2014 FC 523, 2014 FC 523

T-929-12 2014 FC 523 The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ( Plaintiff ) v. Nedjo Savic ( Defendant ) Indexed as: Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Savic Federal Court, Kane J.—Toronto, February 25; Ottawa, May 30, 2014. Citizenship and Immigration — Status in Canada — Citizens — Motion for

summary judgment, declaration that defendant obtained citizenship by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances because he provided false answers, concealed information on application for permanent residence — Defendant convicted of attempted homicide in Bosnia — Not answering truthfully to questions of past criminal conviction — Plaintiff submitting, inter alia, that defendant obtained Canadian citizenship by false misrepresentations; that conduct of making false representation included in Citizenship Act , s. 10(2) not requiring intention to mislead decision maker — Whether intent required to mislead decision maker pursuant to Act, s. 10 , whether

summary judgment should be granted — Intent to mislead decision maker required for all conduct referred to s. 10 — Such intent established on balance of probabilities — False representation made in error or inadvertently not resulting in declaration under s. 10 — Defendant’s false answers not innocent misrepresentations, technical transgressions — As to whether

summary judgment warranted, no evidence establishing genuine issue for trial — Defendant’s subjective belief not objectively justified — Motion granted. Practice —

Summary Judgment — Motion for

summary judgment, declaration that defendant obtained citizenship by false representation because he provided false answers, concealed information on application for permanent residence —

Summary judgment granted — Question whether case so doubtful as to not deserve consideration by trier of fact at future trial — No evidence establishing genuine issue for trial — Defendant’s subjective belief not objectively justified. This was a motion for

summary judgment and a declaration that the defendant obtained his Canadian citizenship by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances because he provided false answers and concealed information on his application for permanent residence. The defendant was arrested, detained in custody and later convicted of attempted homicide in Bosnia. While awaiting his trial, the defendant applied for permanent residence. In the application form, the defendant answered “no” to the question of whether he had committed a criminal offence in any country.

He also answered questions on a supplementary form indicating that he had no problems with the police and that he had not had any contact with any state security service. The defendant obtained permanent resident status in Canada after the required police and security clearances administered by Citizenship and Immigration Canada were completed. In his application for citizenship, the defendant attested that he understood the contents of the application and that false declarations could result in the loss of Canadian citizenship or a charge under the Act .

The plaintiff submitted, inter alia , that the defendant obtained his Canadian citizenship by false misrepresentations or by fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances on his permanent resident application and/or citizenship application. The plaintiff further submitted that the conduct of making “false representation[s]” included in subsection 10(2) of the Citizenship Act does not require an intention to mislead the decision maker. The issues were whether intent is required to mislead the decision maker pursuant to

section 10 of the Act , and whether

summary judgment should be granted. Held , the motion should be granted. Intent to mislead the decision maker is required for all conduct referred to in

section 10. That intention must be established on a balance of probabilities; the plaintiff must provide some evidence of intention or some evidence from which a reasonable inference of intention to mislead can be drawn. Simply making a false statement (i.e. a false representation) in error or inadvertently should not result in a declaration under

section 10. However, it is difficult to conceive of a situation where a false representation that is not inadvertent would not also be covered by the conduct described as fraud, given that in the context of permanent resident applications, the representation would be relied on by the decision maker and the applicant would benefit from making the false representation.

In the present case, the defendant’s actions in providing false answers and concealing that he had been charged with a criminal offence and was awaiting trial at the time of his application could not be characterized as innocent misrepresentations, nor were they technical transgressions. The defendant withheld truthful information and provided untruthful answers which had the effect of foreclosing further inquiries. As to whether

summary judgment should be granted, the question to consider was whether the case was so doubtful that it did not deserve consideration by the trier of fact at a future trial while ensuring that claims involving real issues be allowed to proceed to trial. The defendant did not meet the evidentiary burden required to establish that there was a genuine issue for trial. The facts did not support the defendant’s position that the issues raised should be the subject of a trial. The only possible issue for a trial was whether an intention to mislead the decision maker is a necessary requirement pursuant to

section 10 and whether the defendant had such intent. The defendant’s subjective belief, given the purpose of the permanent resident application, of which he was aware, was not objectively justified. STATUTES AND REGULATIONS CITED

Citizenship Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29, ss. 10, 18. Federal Courts Rules, SOR/98-106, rr. 213, 214, 215. Immigration Act, R.S.C. 1952, c. 325, s. 19. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 40. CASES CITED distinguished: Minister of Manpower and Immigration v. Brooks, (SCC), [1974] S.C.R. 850, (1973), 36 D.L.R. (3d) 522. applied: Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Rogan, 2011 FC 1007, 396 F.T.R. 47; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v.Dinaburgsky, 2006 FC 1161, 300 F.T.R. 146; Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v.

Laroche, 2008 FC 528; Canada (Citizenship andImmigration) v. Odynsky, 2001 FCT 138, 196 F.T.R. 1. considered: Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Campbell, 2014 FC 40; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Schneeberger,2003 FC 970, [2004] 1 F.C.R. 280; Hryniak v. Mauldin, 2014 SCC 7, [2014] 1 S.C.R. 87; Goudarzi v. Canada (Citizenship andImmigration), 2012 FC 425; Canada (Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship) v. Minhas, (1993), 66 F.T.R. 155 (F.C.T.D.);Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v.

Phan, 2003 FC 1194, 240 F.T.R. 239; Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v.Thiara, 2014 FC 220, 23 Imm. L.R. (4th) 305. referred to: Granville Shipping Co. v. Pegasus Lines Ltd., (FC), [1996] 2 F.C. 853, (1996), 111 F.T.R. 189 (T.D.); MacNeil Estatev. Canada (Department of Indian and Northern Affairs), 2004 FCA 50, [2004] 3 F.C.R. 3; Bruno Appliance and Furniture, Inc. v.Hryniak, 2014 SCC 8, [2014] 1 S.C.R. 126. MOTION for

summary judgment and a declaration that the defendant obtained his Canadian citizenship by false representation or fraudor by knowingly concealing material circumstances because he provided false answers and concealed information on his application forpermanent residence. Motion granted. APPEARANCES Gregory G. George and Rafeena Rashid for plaintiff. Mario D. Bellissimo and Sindura Dar for defendant. SOLICITORS OF RECORD Deputy Attorney General of Canada for plaintiff. Bellissimo Law Group, Toronto, for defendant. The following are the reasons for judgment and judgment rendered in English by [1] Kane J.: The Minister seeks a declaration pursuant to paragraph 18(1)(

b) of the Citizenship Act, R.S.C., 1985, c.

C-29 (the Act)that Nedjo Savic (the defendant) obtained his Canadian citizenship by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing materialcircumstances because he provided false answers and concealed information on his application for permanent residence which led to hispermanent resident status and ultimately his citizenship. [2] If the Minister is successful in the action, the Minister will be entitled to make a report to the Governor in Council pursuant tosection 10 of the Act, which, if accepted, will result in the defendant ceasing to be a Canadian citizen.

The defendant could then besubject to removal from Canada. [3] The Minister makes this motion pursuant to rule 213 of the Federal Courts Rules, SOR/98-106, asking the Court to grantsummary judgment and issue the declaration. To be successful on the motion for

summary judgment, the Minister must satisfy the Courtthat there is no genuine issue of fact or law for trial. The defendant submits that several issues are raised which require a trial; the mostsignificant issue is whether the defendant’s actions in providing false information (i.e. false representations, and/or knowingly concealingmaterial circumstances) requires that the defendant had the intention to mislead the decision maker. [4] For the reasons below, the Minister’s motion for

summary judgment is granted. Citizenship revocation in general [5] This Court does not revoke citizenship; rather, it makes a declaration which may lead to the Governor in Council deciding to doso. If such a declaration is made, the defendant will have the opportunity to make submissions to the Governor in Council before hiscitizenship is revoked. Where the Governor in Council is satisfied that any person has obtained, retained, renounced or resumedcitizenship under the Citizenship Act by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances, that person

ceases to be a citizen. The defendant may seek judicial review of such a decision of the Governor in Council. [6] In Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Rogan, 2011 FC 1007, 396 F.T.R. 47 (Rogan), Justice Mactavish explained thenature of revocation proceedings, at paragraphs 13–16: A reference by the Minister under section 18(1)(

b) of the Citizenship Act, R.S., 1985, c. C 29 (the “Citizenship Act, 1985”) is not anaction in the conventional sense of the word. Rather, it is “essentially an investigative proceeding used to collect evidence of factssurrounding the acquisition of citizenship, so as to determine whether it was obtained by fraudulent means”: Canada (Minister ofCitizenship and Immigration) v. Obodzinsky, 2002 FCA 518, [2002] F.C.J. No. 1800, at para. 15 [Obodzinsky, (FCA)]. The task for the Court is to make factual findings as to whether Mr.

Rogan obtained his Canadian citizenship by false representation orfraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances. Findings made by this Court under section 18(1)(

b) of the Citizenship Act,1985 are final, and cannot be appealed. Although these reasons follow a hearing at which a great deal of evidence was adduced, the Court’s factual findings are notdeterminative of any legal rights. That is, this decision does not have the effect of revoking Mr. Rogan’s Canadian citizenship: Canada(Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Tobiass, (SCC), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 391, [1997] S.C.J. No. 82, at para. 52,citing Canada (Secretary of State) v. Luitjens, [1992] F.C.J. No. 319, 142 N.R. 173 at 175 [Luitjens, (FCA)].

These findings may, however, form the basis of a report by the Minister to the Governor in Council requesting the revocation of Mr.Rogan’s citizenship. The ultimate decision with respect to the revocation of citizenship rests with the Governor in Council, which is thesole authority empowered to revoke citizenship. A decision by the Governor in Council to revoke an individual’s citizenship may bejudicially reviewed: Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Furman, 2006 FC 993, [2006] F.C.J.

No. 1248, at para. 15. [7] Although the defendant in this case submits that the findings of the Court are invariably accepted by the Governor in Council andwill lead to revocation, the defendant will have an opportunity to make submissions to the Governor in Council. The Governor inCouncil is not precluded from considering the current circumstances of the defendant which may be relevant to the exercise of discretionwhether to revoke his citizenship, but which do not change the facts as established by the plaintiff with respect to

section 10 of the Act. [8] As noted by Justice Kelen in Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Dinaburgsky, 2006 FC 1161, 300 F.T.R. 146(at paragraph 58): Canada does not allow persons convicted of serious criminal offences to become permanent residents. It is not the role of the Court tocondone or forgive persons who misrepresent or conceal material facts about their past serious criminality. That is a decision for only theMinister of Citizenship and Immigration and the Governor in Council.

Nor is it the Courtʼs role to determine whether, as a matter ofpolicy, it is appropriate to render stateless citizens of Canada who choose not to disclose criminal convictions pre-dating their admissionto Canada. That is a decision left to Parliament acting through the Governor in Council. [9] Justice Kelen’s point is equally applicable in the present case; it is not the role of this Court to determine if the defendant, nowelderly and in poor health, should suffer the consequences of revocation of his citizenship.

That is the role of the Governor in Council.The Court’s role is focused on determining whether the declaration pursuant to

section 10 of the Act should be made. Principles re

summary judgment [10] The legal principles with respect to

summary judgments, both generally (see Granville Shipping Co. v. Pegasus Lines Ltd., (FC), [1996] 2 F.C. 853 (T.D.) (Granville Shipping), at paragraph 8 and MacNeil Estate v. Canada (Department of Indianand Northern Affairs), 2004 FCA 50, [2004] 3 F.C.R. 3), and in the specific context of proceedings undertaken to determine whethercitizenship was obtained by false representation or by fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances, are not in dispute. [11] As recently noted by Justice de Montigny in Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Campbell, 2014 FC 40 (at paragraph 14): When a party brings a motion for

summary judgment, the Court must determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial with respect toa claim or defence. The purpose of

summary judgment is to allow the Court to summarily dispense with cases which ought not toproceed to trial because there is no genuine issue to be tried. The test is not whether a party cannot possibly succeed at trial; rather, it iswhether the case is so doubtful that it does not deserve consideration by the trier of fact at a future trial. As such,

summary judgment isnot restricted to the clearest of cases. See: ITV Technologies Inc v WIC Television Ltd, 2001 FCA 11, at paras 4-6; Premakumaran vCanada, 2006 FCA 213, at paras 9-11; Canada (MCI) v Schneeberger, 2003 FC 970, at para 17. [12] In Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Schneeberger, 2003 FC 970, [2004] 1 F.C.R. 280, Justice Dawson (asshe then was) noted (at paragraph 25): The standard of proof to be applied in a reference under the Act is the civil standard of proof on a balance of probabilities.

However, theevidence must be scrutinized with greater care because of the seriousness of the allegations and the severe consequences of revocation ofcitizenship (see Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Coomar (1998), (FC), 159 F.T.R. 37 (F.C.T.D.),at paragraph 10). [13] In Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Laroche, 2008 FC 528 (Laroche), Justice Mactavish granted

summary judgmentdeclaring that the defendant had obtained his citizenship by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing materialcircumstances in contravention of

section 10 of the Act, and provided an overview of the relevant principles from the jurisprudence (atparagraphs 6, 8–18): As the Supreme Court of Canada recently observed in Canada (Attorney General) v. Lameman, 2008 SCC 14, at paragraph 10, thesummary judgment process serves an important purpose in the civil litigation system, as it prevents claims or defences that have nochance of success from proceeding to trial. That said, while being able to weed out such cases at an early stage can save scarce judicial

resources, justice requires that claims involving real issues be allowed to proceed to trial. … It has been suggested that there is some ambiguity between Rule 216(1), which states that matters should proceed to trial where there is agenuine issue to be decided, and Rule 216(3), which entitles a motions judge to decide that issue, if the necessary facts can be found. According to the Federal Court of Appeal, this apparent ambiguity should not result in motions for

summary judgment becomingsummary trials on the basis of affidavit evidence: see Trojan Technologies Inc. v. Suntec Environmental Inc. [2004] F.C.J. No. 636, 2004FCA 140, at ¶19. A number of other principles can be gleaned from the jurisprudence. One such principle is that where there is an issue of credibilityinvolved, the case should not be decided on

summary judgment under Rule 216(3) but rather should go to trial because the parties shouldbe cross-examined before the trial judge: MacNeil Estate v. Canada (Indian and Northern Affairs Department) [2004] F.C.J. No. 201,2004 FCA 50, at ¶32. Judges hearing motions for

summary judgment can only make findings of fact or law where the relevant evidence is available on therecord, and does not involve a serious question of fact or law which turns on the drawing of inferences: see Apotex Inc. v. Merck & Co.,[2002] F.C.J. No. 811, 2002 FCA 210. Also relevant to this matter is Rule 215, which provides that: 215. A response to a motion for

summary judgment shallnot rest merely on allegations or denials of the pleadingsof the moving party, but must set out specific factsshowing that there is a genuine issue for trial. 215. La réponse à une requête en jugement

sommaire ne peut être fondéeuniquement sur les allégations ou les dénégations contenues dans les actes deprocédure déposés par le requérant. Elle doit plutôt énoncer les faits précisdémontrant l’existence d’une véritable question litigieuse. That is, a party responding to a motion for

summary judgment cannot simply rely on allegations or denials in its pleadings. Instead, theresponding party must provide evidence, through affidavits or by other means, of specific facts demonstrating that there is a genuineissue for trial: see Kirkbi AG v. Ritvik Holdings Inc. (FC), [1998] F.C.J. No. 912, at ¶18. According to the Federal Court of Appeal in the MacNeil Estate case previously cited, parties responding to a motion for

summaryjudgment do not have the burden of proving all of the facts in their case; rather, they have only an evidentiary burden to put forwardevidence showing that there is a genuine issue for trial: at ¶25. Although the burden lies with the moving party to establish that there is no genuine issue to be tried, Rule 215 does, however, requirethat the party responding to the motion for

summary judgment “put his best foot forward”. To do this, a responding party must set outfacts that show that there is a genuine issue for trial: see MacNeil Estate, at ¶37. This requirement has also been described as necessitating that a responding party “lead trump or risk losing”: see Kirkbi AG, above, at¶18, quoting Horton v. Tim Donut Ltd. (1997), (ON SC), 75 C.P.R. (3d) 451 at 463 (Ont. Ct. (Gen.Div.)), affʼd(1997), (ON CA), 75 C.P.R. (3d) 467 (Ont. C.A.).

Ultimately, the test is not whether a plaintiff cannot succeed at trial, but whether the case is so doubtful that it does not deserveconsideration by the trier of fact at a future trial: see Ulextra Inc. v. Pronto Luce Inc. [2004] F.C.J. No. 722, 2004 FC 590. In making this determination, a motions judge must proceed with care, as the effect of the granting of

summary judgment will be topreclude a party from presenting any evidence at trial with respect to the issue in dispute. In other words, the unsuccessful respondingparty will lose its “day in court”: see Apotex Inc. v. Merck & Co., 2004 FC 314 , 248 F.T.R. 82, at ¶12, aff’d 2004 FCA 298.[Italics in original.] [14] The Federal Courts Rules regarding

summary judgment were amended in 2009 and rule 215, referred to above, is now rule 214,with some minor changes to the wording, but the principles set out above continue to apply. [15] The Supreme Court of Canada’s recent decision in Hryniak v. Mauldin, 2014 SCC 7, [2014] 1 S.C.R. 87, which interpretedOntario’s recently amended

summary judgment rules, appears to encourage resort to

summary judgment in appropriate cases to facilitateaccess to justice and to resolve the litigation. However, the consequences of citizenship revocations require the Court to carefullyscrutinize the evidence and I continue to be guided by the principles set out above. [16] With all of these principles in mind, the merits of the motion have been considered. The defendant’s immigration history [17] On September 28, 1995, the defendant shot his neighbour in Bosnia and Herzegovina with a firearm. The defendant maintainsthat he shot in self-defence in the context of a property dispute.

He was arrested, charged with attempted homicide, detained in custodyfor two and a half months and then released pending trial. He was tried and convicted in 2000. His conviction was set aside on appeal in2002 and a new trial was ordered. That trial has not taken place as the defendant is not present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, thedefendant remains subject to an international arrest warrant. [18] After the shooting incident and while awaiting his trial, on March 8, 1998, the defendant applied for permanent residence (PR) inCanada.

His wife’s great nephew assisted him with the application form, which required him to answer several questions. The defendantanswered “no” to question 20 which asked whether he had “committed a criminal offence in any country”. He also answered questions ona supplementary form indicating that he had no problems with the police and that he had not had any contact with any state securityservice. The defendant attested to the truthfulness, completeness and accuracy of his answers to the questions on the supplementary

form. He declared that he asked for and obtained an explanation for every point on the form that was not clear to him.

He also declaredthat he fully accepted responsibility for the statements made on his PR application. [19] Between 1998 and 2000, the defendant traveled to and from Canada to Bosnia and Herzegovina without incident at least twiceand was able to renew his passport in 1998. [20] The defendant obtained permanent resident status in Canada on January 19, 1999, after the required police and securityclearances administered by Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) were completed. [21] The defendant applied for citizenship on March 10, 2003.

On his application, he attested that he understood the contents of theapplication and that false declarations could result in the loss of Canadian citizenship or a charge under the Act. The revocation proceedings against the defendant [22] On February 24, 2012, the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (the Minister), issued a notice in respect of revocation ofCitizenship which informed the defendant that a report would be made to the Governor in Council under

section 10 of the Act. On March21, 2012, the defendant requested that the case be referred to this Court, pursuant to

section 18 of the Act. On May 11, 2012, the Ministercommenced proceedings in this Court and issued a statement of claim which alleges that the defendant obtained Canadian citizenship byfalse representation or by fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances concerning his criminal history. After cross-examinations by the parties, the Minister brought this motion for

summary judgment pursuant to subsection 215(1) of the FederalCourts Rules. [23] I note that by order dated November 6, 2012, the defendant’s son, Blagoje Savic, was appointed as litigation guardian for thedefendant because the defendant now suffers from Parkinson’s disease and dementia. The litigation guardian gathered information fromhis father, the great-nephew who assisted his father complete his application, and from other family members. The litigation guardianparticipated in the cross examinations and provided evidence. Relevant statutory provisions [24] Sections 10 and 18 of the Citizenship Act are set out in Annex A. Issues [25] As noted above, the key issue is whether

summary judgment should be granted. [26] The plaintiff now submits that the facts are undisputed and support the order for

summary judgment: the defendant was chargedwith attempted murder and was detained by police in 1995; he declared on his application for permanent residence that he had nevercommitted a crime, that he never had any contact with state security services, and that he never had problems with the police; and basedon this information he became a permanent resident in 1999 and a Canadian citizen in 2003.

The plaintiff also relies on admissions madeat discovery including that the defendant knew he was facing charges for attempted homicide at the time of his application and shouldnot have answered the questions as he did. [27] The defendant submits that there is insufficient evidence to establish the necessary facts and raises nine issues that he submits aregenuine issues requiring that a trial be held; the most significant issue being whether an intention to mislead the decision maker isrequired to establish that the defendant obtained his Canadian citizenship by false representation or by fraud or by knowingly concealingmaterial circumstances and whether the defendant had such an intention.

Is intent to mislead the decision maker required pursuant to

section 10 of the Citizenship Act? The plaintiff’s position [28] The Minister submits that he has established, on a balance of probabilities, that the defendant obtained his Canadian citizenshipby false misrepresentations or by fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances on his permanent resident application and/orcitizenship application. [29] The Minister submits that a misrepresentation of a material fact includes an untruth, the withholding of truthful information or amisleading answer that has the effect of foreclosing or averting further inquiries (Minister of Manpower and Immigration v.

Brooks, (SCC), [1974] S.C.R. 850 (Brooks), at page 873; Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Odynsky, 2001 FCT 138, 196 F.T.R.1 (Odynsky), at paragraphs 156–159 and 177) and that the defendant’s answers to the relevant questions had that effect. [30] The Minister further submits that the conduct of making “false representation[s]” included in subsection 10(2) does not requirean intention to mislead the decision maker as established by the Supreme Court of Canada in Brooks, at paragraphs 138–140.

TheMinister submits that Brooks has been relied on in citizenship proceedings, although Brooks was not a citizenship proceeding. [31] The Minister argues that, in any event, the wording of

section 10 is clear; a declaration can be issued where it is found that aperson obtained his permanent resident status by false representation or by fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances andthe defendant’s conduct includes both false representation and knowingly concealing material circumstances. [32] The Minister further clarifies his position; the defendant knowingly concealed material circumstances either intentionally orthrough wilful blindness. In addition, the Minister submits that the defendant made false representations, which does not require anintention to mislead the decision maker.

However, if such an intention is required, it has been established. Post-hearing submissions of the plaintiff [33] At the hearing, the Minister advanced a new argument to support his position that no intention to mislead is required under

section 10 with respect to false representation. The Minister noted that the jurisprudence regarding

section 40 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , S.C. 2001, c. 27 (IRPA) which addresses the consequences of misrepresentation for permanent residents may be instructive. [ 34 ] I asked the plaintiff to provide more clarity regarding this new line of argument in brief post-hearing submissions. The defendant was also provided with an opportunity to respond in writing to the plaintiff’s submissions regarding

section 40. The defendant did so and, in addition, reiterated many of the arguments made at the hearing and in the previous memos. The defendant also elaborated on the Governor in Council process regarding revocation of citizenship. [ 35 ] My consideration of the post-hearing submissions has been limited to the alternative argument regarding

section 40 of IRPA . [ 36 ] These submissions are summarized below and have been carefully considered. [ 37 ] The Minister submits that while there is no need to go beyond the clear wording of

section 10 of the Act and the relevant jurisprudence to conclude that an intention to mislead is not required to establish that a person made a false representation, the jurisprudence regarding

section 40 of IRPA bolsters this position. [ 38 ] The Minister reiterates that his argument that intention is not required if a person makes a false representation is an alternative argument. The Minister’s primary position is that the defendant knowingly concealed material circumstances—either intentionally or by wilful blindness, which is amply supported by the evidence. The Minister also submits that false representations were made and, if an intention to mislead is required, such an intention is apparent. [ 39 ] The relevant provision of IRPA is paragraph 40(1) ( a ): Misrepresenta- tion 40.

(1) A permanent resident or a foreign national is inadmissible for misrepresentation (

a) for directly or indirectly misrepresenting or withholding material facts relating to a relevant matter that induces or could induce an error in the administration of this Act ; [ 40 ] The Minister submits that the jurisprudence regarding

section 40 has established that a wilfulness or intention to misrepresent or to withhold material facts is not required. However, there may be an exception for honest and reasonable mistakes which would only apply in “truly exceptional circumstances” ( Goudarzi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2012 FC 425 , at paragraph 33 ). [ 41 ] The Minister submits that importing an element of intention to mislead for false representation under subsection 10(2) of the Act is absurd as this suggests that the law should treat people differently depending on when their false representation is discovered.

If the person is a permanent resident, intention to mislead would not be required, but if the person has already acquired citizenship, the Act would apply and an intention to mislead by making the false representation would have to be established. [ 42 ] The rare exception of honest and reasonable mistake which may be available under subsection 40(1) of IRPA is not available under subsection 10(2) of the Act .

However, the Minister submits that citizens involved in revocation proceedings could make submissions on an issue of innocent mistake at the subsequent Governor in Council process. [ 43 ] The Minister further submits that even if an exception for honest and reasonable mistake were available under subsection 10(2) , it would not assist the defendant.

If he honestly believed that he did not commit a criminal offence, did not have contact with a state security agency or did not have a problem with the police, despite shooting his neighbour, being arrested, charged with attempted murder and detained for two months, his belief could not be reasonable. The defendant’s position [ 44 ] The defendant submits that in order to find that he knowingly concealed material circumstances, it must be found, based on the evidence presented, that he intentionally and consciously misled the decision maker ( Odynsky , above, at paragraph 159 ; Rogan , above, at paragraph 31 ).

The defendant submits that there was no such intent and that his answers to the questions on his permanent resident form and the supplemental form were justified. [ 45 ] The defendant argues that none of the jurisprudence supports the position that the Minister is not required to demonstrate a fraudulent intent or intent to mislead the decision maker where false representations are made.

The defendant argues that the Minister is asking the Court to give a novel and illogical reading to subsection 10(2) of the Act since the other conduct—fraud and knowingly concealing—does require such intent. [ 46 ] The defendant submits that the Minister’s reliance on Brooks to argue that making false representations does not require an intention to mislead is misplaced.

The case law regarding citizenship revocation that has relied on Brooks has focused on the issue of materiality, not intent. [ 47 ] The defendant further submits that citizenship has not previously been revoked on the exclusive basis of a false representation. The defendant’s post-hearing submissions [ 48 ] The defendant rejects the submission that the jurisprudence under

section 40 of IRPA regarding misrepresentation is instructive. The defendant notes that the provisions differ and that procedural safeguards are more robust for permanent residents; for example, permanent residents found inadmissible may appeal to the Immigration Appeal Division and make oral submissions. However, no appeal is available for a decision made pursuant to

section 10 of the Citizenship Act . The possibility that the defendant would be able to raise an honest mistake at the later stage in submissions to the Governor in Council is not an alternative to an appeal or to an inability to raise an honest mistake before the Court.

[ 49 ] In addition, the defendant disputes the Minister’s argument that subsection 10(1) does not permit a person to raise an honest mistake and submits that the jurisprudence has recognized that people should not be punished for events outside of their knowledge and control. The defendant referred to Schneeberger , above, where Justice Dawson noted (at paragraph 26): More must be established than a technical transgression of the Act . Innocent misrepresentations are not to result in the revocation of citizenship. See: Canada (Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship) v. Minhas (1993), 66 F.T.R. 155 (F.C.T.D.) . An intention to mislead is an element of

section 10 [ 50 ] It is important to bear in mind that

section 10 does not create a criminal offence and does not engage a criminal standard of proof. The conduct set out in

section 10 that is relied on to establish that the “person has obtained, retained, renounced or resumed citizenship under this Act by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances” must be established on a balance of probabilities, not on the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. [ 51 ] The purpose of the provision is to ensure that applicants do not benefit by obtaining permanent resident status and citizenship as a result of failing to provide essential information or from providing false information. The information provided is relied on by the decision maker.

Applicants have a duty to provide the information requested and to be truthful and ought to know that the information will be relied upon and may foreclose further lines of inquiry. [ 52 ] The plaintiff relies on Brooks to support his position that intention is not an element of making a false representation. I am not persuaded that Brooks has established this proposition for the Citizenship Act . [ 53 ] In Brooks , at pages 864–865, the Supreme Court of Canada considered

section 19 of the Immigration Act , R.S.C. 1952, c. 325 regarding whether the defendant should be deported. That provision, in a different statute and differently worded, did not specify an element of intention. [ 54 ] Justice Laskin (as he then was), speaking for the Court, noted at page 865: An answer may be both false and misleading but the statute does not demand this combination. It may be the one or the other and still fall within the prohibition.

Again, since criminal punishment is not the object of the enforcement of immigration and deportation policies by means of special inquiries, I cannot be persuaded that intentional or wilful deception should be read in as a prerequisite . It was noted by counsel, as well as by the Board, that mens rea is made a condition of culpability under s. 50(

b) and (

f) which sets out criminal offences, and hence is of a different order than what is prescribed by ss. 19 and 26. [Emphasis added.] [ 55 ] The Court found that providing false or misleading information does not require mens rea or an intention to mislead to be caught by the Immigration Act (as it provided at that time). [ 56 ] Although subsequent jurisprudence has cited Brooks in the context of citizenship revocation, I have not been referred to any jurisprudence that specifically relied on Brooks with respect to the element of intention required pursuant to

section 10 of the Citizenship Act . [ 57 ] The jurisprudence regarding citizenship revocation has established that inadvertent omission of information that is not material will not be caught by

section 10, but also that wilful blindness to the requirement to disclose information will not be condoned. [ 58 ] The defendant relied on Canada (Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship) v. Minhas , (1993), 66 F.T.R. 155 (F.C.T.D.) ( Minhas ) and Schneeberger , above, to assert that

section 10 does not preclude the defendant raising an honest mistake. [ 59 ] In Minhas , at paragraphs 8–10, Justice Jerome considered subsection 10(1) of the Act regarding false representations and concluded that some evidence of an intention to mislead is required: In order to succeed, the Minister must do more than merely demonstrate that the respondent has committed a technical transgression of the Act .

The words used in subsection 10(1) do not impute an offence requiring the full criminal standard of proof “beyond a reasonable doubtˮ, but rather have the effect of saving innocent misrepresentations from the severe penalty of revocation of citizenship. An innocent statement or representation, although false and misleading, is not sufficient to invoke or justify such a penalty . There is a further element of proof required, relating to the respondentʼs state of mind, and the onus of that proof rests with the Minister.

What is required, therefore, is some evidence that the respondent misrepresented pertinent facts with the intention to deceive and to obtain his citizenship on the basis of those false representations . [My emphasis.] [ 60 ] In that case, Justice Jerome was not satisfied that Minhas had the intention to make a false representation or to knowingly conceal material circumstances in order to obtain his citizenship. [ 61 ] In Schneeberger , Justice Dawson noted (at paragraph 26): More must be established than a technical transgression of the Act .

Innocent misrepresentations are not to result in the revocation of citizenship. See: Canada (Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship) v. Minhas (1993), 66 F.T.R. 155 (F.C.T.D.) . [ 62 ] In that case, Justice Dawson (as she then was) found that the conduct constituted both a false representation and knowing concealment and was clearly intentional (at paragraph 48): For these reasons, I am satisfied, on a balance of probabilities, that the defendant provided a false blood sample to the RCMP.

This constituted the making of a false representation to, and the knowing concealment of a material circumstance from, the RCMP. The false representation was that the blood sample was that of the defendant. The defendant knowingly concealed the material circumstance that it was someone elseʼs blood contained in a rubber tube inserted in his arm under his skin. Through the making of this false representation and/or the knowing concealment of a material circumstance, the defendant circumvented any further police inquiry which would likely

have led to criminal charges. This, in turn, would have rendered him ineligible for citizenship. Through the making of the false representation and/or the knowing concealment he was able to tell the Citizenship Judge that he had not been charged with an offence. [ 63 ] In Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v.

Phan , 2003 FC 1194 , 240 F.T.R. 239 ( Phan ), Justice Gibson referred to Schneeberger and other jurisprudence that had referred to Minhas and expressed the need for caution regarding “innocent” misrepresentations (at paragraph 33): I agree with the foregoing concern about the application of Minhas . I am concerned that the principle drawn from that decision by Justice Dawson that “innocent representations are not to result in the revocation of citizenshipˮ is overly broad.

I am satisfied that misrepresentations put forward as “innocentˮ must be carefully examined. “Willfull blindnessˮ, when practised by an applicant for Canadian citizenship in the pursuit of his or her application, is not to be condoned. The applicant is seeking a significant privilege.

In those circumstances, he or she, when faced with a situation of doubt, should invariably err on the side of full disclosure to a citizenship judge or citizenship official. [ 64 ] In Odynsky , above, at paragraph 159 , Justice MacKay addressed the meaning of “knowingly conceal” noting that the person need not know that the information concealed is material to the decision, but the act of concealing the information must be done with the intent to mislead. [ 65 ] In Rogan , above, Justice Mactavish addressed the requirements of

section 10 of the Act and summarized the jurisprudence (at paragraphs 32–35): In order to find that someone “knowingly conceal[ed] material circumstances” within the meaning of

section 10 of the Citizenship Act, 1985 , “the Court must find on evidence, and/or reasonable inference from the evidence, that the person concerned concealed circumstances material to the decision, whether he knew or did not know that they were material, with the intent of misleading the decision-maker”: Odynsky , above, at para. 159 .

See also Schneeberger , above, at para. 20 . “A misrepresentation of a material fact includes an untruth, the withholding of truthful information, or a misleading answer which has the effect of foreclosing or averting further inquiries”: Schneeberger , at para. 22 , citing Brooks . This is so even if the answer to those inquiries might not turn up any independent ground of deportation: Brooks , above, at 873. In assessing the materiality of the information concealed, regard must be had to the significance of the undisclosed information to the decision in question: Schneeberger , at para. 21 .

However, “more must be established than a technical transgression of the Act . Innocent misrepresentations are not to result in the revocation of citizenship”: Schneeberger , at para. 26 , citing Canada (Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship) v. Minhas (1993), 66 F.T.R. 155, [1993] F.C.J. No. 712 (F.C.T.D.) . That said, misrepresentations claimed to be “innocent” must be carefully examined, and willful blindness will not be condoned. If faced with a situation of doubt, an applicant should invariably err on the side of full disclosure: Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v.

Phan , 2003 FC 1194 , 240 F.T.R. 239 at para. 33 . [ 66 ] The plaintiff’s primary argument is that the defendant acted intentionally in concealing material circumstances and in making false representations. [ 67 ] The plaintiff’s alternative argument is that some conduct that falls under

section 10, namely false representations, need not be intentional. Success on this argument would avoid the need to provide some evidence to establish on a balance of probabilities that there was an intention to mislead the decision maker. [ 68 ] The overall goal of

section 10 is to ensure that persons who have obtained permanent resident status and citizenship by providing false information or by withholding information that is material to the decision will not continue to benefit from that status. In my view, intent to mislead the decision maker is required for all conduct referred to in

section 10. That intention must be established on a balance of probabilities; the plaintiff must provide some evidence of intention or some evidence from which a reasonable inference of intention to mislead can be drawn. [ 69 ]

Section 10 refers to three types of conduct (false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances) and it is possible that the same conduct could satisfy all three, but that is not required. [ 70 ] Fraud arises in both criminal law and in other contexts including tort and contract. Fraud is generally defined as intentional or reckless misrepresentation of fact by words or by conduct that deceives another person and which results in a detriment to that other person (see Bruno Appliance and Furniture, Inc. v. Hryniak , 2014 SCC 8 , [2014] 1 S.C.R. 126).

The conduct which amounts to fraud can also be an omission or silence in situations where there is an obligation to disclose information. [ 71 ] The requirement for intention with respect to conduct that amounts to fraud in

section 10 does not need to be spelled out because intention, which can include recklessness regarding the statement or omission and the other person’s likely reliance on that statement, is part of the definition of fraud. [ 72 ] The element of “knowingly” with respect to concealing material circumstances makes it clear that inadvertent omissions will not be caught.

The jurisprudence has further clarified that an intention to mislead the decision maker is required (see Odynsky and Rogan , above). [ 73 ] However, as noted in Phan , given the privilege of permanent resident status or citizenship being sought by an applicant, when there is doubt, the applicant should err on the side of full disclosure. [ 74 ] This leaves for consideration the conduct contemplated by false representations, which the plaintiff alternatively submits does not require an intention to mislead. As noted above, I do not agree.

Simply making a false statement (i.e. a false representation) in error or inadvertently should not result in a declaration under

section 10. Some intention to mislead is required. This intention must be

established on a balance of probabilities. [ 75 ] However, it is difficult to conceive of a situation where a false representation that is not inadvertent would not also be covered by the conduct described as fraud, given that in the context of permanent resident applications, the representation would be relied on by the decision maker and the applicant would benefit from making the false representation. [ 76 ] Similarly, situations where an applicant would “knowingly conceal material circumstances” may also constitute a “false representation” and/or fraud. [ 77 ] I note the recent case of Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v.

Thiara , 2014 FC 220 , 23 Imm. L.R. (4th) 305 ( Thiara ), which the defendant brought to the Court’s attention after the hearing and before my reasons were released. [ 78 ] In that case, Justice Roy concluded, as I have, that an intent to deceive is required (at paragraph 49): Obtaining citizenship by false representation implies an action made with the intent to deceive. That to my way of thinking implies the knowledge that something is false and the conscience that a statement is made.

Black’s Law Dictionary , 7 th ed., West Group, defines a representation as “a presentation of fact – either by words or by conduct – made to induce someone to act”. In this case, the burden of proving that the defendant was conscious he was making a representation, i.e. that it was made to induce action, has not been discharged.

On a balance of probabilities, the defendant’s behaviour must be found to be innocent. [ 79 ] The facts in Thiara were quite different and no intention was found. [ 80 ] As elaborated upon below, in the present case, the defendant’s actions in providing false answers and concealing that he had been charged with a criminal offence and was awaiting trial at the time of his application cannot be characterized as innocent misrepresentations, nor are they technical transgressions. The defendant withheld truthful information and provided untruthful answers which had the effect of foreclosing further inquiries.

CIC relied on the untruthful answers and the concealment of significant, material and pertinent information. [ 81 ] I would also note that I have not been persuaded by the plaintiff’s submissions that the jurisprudence regarding

section 40 of IRPA is instructive and bolsters the view that false representations within the meaning of

section 10 of the Citizenship Act do not include an element of intention to mislead. It may appear incongruous that an unintentional or inadvertent “misrepresentation” or an honest mistake in an application for permanent resident status would result in inadmissibility if caught at the time the person is a permanent resident, but would not result in a revocation of citizenship if caught once the person has become a citizen. However, the two relevant provisions are different in several respects.

These provisions must be considered and interpreted within the context of the respective statutes; in addition, they are differently worded, engage different procedures and result in different consequences. Also, as noted above, an honest and reasonable mistake can be raised, albeit only in exceptional circumstances, with respect to misrepresentation in an application for permanent residency. This could avoid the consequences that result in inadmissibility pursuant to

section 40 of IRPA. Should

summary judgment be granted? The plaintiff’s position [ 82 ] The Minister submits that

summary judgment should be granted and there is no genuine issue for trial. The defendant has admitted the essential facts: he shot his neighbour on September 28, 1995; the police arrested and detained him from September 1995 to December 1995; and, he was charged with attempted murder.

Moreover, the defendant’s litigation guardian admitted at discovery that he knew he was facing criminal charges at the time he filled out his application and that he should have disclosed this information. [ 83 ] The defendant’s answers foreclosed further inquiries into his potential inadmissibility, therefore, on a balance of probabilities, the defendant gained his permanent resident status and citizenship by false representation or by fraud or by concealing material circumstances. [ 84 ] The Minister submits that the defendant’s answers on the supplementary form alone are sufficient to support a finding of false representation and knowing concealment of material circumstances.

He falsely answered “no” to question 4, which asked whether he had problems with the police. He also falsely answered “no” in response to question 1, which asked whether he had any contact with any state security service. [ 85 ] The Minister argues the defendant’s answer to question 20 on the permanent resident application, stating that he had not committed a criminal offence in any country, also supports a finding of false representation and knowing concealment of material circumstances.

If the defendant was uncertain whether he had committed a criminal offence, he should have provided details on a separate sheet, as instructed on the application. [ 86 ] Additionally, the defendant provided false answers to clearly worded questions; the only reasonable conclusion is that he did so with intent to mislead the decision maker.

The Minister submits that if an intention to mislead is required, it has been established on a balance of probabilities. [ 87 ] The Minister further submits that none of the other issues the defendant has raised are genuine issues for trial. [ 88 ] All the evidence that will be available at trial exists now; nothing more will be available if there is a trial. The defendant’s litigation guardian gathered information from family members and from his father and provided evidence at the examinations for discovery. [ 89 ] A trial is not needed to determine whether intention to mislead is an element of

section 10 as this is a question of law that has been fully argued on this motion for

summary judgment; a trial will not enhance the Court’s ability to determine this issue.

[ 90 ] With respect to the defendant’s submission that the Minister is bound by its notice of revocation which referred to willful conduct by the defendant, the Minister submits that the notice also referred to false representations. Moreover, the jurisprudence has established that the notice only provides a brief

summary of the basis of the Minister’s position and the details are provided in the statement of claim ( Odynsky , above, at paragraph 97 ). The statement of claim provided sufficient details and the defendant responded to the issues raised. The defendant can not assert that he was prejudiced in any way by the words of the notice. Defendant’s position [ 91 ] The defendant submits that the Minister has not met its onus of establishing the necessary facts, therefore,

summary judgment should not be granted. [ 92 ] The defendant argues that there is a lack of clear evidence with respect to the criminal proceedings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including: contradictory evidence regarding the specific offence he was charged with and when; the delay between 1995-2000; no information about how CIC processed his police and security clearances; and no information about how he was able to obtain and renew his passport and travel to and from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The defendant submits that examinations for discovery of a representative of CIC produced no satisfactory explanations. [ 93 ] The defendant raised other issues, including whether the wording of the questions in the 1998 form required that he disclose the shooting incident, and, why the form and the questions were later revised. [ 94 ] The defendant contends that the Minister’s notice in respect of revocation alleges that the defendant “ willfully made false representations by knowingly concealing material circumstances namely a criminal charge that would have made you inadmissible to Canada” and alleges that he obtained citizenship and permanent residence “by knowingly concealing material circumstances”.

Therefore, the Minister cannot argue that intention is not required. [ 95 ] The defendant maintains that the issue of whether an intent to mislead is required under

section 10 is a live issue requiring a trial, as is the issue of whether the defendant had an intent to mislead. [ 96 ] The defendant submits that he did not conceal material circumstances or make false representations, because he had an honest belief that he had not committed a criminal offence. At the time of preparing his application for permanent residence, he had not been found to have committed a criminal offence.

He notes that the criminal proceedings in Bosnia and Herzegovina occurred in 2000, five years after the shooting incident and two years after he applied for permanent residence. [ 97 ] He also notes that question 20 asked whether he had “committed a criminal offence in any country” and did not ask whether he was charged with or involved in criminal proceedings. The defendant argues that, his answer, “no”, was an accurate answer because at that time, there had been no determination of his guilt. [ 98 ] The defendant adds that he passed police and security clearance.

This, combined with his belief that he shot his neighbour out of self-defence and in the post-civil war environment of his home country, led him to believe that he had not committed a criminal offence at the time he completed his application. [ 99 ] The defendant argues that all these circumstances must be considered as they provide the objective basis for his subjective belief. [ 100 ] The defendant also submits that there are credibility issues with respect to the evidence, the determination of which require a trial.

Summary judgment is granted [ 101 ] As noted in the jurisprudence referred to above,

summary judgment permits the Court to summarily dispense with cases which should not proceed to trial because there is no genuine issue to be tried. [ 102 ] The Court must consider whether the case “is so doubtful that it does not deserve consideration by the trier of fact at a future trial” while ensuring that “claims involving real issues be allowed to proceed to trial” ( Laroche , above, at paragraphs 6 and 17 ). [ 103 ] The defendant has not met the evidentiary burden required to establish that there is a genuine issue for trial.

The facts do not support the defendant’s position that the issues raised should be the subject of a trial. [ 104 ] The majority of the issues the defendant proposed as genuine issues for trial are speculative questions that are posed to support the argument that the defendant had some objective basis for his subjective belief that he had not committed an offence and that his answers were not false. [ 105 ] The defendant was (and still is) facing a charge of attempted homicide; contrary to his submission, there was no ambiguity about the charge he was facing at the time he provided his answers.

The reason why the forms were revised has no bearing on the fact that the defendant was obliged to answer the questions on the forms, as they existed in 1998, truthfully and completely. His ability to travel twice to Canada and return to Bosnia and Herzegovina with a passport does not change the fact that he knew he was facing a criminal charge of attempted homicide. This is particularly true since one of his trips was to attend his trial.

While the defendant submits that he passed the security clearances for permanent resident status and this informed his belief that he had not committed a criminal offence, I note that he filled in the forms concealing his criminal proceedings and falsely answering the questions before the security clearances. In my view, his responses foreclosed other inquiries that could have resulted in a different outcome regarding those clearances. [ 106 ] The only possible issue for a trial would be whether an intention to mislead the decision maker is a necessary requirement pursuant to

section 10 and whether the defendant had such intent. [ 107 ] The legal issues regarding the intent required pursuant to

section 10 have been fully argued by the parties on this motion and the relevant evidence to determine whether the defendant had the requisite intent is on the record. A trial will not enhance the Court’s ability

to resolve these issues. [ 108 ] As noted above, I have found that an intention to mislead the decision maker is an element of

section 10 . Intention must be established on a balance of probabilities. [ 109 ] The defendant’s argument is basically that he answered the questions truthfully based on his subjective belief and based on his own

interpretation of the questions on the permanent resident application and supplemental form. [ 110 ] I acknowledge that the questions were worded in a broad manner, opening the door to the defendant’s argument that his responses were accurate. However, there can be no doubt about the nature of the information sought and the purpose of the application.

For example, the question which asked “did you have problems with the police” is a broad question which might capture many situations that would include and go beyond altercations with the police, arrests, or possible abuse of authority by the police, but it certainly would include the very serious problems the defendant had with the police. [ 111 ] The defendant’s explanation that he answered “no” to that question because his problems were not with the police but rather with his neighbour and that the police were just doing their job in arresting him and detaining him for two months is not a reasonable explanation.

This answer avoids the question and is another example of being wilfully blind to the purpose of the question and the need to disclose pertinent information in the context of an application for permanent residence. [ 112 ] The applicant had been arrested, detained and charged with attempted homicide. He could not hold a reasonable belief that he had no problems with the police.

Similarly he could not hold a reasonable belief that he had no contact with any state security agency, given his arrest and detention. [ 113 ] The defendant’s view that he had not committed a criminal offence, because he had not been tried and convicted at that time can not be condoned. The defendant argues that a person has not committed a criminal offence unless they have been convicted by a court.

He notes that the question did not ask if he had been charged with an offence or convicted of an offence , but only if he had committed an offence— and his subjective belief was that he had not. [ 114 ] I do not accept the argument that a person can truthfully say they have not committed an offence unless they are tried and convicted. This suggests that a person could commit an offence, flee and avoid detection and still be able to attest that they had not committed an offence. [ 115 ] In this case, the defendant had been charged with attempted homicide.

Even if he believes that his actions were in self-defence, he could not reasonably conceal the information regarding the charges he faced. The permanent resident application form directed applicants to be truthful. He attested that he understood the questions and that his answers were truthful. The form also directed applicants to provide additional details or explanations.

The defendant should have done so to elaborate as he saw fit on his subjective view that he had not committed an offence. [ 116 ] Moreover, his answers to the other questions which indicated he had no problems with the police and no contact with any state security agencies were clearly false.

These statements can only be regarded as being made with the intention to mislead the decision maker. [ 117 ] As Justice Gibson noted in Phan , above (at paragraphs 36–37 ): On the evidence before me, I am satisfied that the Defendant was likely an innocent participant in drug trafficking when he undertook to help out his “friend” in October of 1993. I am satisfied that that was his belief.

That being said, it was not for him to conclude that his participation in drug trafficking was “innocent” or “minor” and that the charges against him, whatever they were, and he apparently chose not to find out what they were, were “minor” or would be “dropped” or that he would be found innocent on the charges. Rather, it was for him to acquaint himself with the kind of trouble he was in and to disclose that trouble to citizenship officials or judges in a manner that would allow them to determine whether they were precluded by law, for the time being at least, from conferring citizenship on him.

However justified, from the Defendant’s point of view, might have been his motivation in suppressing information so that he could get his citizenship and a passport so that he could visit his dying mother, it did not justify the suppression of information in the context of a very significant process where warnings were provided to him at every turn. If he had made full disclosure and explained the urgency that confronted him, that would have constituted the kind of full disclosure that would have allowed a citizenship judge or citizenship official to carry out his or her obligation.

By taking it unto himself to decide that he did not need to disclose his difficulties, no matter how he characterized those difficulties in his own mind, and in circumstances where he either knew or certainly should have known that there might be an impediment to his obtaining citizenship, was completely unjustified.

I am satisfied that it amounted both to the making of a false representation and to a knowing concealment of material circumstances on his part . [My emphasis.] [ 118 ] Similarly in the present case, the defendant’s subjective belief, given the purpose of the permanent resident application, of which he was aware, was not objectively justified. [ 119 ] The plaintiff has established on a balance of probabilities that the defendant had the intent to mislead the decision maker when he knowingly concealed material circumstances and made false representations.

He knew the purpose of the application form, he gave evasive and false answers and he concealed very significant information regarding the charges of attempted homicide that he faced. His intention to mislead the decision maker can be reasonably inferred from his conduct.

If he did not intend to mislead, he was wilfully blind to the fact that the answers provided would mislead or deceive the decision maker—and as a result of this deception, he obtained permanent resident status. [ 120 ] This case does raise circumstances that require the Court to carefully heed the guidance from the jurisprudence to proceed with caution in considering a

summary judgment as it precludes the defendant his “day in court”. I am aware of the significant consequences of revocation of citizenship for this elderly defendant who has been in Canada for 15 years and is now in poor health. However, these

circumstances do not overcome the facts as established by the plaintiff. [ 121 ] As noted at the outset, it may be that such circumstances will be considered in the submissions to the Governor in Council. Conclusion [ 122 ] For all of the foregoing reasons, the Minister’s motion is granted, and a declaration will issue pursuant to subsection 10(1) and paragraph 18(1) (

b) of the Citizenship Act that the defendant obtained Canadian citizenship by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances. After considering the circumstances of the defendant, I decline to order costs. JUDGMENT THIS COURT ADJUGES that the Minister’s motion for

summary judgment is granted, without costs. The Court declares that Nedjo Savic obtained Canadian citizenship by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances. ANNEX A Citizenship Act , R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29 Order in cases of fraud 10.

(1) Subject to

section 18 but notwithstanding any other

section of this Act , where the Governor in Council, on a report from the Minister, is satisfied that any person has obtained, retained, renounced or resumed citizenship under this Act by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances, (

a) the person ceases to be a citizen, or (

b) the renunciation of citizenship by the person shall be deemed to have had no effect, as of such date as may be fixed by order of the Governor in Council with respect thereto. Presumption

(2) A person shall be deemed to have obtained citizenship by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances if the person was lawfully admitted to Canada for permanent residence by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances and, because of that admission, the person subsequently obtained citizenship. … Notice to person in respect of revocation 18.

(1) The Minister shall not make a report under

section 10 unless the Minister has given notice of his intention to do so to the person in respect of whom the report is to be made and (

a) that person does not, within thirty days after the day on which the notice is sent, request that the Minister refer the case to the Court; or (

b) that person does so request and the Court decides that the person has obtained, retained, renounced or resumed citizenship by false representation or fraud or by knowingly concealing material circumstances. Nature of notice

(2) The notice referred to in subsection (1) shall state that the person in respect of whom the report is to be made may, within thirty days after the day on which the notice is sent to him, request that the Minister refer the case to the Court, and such notice is sufficient if it is sent by registered mail to the person at his latest known address. Decision final

(3) A decision of the Court made under subsection (1) is final and, notwithstanding any other Act of Parliament, no appeal lies therefrom.