2011 FCA 187, 2011 FCA 187

[2013] 1 F.C.R. 340 A-449-10 2011 FCA 187 The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ( Appellant ) v. Jigarkumar Patel ( Respondent ) Indexed as: Patel v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) Federal Court of Appeal, Sexton, Dawson and Stratas JJ.A.—Toronto, May 11; Ottawa, June 2, 2011.

Citizenship and Immigration — Status in Canada — Permanent Residents — A ppeal from Federal Court decision allowing respondent’s judicial review of visa officer’s refusal of application for permanent residence — Respondent, applying in Canada as member of federal skilled worker class — Completed one-year program at one college, attended one semester in another institution — Respondent not awarded selection points for adaptability under Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations , s. 83 since had not studied at post- secondary institution in Canada in minimum two-year program of full-time study — Federal Court finding visa officer erring in law in interpreting s. 83 — Question certified with respect to assessment of adaptability under s. 83 — Whether Federal Court erring in setting aside visa officer’s decision; whether visa officer’s decision reasonable — Meaning of “completed a program of full-time study of at least two years’ duration at a post-secondary institution in Canada” or in French “a complété avec succès un programme … qui a nécessité au moins deux ans d’études à temps plein dans un établissement d’enseignement postsecondaire au Canada” in Regulations, s, 83(3) ascertained — Interpreting s. 83(3) to require study at post-secondary Canadian institution in one program for at least two years consistent with plain meaning of both English, French versions of text — Also consistent with statutory context, purpose of determining whether skilled worker capable of becoming economically established in Canada — Federal Court erring in stating no policy rationale supporting visa officer’s

interpretation of s. 83(3), in finding visa officer incorrectly interpreting s. 83(3) — Visa officer not making reviewable error in appreciating evidence on record; decision thereof falling within range of possible acceptable outcomes — As for certified question, disparate programs of study should not be aggregated, no points should be awarded if total period of study amounting to or exceeding two years of full-time study at one or more post-secondary institutions — Appeal allowed.

This was an appeal from a Federal Court decision allowing the respondent’s application for judicial review of a visa officer’s refusal of the application for permanent residence the respondent submitted. The respondent, a citizen of India, applied in Canada as a member of the federal skilled worker class. He claimed, inter alia , five points for adaptability based upon his two years of Canadian post-secondary study. In Canada, the respondent completed a one year program at one college and attended one semester in another institution.

No selection points were awarded for adaptability since it was determined that the respondent had not studied at a post-secondary institution in Canada in a program of full-time study of at least two years duration. The Federal Court found that the visa officer erred in law in interpreting

section 83 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations so as to require full-time attendance for two years in a single academic program at a single accredited institution. It concluded that one’s adaptability is not dependent upon academic achievement and that taking a succession of academic programs at one or more accredited institutions would not defeat the statutory purpose of recognizing a person’s adaptability. It also certified the question as to whether, in assessing adaptability under

section 83, disparate programs of study not each constituting two years of full-time study should be aggregated and points awarded if the total period of study amounts to or exceeds two years of full-time study at one or more post-secondary institutions in Canada. The main issues were whether the Federal Court erred in setting aside the visa officer’s decision and whether the visa officer’s decision was reasonable. Held , the appeal should be allowed.

The meaning and effect of the phrase “completed a program of full-time study of at least two years’ duration at a post-secondary institution in Canada” or in French “ a complété avec succès un programme … qui a nécessité au moins deux ans d’études à temps plein dans un établissement d’enseignement postsecondaire au Canada ” found in subsection 83(3) of the Regulations had to be ascertained.

Interpreting subsection 83(3) of the Regulations to require study at a post-secondary Canadian institution in one program for at least two years is consistent with the plain meaning of both the English and French versions of the text. Both versions speak of having “completed a program of full-time study of at least two years’ duration” or “ complété avec succès un programme … qui a nécessité au moins deux ans d’études ”. Moreover, the French version is express that the program must be successfully completed.

This evidences the legislative intent that one program should be completed as opposed to study in disparate programs for a total of two years. Such an

interpretation of subsection 83(3) is also consistent with the statutory context and purpose, which is to determine whether a skilled worker will be able to become economically established in Canada. The Federal Court thus erred in stating that there is no policy rationale supporting the visa officer’s

interpretation of subsection 83(3) of the Regulations. It also erred in law when finding that the visa officer incorrectly interpreted subsection 83(3) thereof. While the reasons of the visa officer were brief, they provided a transparent and intelligible justification for his decision. No reviewable error was shown in the visa officer’s appreciation of the evidence before him. The respondent had not completed a single program of full-time study of at least two years’ duration. Based upon his correct

interpretation of the Regulations and his application of subsection 83(3) to the facts before him, the visa officer’s decision fell within a range of possible acceptable outcomes which were defensible in respect of the facts and the law. As for the certified question, disparate programs of study should not be aggregated and no points should be awarded if the total period of study amounts to or exceeds two years of full-time study at one or more post-secondary institutions. STATUTES AND REGULATIONS CITED

Immigration Act , R.S.C., 1985, c. I-2, s. 19(1)( a )(ii) (as am. by S.C. 1992, c. 49, s. 11). Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 12, 14(1) , (2) ( a ). Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations , SOR/2002-227, ss. 70(2)( b ) (as am. by SOR/2008-254, s. 1), 72(1)( d ), 75(1), 76(1) (as am. by SOR/2004-167, s. 28(F)), (2), 78(2) (as am. by SOR/2010-195, s. 5(F)), 83, 117(9)( d ) (as am. by SOR/2004-167, s. 41). CASES CITED applied: Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick , 2008 SCC 9 , [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190, 329 N.B.R. (2d) 1, 291 D.L.R. (4th) 577; Celgene Corp. v.

Canada (Attorney General) , 2011 SCC 1 , [2011] 1 S.C.R. 3, 327 D.L.R. (4th) 513, 14 Admin. L.R. (5th) 1; Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Shahid , 2011 FCA 40 , 96 Imm. L.R. (3d) 186, 419 N.R. 259; Hilewitz v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration); De Jong v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2005 SCC 57 , [2005] 2 S.C.R. 706, 259 D.L.R. (4th) 244, 33 Admin. L.R. (4th) 1; dela Fuente v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2006 FCA 186 , [2007] 1 F.C.R. 387, 270 D.L.R. (4th) 681, 53 Imm. L.R. (3d) 171; Canada Trustco Mortgage Co. v.

Canada , 2005 SCC 54 , [2005] 2 S.C.R. 601, 259 D.L.R. (4th) 193, [2005] 5 C.T.C. 215. referred to: Telfer v. Canada (Revenue Agency) , 2009 FCA 23 , [2009] 4 C.T.C. 123, 2009 D.T.C. 5046, 386 N.R. 212; Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Khosa , 2009 SCC 12 , [2009] 1 S.C.R. 339, 304 D.L.R. (4th) 1, 82 Admin. L.R. (4th) 1. APPEAL from a Federal Court decision ( 2010 FC 1025 , 375 F.T.R. 115; 2010 FC 1104 , 92 Imm. L.R. (3d) 276) allowing the respondent’s application for judicial review of a visa officer’s refusal of the application for permanent residence the respondent submitted. Appeal allowed.

APPEARANCES Asha Gafar and Alex Kam for appellant Cathryn D. Sawicki for respondent SOLICITORS OF RECORD Deputy Attorney General of Canada for appellant Green & Spiegel LLP , Toronto, for respondent The following are the reasons for judgment rendered in English by [ 1 ] Dawson J.A.: The respondent, Jigarkumar Patel, applied for permanent residence in Canada as a member of the federal skilled worker class. He claimed 74 selection points, including 5 points for adaptability based upon his two years of Canadian post-secondary study. A visa officer refused Mr.

Patel’s application for permanent residence on the basis that his application merited only 63 selection points—4 less than the required 67 points. The visa officer awarded no selection points for adaptability. Had the officer awarded the requested 5 points for adaptability, Mr. Patel would have had the required number of points to qualify as a member of the federal skilled worker class. [ 2 ] Mr. Patel applied to the Federal Court for judicial review of the visa officer’s decision.

A Judge of the Federal Court, in reasons cited as 2010 FC 1025 , 375 F.T.R. 115, allowed the application and remitted the matter to a different visa officer.

The Judge certified the following serious question of general importance [supplementary reasons, 2010 FC 1104 ]: In assessing adaptability under s. 83 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations , should a visa officer aggregate programs of study that do not each constitute two years of full-time study of at least two years’ duration at a post-secondary institution in Canada and award points if the total period of study amounts to or exceeds two years of full-time study at one or more post-secondary institutions? [ 3 ] The Minister now appeals to this Court from the decision of the Federal Court.

For the reasons that follow, I would allow the appeal, dismiss Mr. Patel’s application for judicial review and answer the certified question in the negative. 1. Factual Background [ 4 ] Mr. Patel is a citizen of India who holds a Bachelor of Science degree from a university in India. He came to Canada in 2004 on a study permit. From February 2005 to June 2006, he attended three semesters as a full-time student at the Canadian Career College. In June 2006, he was awarded a Diploma in International Business Management from that institution. During the summer of 2007, Mr.

Patel attended the Xincon Technology College of Canada as a full-time student, studying computer systems technology for one semester. While he obtained several course credits, Mr. Patel did not complete the 118-week program of study. 2. Legislative Framework [ 5 ] Before reviewing the decisions of the visa officer and the Federal Court, it is helpful to set out the legislation relevant to this appeal. a. The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act

[ 6 ]

Section 12 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , S.C. 2001, c. 27 (Act), found in

Part 1, Division 1 of the Act, deals with the selection of permanent residents. Subsection 12(2) provides that a “foreign national may be selected as a member of the economic class on the basis of their ability to become economically established in Canada.” [ 7 ] Subsection 14(1) goes on to provide that regulations may be enacted for any matter relating to

Part 1, Division 1 of the Act . Of relevance to this appeal is paragraph 14(2) (

a) of the Act which states: 14. … Regulations

(2) The regulations may prescribe, and govern any matter relating to, classes of permanent residents or foreign nationals, including the classes referred to in

section 12, and may include provisions respecting (

a) selection criteria, the weight, if any, to be given to all or some of those criteria , the procedures to be followed in evaluating all or some of those criteria and the circumstances in which an officer may substitute for those criteria their evaluation of the likelihood of a foreign national’s ability to become economically established in Canada; [Emphasis added.] b.

The Regulations [ 8 ] Turning to the Regulations , paragraph 70(2) ( b ) [as am. by SOR/2008-254, s. 1] of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations , SOR/2002-227 (Regulations) describes the economic class of immigrants to include the federal skilled worker class. This is the class in which Mr. Patel applied for permanent residence. [ 9 ] Paragraph 72(1) (

d) of the Regulations states that a foreign national in Canada becomes a permanent resident if, among other things, it is established that “they meet the selection criteria and other requirements applicable” to the class in which they apply for permanent residence. [ 10 ] Dealing specifically with the federal skilled worker class, subsection 75(1) of the Regulations provides: Class 75.

(1) For the purposes of subsection 12(2) of the Act , the federal skilled worker class is hereby prescribed as a class of persons who are skilled workers and who may become permanent residents on the basis of their ability to become economically established in Canada and who intend to reside in a province other than the Province of Quebec. [Emphasis added.] [ 11 ] As subsection 12(2) of the Act and subsection 75(1) of the Regulations specify, central to membership in the economic class, including the federal skilled worker class, is the concept of “ability to become economically established in Canada.” [ 12 ] Subsection 76(1) [as am. by SOR/2004-167, s. 28(F)] of the Regulations enumerates the criteria to be applied in order to assess whether a member of the federal skilled worker class will become economically established in Canada.

It states: Selection criteria 76.

(1) For the purpose of determining whether a skilled worker, as a member of the federal skilled worker class, will be able to become economically established in Canada, they must be assessed on the basis of the following criteria: (

a) the skilled worker must be awarded not less than the minimum number of required points referred to in subsection (2) on the basis of the following factors, namely , (

i) education, in accordance with

section 78, (ii) proficiency in the official languages of Canada, in accordance with

section 79, (iii) experience, in accordance with

section 80, (iv) age, in accordance with

section 81, (

v) arranged employment, in accordance with

section 82, and (vi) adaptability, in accordance with

section 83 ; and (

b) the skilled worker must (

i) have in the form of transferable and available funds, unencumbered by debts or other obligations, an amount equal to half the minimum necessary income applicable in respect of the group of persons consisting of the skilled worker and their family members, or (ii) be awarded the number of points referred to in subsection 82(2) for arranged employment in Canada within the meaning of subsection 82(1). [Emphasis added.] [ 13 ] Subsection 76(2) of the Regulations requires the appellant Minister to fix the minimum number of points required of a skilled worker on the basis of three enumerated factors.

It is agreed that Mr. Patel was required to obtain not less than 67 points. [ 14 ] With respect to the selection criterion of adaptability, paragraph 83(1) (

b) and subsection 83(3) of the Regulations are of central relevance to this appeal. They provide:

Adaptability(10 points) 83.

(1) A maximum of 10 points for adaptability shall be awarded to a skilled worker on the basis of any combination ofthe following elements: … (

b) for any previous period of study in Canada by the skilled worker or the skilled worker’s spouse or common-lawpartner, 5 points; … Previousstudy inCanada

(3) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(b), a skilled worker shall be awarded 5 points if the skilled worker or theiraccompanying spouse or accompanying common-law partner, by the age of 17 or older, completed a program of full-timestudy of at least two years’ duration at a post-secondary institution in Canada under a study permit, whether or not theyobtained an educational credential for completing that program. [Emphasis added.] 3. The Decision of the Visa Officer [15] As set out above, the visa officer awarded no points for adaptability based upon Mr. Patel’s period of post-secondary study inCanada.

The officer’s rationale for this was expressed in the following way in the refusal letter: No Adaptability points for your prior study in Canada have been assessed as you have not studied at a post-secondary institution inCanada in a program of full-time study of at least two years duration; you completed a one year program at Canada Career College andhave presented evidence you attended one semester at Xincon College. [16] The visa officer’s Computer Assisted Immigration Processing System notes contain the following expanded explanation for theofficer’s decision: - PA has studied in Cda for the following 1) a one (1) yr Diploma program in International Business Mgmt at Canadian Career College (07/Feb/2005 to 23/Jun/2006); transcripts(which have been verified by the issuing school) and a copy of diploma on file 2) a Computer Systems Technology program at Xincon College in Scarborough; transcript on file shows PA attended for the Summer/07semester; I note these transcripts are not/not dated, but were notarized on 09/Jan/2008 (by an Ontario based notary) : : no/no furtherevidence of study at, or graduation from, this school has been presented : : To have 5 points assessed, PA must provide evidence he has studied at a (i.e. one) post-secondary Cdn institution in a program of full-time study of at least two yrs’ duration; PA has completed a one yr program at one school and appears to have attended one semester at adifferent school : : furthermore, I note PA took two disparate, distinct programs and did not/not transfer from one institution to anotherinto a similar program and with transfer credits : : PA has presented transcripts he had notarized in Jan/09 and I understand this to meanthese transcripts show the extent of his studies at Xincon College as it would seem unreasonable to have notarized, and then submit,transcripts that do not show the complete scholastic history at a particular school : : I am not/not satisfied, based on the evidence before me, to assess 5 points for prior study in Cda : : [Emphasis added.] 4.

The Decision of the Federal Court [17] The Judge characterized the issues before him to be the standard of review and whether the visa officer erred in his

interpretationof

section 83 of the Regulations. [18] The Judge rejected the Minister’s argument that the appropriate standard of review to be applied to the officer’s decision wasreasonableness. The Judge viewed the primary basis of the visa officer’s decision to be his

interpretation of

section 83 of the Regulations.This was, in the view of the Judge, a question of law which should be reviewed on the standard of correctness. The question of whetherMr. Patel completed two years of study as required by

section 83 was, in the Judge’s view, a question of mixed fact and law whichattracted review on the standard of reasonableness. [19] Turning to the visa officer’s

interpretation of

section 83 of the Regulations, the Judge found the officer interpreted

section 83 soas to require full-time attendance for two years in a single academic program at a single accredited institution. The Judge was satisfiedthat this

interpretation was wrong in law. [20] The Judge’s reasons for this conclusion were as follows (at paragraphs 19–21): The Minister argues that s 83 refers throughout to the singular (a program; a post-secondary institution; that program) and that itsordinary meaning must therefore be confined to a single two-year academic program at one institution. [Emphasis in original.] Counsel for Mr. Patel points to ss 33(2) of the

Interpretation Act, R.S., 1985, c. I-21 which dictates that “words in the singular includethe plural and words in the plural include the singular”. Accordingly, the references in s 83 to the singular must be taken to include“programs”, “institutions”, “study permits” and “those programs”: see Canada v Ward, (SCC), [1993] 2 SCR 689, 103DLR (4th) 1 at para 90. It seems to me that this argument has considerable merit and is also in keeping with a purposive approach to theinterpretation of s 83.

Consistent with the statutory language used, both parties agree that the acquisition of an academic credential is not a requirement for theaward of adaptability points. This is in harmony with s 78 of the Regulations where points are awarded for academic credentials.Presumably one’s adaptability is not dependent upon academic achievement but rather on the basis that one be enrolled in full-timestudies at an accredited institution, or institutions for at least two years. I can identify no policy rationale for the narrow approach

advanced by the Minister. Taking a succession of academic programs at one or more accredited institutions would not defeat or detract from the statutory purpose of recognizing a person’s adaptability, provided that the other statutory pre-requisites are met. To entirely discount the value of Mr. Patel’s pursuit of business and computer skills on such a basis seems perverse and not in keeping with the statutory object of recognizing a person’s adaptability in Canada. [Emphasis added.] 5. The Issues [ 21 ] In my view, the issues to be determined on this appeal are: i. What is the applicable standard of review? ii.

Did the Judge err in setting aside the decision of the visa officer? 6. Consideration of the Issues i. What is the applicable standard of review? [ 22 ] I agree with the appellant’s submission that, on an appeal from a decision of the Federal Court on an application for judicial review, the standard of appellate review is whether the Judge of the Federal Court selected the appropriate standard of review and then applied it correctly. See: Telfer v.

Canada (Revenue Agency) , 2009 FCA 23 , [2009] 4 C.T.C. 123, at paragraph 18 . [ 23 ] As to the standard of review selected by the Judge, at paragraph 10 of his reasons the Judge wrote: I do not agree with the Minister’s assertion that the principal issue presented by this application must be assessed on the standard of reasonableness. The primary basis for the visa officer’s decision involved the

interpretation of s 83 of the IRPA Regulations. This raises an issue of law which must be reviewed on the standard of correctness: see Sapru v Canada , 2010 FC 240 , 2010 CarswellNat 455 (WL) at paras 15 and 16 ; Charalampis v Canada , 2009 FC 1002 , 353 FTR 24 at para 34 ; and Angeles v Canada , 2009 FC 744 , 2009 CarswellNat 2506 (WL) at para 16 . I accept that the issue of whether Mr. Patel completed two years of study as required by s 83 involves an issue of mixed fact and law attracting a standard of review of reasonableness. [ 24 ] The Minister, relying upon Dunsmuir v.

New Brunswick , 2008 SCC 9 , [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190, at paragraphs 54 and 59 ; Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Khosa , 2009 SCC 12 , [2009] 1 S.C.R. 339, at paragraph 44 , and Celgene Corp. v. Canada (Attorney General) , 2011 SCC 1 , [2011] 1 S.C.R. 3, at paragraph 34 , argues that the visa officer’s

interpretation of the Regulations should have been reviewed on the standard of reasonableness. The Minister distinguishes this Court’s decision in Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Shahid , 2011 FCA 40 , 96 Imm. L.R. (3d) 186, on the ground the case was heard prior to the release of the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Celgene . In Shahid this Court found that the

interpretation of “full-time equivalent” as used in the Regulations was a pure question of statutory construction which should be decided on the standard of correctness. [ 25 ] The respondent replies that the standard of review is correctness and that the Judge correctly found the officer’s

interpretation of the Regulations to be wrong. [ 26 ] As explained by the Supreme Court of Canada in Dunsmuir , at paragraph 62 , the first step in determining the appropriate standard of review is to ascertain whether the jurisprudence has already determined in a satisfactory manner the degree of deference to be accorded to a particular category of question. [ 27 ] In my view, the jurisprudence has already determined that a visa officer’s

interpretation of the Act or the Regulations is reviewable on the standard of correctness. See, for example: (

i) Hilewitz v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration); De Jong v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2005 SCC 57 , [2005] 2 S.C.R. 706, at paragraph 71 where the Supreme Court applied the correctness standard to the

interpretation of subparagraph 19(1)( a )(ii) [as am. by S.C. 1992, c. 49, art. 11] of the Immigration Act , R.S.C., 1985, c. I-2 by a visa officer. That provision rendered persons inadmissible if “their admission would cause or might reasonably be expected to cause excessive demands on health or social services”; (ii) dela Fuente v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2006 FCA 186 , [2007] 1 F.C.R. 387, where this Court applied the correctness standard to the

interpretation of paragraph 117(9)( d ) [as am. by SOR/2004-167, s. 41] of the Regulations by a visa officer and later the Immigration Appeal Division. Paragraph 117(9)(

d) rendered a foreign national ineligible to be considered a member of the family class by virtue of their relationship to a sponsor if “subject to subsection (10), the sponsor previously made an application for permanent residence and became a permanent resident and, at the time of that application, the foreign national was a non-accompanying family member of the sponsor and was not examined”; and (iii) Shahid , as cited above, at paragraph 25 where this Court applied the correctness standard to the

interpretation of the phrase “full- time equivalent” in subsection 78(2) [as am. by SOR/2010-195, s. 5(F)] of the Regulations by a visa officer. The interpretative question in Shahid concerned an applicant’s academic history, and so, for the purposes of a standard of review analysis, presented considerations similar to those presented by the interpretive question in this case. [ 28 ] It follows that the Judge did not err by reviewing the visa officer’s

interpretation of subsection 83(3) of the Regulations on the standard of correctness. ii. Did the Judge err in setting aside the decision of the visa officer? [ 29 ] The reasons of the visa officer are quoted above. The officer viewed subsection 83(3) of the Regulations to require study at a post-secondary Canadian institution in a single program of full-time study of at least two years’ duration. The officer acknowledged the possibility of transfer from one institution to another in a similar program. He expressed concern, however, that Mr. Patel had completed

a one-year program of study at one school and then completed one semester at a different school. The officer expressed further concernthat the programs Mr. Patel enrolled in were two disparate, distinct programs. [30] When applying the standard of correctness, a reviewing court shows no deference to the decision maker’s reasoning process. Inthe context of a decision of a visa officer, after undertaking its own analysis of the question the Court will either agree or disagree withthe conclusion of the visa officer.

Where it disagrees, the Court will substitute its own view and provide the correct answer (Dunsmuir, atparagraph 50). [31] Here, the Court must ascertain the meaning and effect of the phrase “completed a program of full-time study of at least twoyears’ duration at a post-secondary institution in Canada” or “a complété avec succès un programme … qui a nécessité au moins deuxans d’études à temps plein dans un établissement d’enseignement postsecondaire au Canada” found in subsection 83(3) of theRegulations. [32] It is well established that statutory

interpretation requires consideration of the ordinary meaning of the words used as well as thestatutory context and purpose. This was explained by the Supreme Court in Canada Trustco Mortgage Co. v. Canada, 2005 SCC 54,[2005] 2 S.C.R. 601, at paragraph 10 and reiterated in Celgene, as cited above, at paragraph 21. In that case the Supreme Court quotedfrom and commented on Canada Trustco as follows: It has been long established as a matter of statutory

interpretation that “the words of

an Act are to be read in their entire context and intheir grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament”:see 65302 British Columbia Ltd. v. Canada, (SCC), [1999] 3 S.C.R. 804, at para. 50. The

interpretation of a statutoryprovision must be made according to a textual, contextual and purposive analysis to find a meaning that is harmonious with the Act as awhole. When the words of a provision are precise and unequivocal, the ordinary meaning of the words play a dominant role in theinterpretive process. On the other hand, where the words can support more than one reasonable meaning, the ordinary meaning of thewords plays a lesser role. The relative effects of ordinary meaning, context and purpose on the interpretive process may vary, but in allcases the court must seek to read the provisions of

an Act as a harmonious whole. [Paragraph 10.] The words, if clear, will dominate; if not, they yield to an

interpretation that best meets the overriding purpose of the statute. [Emphasisadded.] [33] Interpreting subsection 83(3) of the Regulations to require study at a post-secondary Canadian institution in one program for atleast two years is consistent with the plain meaning of both the English and French versions of the text. Both versions speak of having“completed a program of full-time study of at least two years’ duration” or “complété avec succès un programme … qui a nécessité aumoins deux ans d’études” (emphasis added).

Moreover, the French version is express that the program must be successfully completed.In my view, this evidences the legislative intent that one program should be completed, as opposed to study in disparate programs for atotal of two years. [34] In my view, such an

interpretation is also consistent with the statutory context and the purpose of the legislation. Subsection83(3) is part of a legislative regime designed to determine whether a skilled worker will be able to become economically established inCanada. Disparate programs, that is fundamentally different or distinct programs, are less likely to teach skills that will lead to economicestablishment when compared with completion of one two-year program. I therefore disagree with the Judge’s statement that there is nopolicy rationale that supports the visa officer’s

interpretation of subsection 83(3) of the Regulations. [35] Based upon the text of subsection 83(3) and its statutory context and purpose, I respectfully conclude that the Judge erred in lawwhen he found the visa officer incorrectly interpreted subsection 83(3) of the Regulations. [36] Having found that the visa officer correctly interpreted subsection 83(3) of the Regulations, it remains to consider whether theofficer’s application of the provision to the facts before him was reasonable. [37] Review on the reasonableness standard requires an inquiry into the existence of justification, transparency and intelligibilitywithin the decision-making process.

A reviewing court must also inquire whether the decision falls within a range of possible, acceptableoutcomes which are defensible in respect of the facts and the law (Dunsmuir, at paragraph 47). [38] While the reasons of the visa officer were brief, they provided a transparent and intelligible justification for the officer’sdecision. Further, no reviewable error has been shown in the visa officer’s appreciation of the evidence before him. Mr. Patel had notcompleted a single program of full-time study of at least two years’ duration. [39] Based upon his correct

interpretation of the Regulations and his application of subsection 83(3) to the facts before him, the visaofficer’s decision falls within a range of possible, acceptable outcomes which are defensible in respect of the facts and the law. 7. Conclusion [40] For these reasons, I would allow the appeal, set aside the judgment of the Federal Court and dismiss Mr. Patel’s application forjudicial review. [41] I would answer the certified question as follows: Q. In assessing adaptability under

section 83 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, should a visa officer aggregateprograms of study that do not each constitute two years of full-time study of at least two years’ duration at a post-secondary institution inCanada and award points if the total period of study amounts to or exceeds two years of full-time study at one or more post-secondaryinstitutions? A. In assessing adaptability under

section 83 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, a visa officer should not aggregatedisparate programs of study and award points if the total period of study amounts to or exceeds two years of full-time study at one or

more post-secondary institutions. Sexton J.A.: I agree. Stratas J.A.: I agree.