out previously in these reasons applies equally to the applicants’ arguments on the interpretive effect of the Charter . I find not only that paragraph 112(3)(

c) is not ambiguous as submitted by the applicants but that, particularly when considered in context with

section 113, it is not capable of bearing the applicants’ proposed

interpretation. This analysis applies regardless of whether the applicants are correct in their submission that paragraph 3(3) (

d) of the IRPA eliminates the need to demonstrate an ambiguity in the statutory language before one can have recourse to Charter values and principles in interpreting the statute. I do not understand the applicants to be arguing that the effect of the Charter is to permit an

interpretation that the statutory wording is incapable of bearing. [ 50 ] I also consider the respondent’s position, that the Charter does not require the

interpretation argued by the applicants, to be consistent with recent guidance from the Supreme Court of Canada. The Supreme Court has confirmed in B010 S.C.C., at paragraph 75, that

section 7 of the Charter is typically engaged at the PRRA stage of the IRPA ’s refugee protection process, not at the stage of determining admissibility or exclusion. The Supreme Court referred to its decision in Febles S.C.C. that a determination of exclusion from refugee protection under the IRPA did not engage

section 7 , because “even if excluded from refugee protection, the appellant is able to apply for a stay of removal to a place if he would face death, torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment if removed to that place”. The full explanation from the Supreme Court in Febles S.C.C. is set out as follows at paragraphs 67 and 68: There is similarly no role to play for the Charter in interpreting s. 98 of the IRPA .

Where Parliament’s intent for a statutory provision is clear and there is no ambiguity, the Charter cannot be used as an interpretive tool to give the legislation a meaning which Parliament did not intend: Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership v. Rex , 2002 SCC 42 , [2002] 2 S.C.R. 559, at paras. 61-62 . Moreover, as the Court of Appeal held, s. 98 of the IRPA is consistent with the Charter .

As stated at para. 10 of these reasons, even if excluded from refugee protection, the appellant is able to apply for a stay of removal to a place if he would face death, torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment if removed to that place ( ss. 97 , 112 , 113 ( d )(

i) and 114(1) (

b) of the IRPA ). On such an application, the Minister would be required to balance the risks faced by the appellant if removed against the danger the appellant would present to the Canadian public if not removed (s. 113 (

d) of the IRPA ).

Section 7 of the Charter may also prevent the Minister from issuing a removal order to a country where Charter -protected rights may be in jeopardy: Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2002 SCC 1 , [2002] 1 S.C.R. 3, at para. 58 . While the appellant would prefer to be granted refugee protection than have to apply for a stay of removal, the Charter does not give a positive right to refugee protection. The appellant is excluded from refugee protection as a result of his commission of serious non- political crimes.

If removal of the appellant to Cuba jeopardizes his Charter rights, his recourse is to seek a stay of removal, as discussed earlier. [Emphasis added.] [ 51 ] The Federal Court of Appeal’s analysis is expressed in similar terms in paragraphs 68 to 69 of Febles F.C.A.: If an application by Mr. Febles for protection were allowed on a PRRA, on the ground that the personal risks that he would face if returned outweighed the risk to the Canadian public if he remained, his removal would be stayed: paragraph 114(1) ( b ). Further,

section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms […] (Charter) will normally also prevent the MCI from removing an individual to a country where their Charter-protected rights may be in jeopardy: Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2002 SCC 1 , [2002] 1 S.C.R. 3, at paragraph 58 . Applying for and obtaining a stay of removal from the MCI under the PRRA provisions may not be as satisfactory to Mr. Febles on grounds of process and substance as an application to the RPD for the grant of refugee protection and the rights attached to that status.

Nonetheless, protection would comply with the non-refoulement principle for those who are excluded from refugee status for serious criminality, but if removed are at risk of death, torture, cruel and unusual treatment or punishment, or the deprivation of other rights guaranteed by

section 7 of the Charter . [Emphasis added.] [ 52 ] I interpret these decisions to support the respondent’s position, that

section 7 rights can be protected through the availability of a

section 97 assessment and the potential for a resulting stay of removal under paragraph 114(1)(d). The protection of

section 7 rights does not require that an applicant be afforded access to the process or the substance of an application for a grant of refugee protection, or the rights associated with this status. I therefore reject the applicants’ arguments that, on the facts of their case,

section 7 mandates that subsection 112(3) of the IRPA be interpreted as requiring reconsideration of the applicants’ exclusion under

section 98 and potential recourse to an assessment under

section 96.

(4) Res judicata / Issue estoppel [ 53 ] The parties’ submissions addressed Canadian jurisprudence applicable to res judicata and issue estoppel in the context of a change in law. Those submissions focused in particular on the recent decision of the Federal Court of Appeal in Oberlander v. Canada (Attorney General) , 2016 FCA 52 , [2016] 3 F.C.R. 55 ( Oberlander ), which considered this subject in the specific context of the change in the test for complicity resulting from the Ezokola decision.

The appellant in that case was the subject of a pre- Ezokola complicity finding by the Governor in Council in a citizenship revocation proceeding, related to war crimes committed during World War II. The complicity finding was upheld by both the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal, but the citizenship revocation decision was returned to the Governor in Council for consideration of the issue of duress. The Governor in Council concluded that duress had not been established and again revoked the appellant’s citizenship.

The appellant again applied for judicial review and, following the intervening jurisprudential development in Ezokola , sought to have the complicity issue re-determined. [ 54 ] The Federal Court considered whether issue estoppel precluded re-litigation of the complicity finding and held that the doctrine of issue estoppel applied. While recognizing the residual discretion not to apply that doctrine, the Court concluded that the appellant had not established grounds for such an exercise of discretion.

The Federal Court of Appeal allowed the appeal on the basis that the Federal Court had failed to consider the link between the complicity finding and the issue of duress and that the doctrine of issue estoppel had therefore created an injustice. [ 55 ] In the present case, the applicants argue that Oberlander has confirmed that pre- Ezokola complicity findings should be

reassessed because of the change in law and that the doctrines of res judicata and issue estoppel should not preclude such reassessments. With respect, the applicants are overstating the effect of Oberlander . The Federal Court of Appeal has clearly stated that a court has a residual discretion not to apply the doctrine of issue estoppel and that, in applying the principles applicable to the exercise of that discretion, the overriding consideration is whether the interests of justice require that result.

The result in that case arose from the fact that the Federal Court had been seized with an issue (the judicial review of the duress determination) which itself required reconsideration of the complicity finding in order to avoid an injustice. I do not read Oberlander as broadly stating that pre- Ezokola complicity findings require reassessment. [ 56 ] The applicants note that the discretion not to apply issue estoppel is also available to administrative decision-makers (see Danyluk v. Ainsworth Technologies Inc. , 2001 SCC 44 , [2001] 2 S.C.R. 460, at paragraph 62 ).

They submit that the PRRA Officer erred in failing to consider exercising this discretion in relation to the complicity findings of the RPD. I understand the applicants to be arguing that their application for protection re-engaged the exclusion determination and therefore the complicity finding, such that the Officer should have exercised the discretion not to apply issue estoppel, or at least considered the exercise of same. The difficulty with this position is that it ignores the operation of subsection 112(3) and

section 113 of the IRPA . The Officer’s decision not to reconsider the applicants’ exclusion turned not on the common law doctrine of issue estoppel but on the statutory prohibition against considering the PRRA application under

section 96 of the IRPA. There is no basis to import into the statutory regime a discretion not to apply that prohibition. [ 57 ] I therefore conclude that the jurisprudence surrounding the principles of res judicata and issue estoppel does not assist the applicants, either in their arguments surrounding the

interpretation of subsection 112(3) or in submitting that the Officer failed to consider or exercise a discretion to reconsider their exclusion. [ 58 ] In

summary, having considered all the arguments raised by the applicants under the first issue in this judicial review, I find the PRRA Officer to have acted reasonably, and for that matter correctly, in limiting the assessment of the applicants’ application for protection to consideration on the basis of

section 97of the IRPA . E. In the alternative, must the Minister exercise discretion under

section 25.2 of the IRPA to exempt the applicants from the application of subsection 112(3) , such that failure to consider their request for an exemption vitiates the PRRA decision? [ 59 ] The applicants argue in the alternative that, if the Court finds that the IRPA precludes a

section 96 assessment, then the Charter requires that the Minister exercise the discretion afforded by

section 25.2 of the IRPA to waive the statutory bar and provide them with an unrestricted PRRA. [ 60 ] I note at the outset that, arguably, this submission seeks to impugn a different decision than the applicants’ other arguments, as it focuses not on the PRRA Officer’s decision (which on this issue was limited to concluding that the Officer did not have jurisdiction to consider the applicants’ request for ministerial relief) but on the Minister’s failure to exercise or consider the exercise of the discretion afforded by

section 25.2 . This raises concern about the effect of rule 302 of the Federal Courts Rules [SOR/98-106], which provides that, unless the Court otherwise orders, an application for judicial review shall be limited to a single order in respect of which relief is requested. However, the respondent did not raise this as an issue, other than a brief reference in post-hearing submissions on whether any questions should be certified for appeal. As such, particularly given the relationship in this case between the PRRA application and the request for ministerial relief, I will not treat rule 302 as an impediment to considering the applicants’ arguments related to

section 25.2 . [ 61 ] The applicants submit that the Federal Court of Appeal has confirmed that

section 25.2 relief is available for those who are inadmissible pursuant to

section 35 of the IRPA (see Austria v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2014 FCA 191 , sub nom. Tabingo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2014 FCA 191, [2015] 3 F.C.R. 346, at paragraph 14; J. P. v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) , 2013 FCA 262 , [2014] 4 F.C.R. 371, at paragraph 16 ). Subsection 25.2(1) provides as follows: Public policy considerations 25.2

(1) The Minister may, in examining the circumstances concerning a foreign national who is inadmissible or who does not meet the requirements of this Act , grant that person permanent resident status or an exemption from any applicable criteria or obligations of this Act if the foreign national complies with any conditions imposed by the Minister and the Minister is of the opinion that it is justified by public policy considerations. [ 62 ] I do not find the applicants to have advanced a compelling argument that the Minister was obliged to exercise this discretion so as to provide them with an unrestricted PRRA.

Their argument depends on the position that such an exercise of discretion is necessary either to comply with Canada’s international obligations or to conform with the Charter . [ 63 ] I accept that an exercise of ministerial discretion may be constrained by a requirement to respect a party’s Charter rights (see Canada (Attorney General) v. PHS Community Services Society , 2011 SCC 44 , [2011] 3 S.C.R. 134, at paragraphs 114 , 117 and 128). However, I have concluded above that the protection of

section 7 rights does not require that the applicants’ exclusion be reconsidered and that they be afforded potential recourse to an assessment under

section 96. Therefore, I cannot conclude that the Minister was fixed with an obligation to waive the effects of subsection 112(3) of the IRPA . [ 64 ] With respect to the effect of international law, the applicants rely on the requirement in paragraph 3(3) (

d) of the IRPA that the statute be applied in a manner which complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. They argue this requires the Minister to exercise the discretion under

section 25.2 to permit reconsideration of the RPD’s exclusion finding. However, I noted earlier in these reasons that I was unable to conclude that Canada’s international obligations under the Refugee Convention include a requirement for reconsideration of previous decisions based on changes in applicable jurisprudence. In the absence of such a requirement, the applicants’ arguments do not support the conclusion that the ministerial discretion afforded by

section 25.2 must be exercised so as to relieve the applicants of the effect of the RPD’s decision. [ 65 ] The applicants also submit that the Minister’s decision under

section 25.2 is subject to judicial review on the basis that the Minister failed to consider their request for relief. They argue that, where a statute provides a discretionary remedy and the favourable

exercise of that discretion is expressly sought, it is an error to refuse an application without acknowledging and exercising the discretionin question. [66] The applicants rely on the decisions in Singh Tathgur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2007 FC 1293, 321 F.T.R. 102(Singh Tathgur) and Saini v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), (FC), [1998] 4 F.C. 325 (T.D.)(Saini). However, these decisions relate to other decision-making powers under the IRPA.

Singh Tathgur involved a discretion conferredupon a visa officer considering an application for a permanent resident visa as a member of a skilled worker class, and Saini involved aremoval officer’s discretion to defer removal pending a risk assessment under a previous version of the IRPA. The applicants’ argumentmust be considered in the specific context of the discretion conferred by

section 25.2 of the IRPA. [67] The parties’ arguments focused on whether

section 25.2 contemplates an exercise of discretion only when the Minister hasestablished a policy under which a particular applicant falls, or whether it contemplates the exercise of discretion on a case-by-case basiswithout a pre-established policy from the Minister. The respondent argues the former position and referred the Court to a number ofpolicies that have been established by the Minister to guide officers to whom the exercise of the

section 25.2 discretion has beendelegated. The respondent also noted that the ministerial power to establish policies has not been delegated. On the other hand, theapplicants argue that

section 25.2 refers to “public policy considerations” and that there is nothing in the wording of the

section whichrequires the establishment of a policy before the discretion can be engaged. [68] There appears to be very little jurisprudence interpreting

section 25.2 and none that is of assistance in resolving the competinginterpretations offered by the parties. However, in my view, the disposition of the applicants’ argument turns on the wording ofsubsection 25.2(1), a comparison to the similar grant of ministerial discretion found as follows in subsection 25(1), and a purposiveconsideration of these provisions: Humanitarian and compassionate considerations — request of foreign national 25

(1) Subject to subsection (1.2), the Minister must, on request of a foreign national in Canada who applies for permanent residentstatus and who is inadmissible — other than under

section 34, 35 or 37 — or who does not meet the requirements of this Act, and may,on request of a foreign national outside Canada — other than a foreign national who is inadmissible under

section 34, 35 or 37 — whoapplies for a permanent resident visa, examine the circumstances concerning the foreign national and may grant the foreign nationalpermanent resident status or an exemption from any applicable criteria or obligations of this Act if the Minister is of the opinion that it isjustified by humanitarian and compassionate considerations relating to the foreign national, taking into account the best interests of achild directly affected. [69] Subsection 25(1) affords the Minister discretion to examine the circumstances concerning a foreign national who is inadmissible(except where the inadmissibility is under

section 34, 35 or 37), or who does not meet the requirements of the IRPA, and to grant theforeign national permanent resident status or an exemption from any applicable criteria or obligations of the IRPA. The basis for theexercise of discretion is if the Minister is of the opinion that it is justified by humanitarian and compassionate considerations relating tothe foreign national, taking into account the best interests of a child directly affected. [70] Subsection 25.2(1) provides the Minister with a similar discretion.

It entitles the Minister to examine the circumstancesconcerning a foreign national who is inadmissible, or who does not meet the requirements of this Act, and to grant that person permanentresident status or an exemption from any applicable criteria or obligations of the IRPA.

Under subsection 25.2(1), the basis for theexercise of discretion is if the foreign national complies with any conditions imposed by the Minister and the Minister is of the opinionthat it is justified by public policy considerations. [71] However, it is noteworthy that subsection 25(1) states that the Minister “must” examine the circumstances concerning theforeign national, if the foreign national so requests, and “may” grant certain relief. In contrast, subsection 25.2(1) states that the Minister“may”, in examining the circumstances concerning a foreign national, grant that person certain relief.

Subsection 25.2(1) does notcontain imperative language, equivalent to subsection 25(1), requiring the Minister to examine the foreign national’s circumstances. Thecontrast in these two sections suggests that the legislature did not intend that the Minister be obliged to consider requests for relief basedon public policy considerations, as opposed to humanitarian and compassionate considerations. [72] This

interpretation is further supported by the nature of public policy. In De Araujo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),2007 FC 363, 311 F.T.R. 306, the Court considered a previous version of the IRPA, in which the Minister’s power to grant relief basedon public policy considerations was contained in

section 25 rather than

section 25.2. The Court rejected the applicants’ argument that theimmigration officer considering their application under

section 25 failed to consider public policy features of their application. Atparagraphs 19 to 23, Justice Mactavish held as follows: Moreover, this Court has previously determined that as the term “public policy” as it is used in

section 25 of IRPA has no objectivecontent, it must therefore be defined by those constitutionally entrusted with the power to set policy: see Aqeel v. (Ministre de laCitoyenneté et de l’Immigration), [2006] A.C.F. no. 1895, 2006 CF 1498, Vidal v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)(1991), 41 F.T.R. 118 and Dawkins v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (1991), (FC), 45 F.T.R.198. Indeed, in Dawkins, the Court noted that allowing immigration officers to make exceptions to

definitions adopted in the formulation ofpublic policy would in effect amount to the immigration officer usurping the legislative role. One way that public policy can be articulated is through the promulgation of guidelines. In this case, the Minister has developedguidelines which identify a number of categories of individuals whose applications may be considered for processing under

section 25 ofthe Immigration and Refugee Protection Act on “public policy” grounds. The most recent of these categories relates to spousalsponsorships for spouses in Canada without status. The Guidelines do not currently identify members of skilled construction trades as a category of individuals whose applications may beconsidered for processing under the “public policy” ground in

section 25.

As a consequence, I cannot give effect to the applicants’ “public policy” argument. [73] Similarly, in Khodja v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 1087, at paragraph 3, Justice Shore explained theauthority to determine public policy as follows: Given the separation of powers between the three branches of government, public policy considerations are determined by the Ministerdesignated as responsible for the Act in that respect.

Only the Minister has the discretionary authority to determine what constitutespublic policy; officers cannot extend their scope and the judicial branch can only interpret the law according to the intention ofParliament (Vidal v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (1991), 41 FTR 118, [1991] FCJ No 63 (TD) (QL/Lexis);Dawkins v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), (FC), [1992] 1 FC 639, 45 FTR 198 (TD)). [74] I recognize that the applicants are not arguing that the PRRA Officer had the authority to establish public policy.

Rather, theirposition is that, since their application was made to the Minister, the Minister had an obligation at least to consider their request.However, the fact that only the Minister can determine what constitutes public policy detracts from the applicants’ argument that theMinister has an obligation to consider all requests for relief based on public policy considerations. This would potentially result in theMinister being required to consider an enormous volume of such requests, which cannot have been the legislature’s intention.

In responseto this point, the applicants submitted that the Minister could delegate this authority. However, while the Minister can delegate (andindeed has delegated) authority to make decisions under

section 25.2 in accordance with policies the Minister has previouslypromulgated, it would be inconsistent with the nature of public policy and the authorities cited above to require the Minister to delegatethe authority to determine the content of public policy. [75] This supports the respondent’s position that the legislature did not intend subsection 25.2(1) to create a decision-making processthat must be exercised upon request by any applicant. While there is nothing in the wording of the

section which expressly requires theprior establishment of a policy before the discretion can be engaged, this does not assist the applicants where they have not identified apolicy that applies to them (which could engage the delegated discretion) and the Minister has not elected to consider their request forrelief. I therefore find no basis, derived from the applicants’ request for relief under

section 25.2, to identify an error in the decision thatis the subject of this judicial review. [76] In

summary, I find the PRRA Officer’s decision to be reasonable, and for that matter correct, in concluding that the Officer didnot have the jurisdiction to consider the applicants’ request for ministerial relief. To the extent the applicants’ arguments impugn theMinister’s failure to exercise or consider the exercise of the discretion afforded by

section 25.2, or the Officer proceeding to assess theapplicants’ risks without awaiting a decision by the Minister on the applicants’

section 25.2 request, I again find no reviewable error oneither standard of review. F. In the further alternative, does the statutory regime infringe the applicants’ rights under

section 7 of the Charter? [77] The applicants’ arguments on this issue are essentially the same as those in support of their position that

section 7 of the Charterrequires subsection 112(3) to be interpreted to allow an unrestricted PRRA on the facts of this case. They submit that, if the Minister’sinterpretation of subsection 112(3) is correct, then the combined effect of that

section and paragraphs 113(

d) and 114(1)(

b) of the IRPAis to infringe

section 7, such that the Court should either declare those sections to be of no force and effect or grant the applicants anexemption from the effect of those sections. [78] If my conclusions on the applicants’ statutory

interpretation arguments had been limited to a finding that the statutory languagewas incapable of bearing the

interpretation they advocate based on

section 7 of the Charter, there would remain scope for them to arguethat the IRPA provision identified by the applicants nevertheless infringed

section 7. However, I have also found, in reliance on recentjurisprudence from the Supreme Court of Canada and Federal Court of Appeal, that the protection of

section 7 rights does not require thatan applicant be afforded access to the process or the substance of an application for a grant of refugee protection.

Section 7 rights can beprotected through the availability of a

section 97 assessment and the potential for a resulting stay of removal. I have concluded that, onthe facts of the applicants’ case,

section 7 does not require that subsection 112(3) of the IRPA be interpreted as requiring a newassessment of exclusion and potential recourse to an assessment under

section 96. For the same reasons, I conclude that subsection112(3), and the related IRPA provisions identified by the applicants, do not infringe

section 7 of the Charter. G. Was the PRRA Officer’s

section 97 risk assessment reasonable? [79] I have considered the applicants’ arguments, challenging the reasonableness of the Officer’s assessment of their risk undersection 97 of the IRPA, but have concluded that these arguments concern the Officer’s assessment and weighing of the evidence.

Theydo not raise issues that would place the Officer’s decision outside the range of possible, acceptable outcomes, defensible in respect of thefacts and law, identified in Dunsmuir, at paragraph 47, as informing the reasonableness standard of review. [80] The applicants note that their evidence and submissions in support of the PRRA relate to incidents in 2010 and 2013 which werenot considered by the RPD. (1) 2010 Incidents [81] The evidence related to 2010 involved a Zimbabwean friend of Mr.

Tapambwa named Calvin Chiwawa, who fled Zimbabweafter his computer was seized in October 2010 and he was accused of inciting Zimbabweans in the diaspora against the Mugabe regime.The applicants allege that Mr. Tapambwa and Mr. Chiwawa were in regular electronic communication, which included criticism of theregime, and that the seizure of Mr. Chiwawa’s computer therefore puts them at risk. They also referred to government agents visitingMr.

Tapambwa’s former home in Zimbabwe in November 2010, searching for him, resulting in his tenants terminating their leases andvacating the property. [82] The applicants submitted a letter from Mr. Chiwawa, which referred to his friendship with Mr. Tapambwa and the fact that theycommunicated through Facebook between 2008 and October 2010. His letter states the government agents

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