2016 FC 152, 2016 FC 152

[2016] 3 F.C.R. 409 IMM-2919-15 2016 FC 152 Gjon Rrotaj, Elvana Rrotaj, Samuele Rrotaj, Joana Rrotaj ( Applicants ) v. The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ( Respondent ) Indexed as: Rrotaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) Federal Court, Diner J.—Toronto, January 11; Ottawa, February 8, 2016.

Citizenship and Immigration — Status in Canada — Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection — Judicial review of Immigration and Refugee Board, Refugee Protection Division decision finding applicants excluded under United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Art. 1E as referenced in Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, ss. 2 , 98 — Applicants therefore precluded from status as Convention refugees under Act, s. 96 or persons in need of protection under s. 97 — Seeking order declaring them Convention refugees or persons in need of protection or order remitting matter to Board for redetermination — Principal applicant, spouse thereof, Albanian but residing in Italy as permanent residents before arriving in Canada — Applicants excluded because Board determining that applicants possessing valid permesso di soggiormo illimitata cards (PSI Cards): equivalent of European Commission Residence Permit for Long-term residents — Board concluding that PSI Cards conferring on applicants right of return to Italy — Board also finding applicants having adequate state protection available in Italy — Applicants arguing that Board unreasonably excluding them since applicants lacking certain rights available to Italian citizens, including right to enter Italy — Whether Board erring in excluding applicants on basis of right of return to Italy; whether Board erring in finding that applicants having substantially similar status to Italian nationals (including “unlimited” protection against deportation) — Board applying correct test herein in determining whether applicants having substantially same rights as Italian nationals, including

interpretation that protection against deportation need not be absolute — Only where inherent vulnerability or transience to applicant’s status existing will Art. 1E exclusion not apply — Art. 1E not stating that excluded claimants must become nationals in true legal sense but need only have rights, obligations “attached to nationality” — Board’s conclusions also reasonable — Applicants not providing any evidence to meet burden to demonstrate having lost status in Italy — Law not requiring parity between citizens, permanent residents — Evidence in present case showing that applicants meeting key case law criteria — Applicants having status substantially similar to that of Italian nationals; therefore open to Board to reach conclusions it did — Board’s protection findings vis-à-vis Italy also reasonable — Question certified as to applicability of Art. 1E where claimant’s third country residency status subject to revocation — Application dismissed.

This was an application for judicial review of a decision of the Refugee Protection Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board finding the applicants to be excluded under

Article 1E of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention) as referenced in sections 2 and 98 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act . The applicants were therefore precluded from status as Convention refugees under

section 96 of the Act or persons in need of protection under

section 97. They were seeking an order declaring that they are Convention refugees or persons in need of protection or, in the alternative, an order remitting the matter to the Board for redetermination. The principal applicant and his spouse are citizens of Albania but before arriving in Canada they resided in Italy as permanent residents, a status they held since 2001. Their two children were born in Italy and have held permanent resident status in Italy since their birth. While the Board found the applicants credible regarding the incidents they stated took place in Albania, they were excluded from protection under

Article 1E of the Refugee Convention because the Board determined that the applicants possessed valid permesso di soggiormo illimitata cards (PSI Cards) – the equivalent of a European Commission Residence Permit for Long-term residents – which confer all the rights and social benefits of permanent residence in Italy. Although the Board noted that this permit could be revoked on certain grounds, the applicants did not submit any documentary evidence to suggest their status had actually been revoked. The Board concluded that the applicants’ PSI Cards conferred a right of return to Italy.

It also acknowledged that the applicants’ PSI Cards could be voided but concluded that the applicants could likely return to Italy and thus they were excluded from protection. Finally, regarding the applicants’ fear of persecution and future risk in Italy, the Board found that adequate state protection was available. The applicants argued that the Board unreasonably excluded them in that they lacked certain rights available to Italian citizens including, most importantly, the right to enter Italy.

The issues in this case were whether the Board erred in excluding the applicants on the basis of a right of return to Italy and/or whether it erred in finding that they had substantially similar status to Italian nationals (including “unlimited” protection against deportation). Held , the application should be dismissed. A key question in the exclusion equation under

Article 1E of the Refugee Convention is whether the applicant possesses the basic rights associated with nationality. Some of the factors established by case law for determining this are whether the individual has the right to return to the country of residence; the right to work freely without restriction; the right to study; and full access to social services in the country of residence. Another factor, the right of return to the third country of residence for an unlimited period of time, has also been applied in several cases. The Board applied the correct test as articulated in case law examined herein. This included the

interpretation that the protection against deportation need not be absolute. Certain conditions may properly limit the applicants’ unlimited status, including failing to abide by the conditions of permanent residency. Only where there is an inherent vulnerability or transience to an applicant’s status will exclusion not apply.

Article 1E does not state that excluded claimants must become nationals in the true legal sense; rather, they need only have rights and obligations “attached to nationality”. This should be read to mean “analogous to” the rights and obligations of nationals, which translates generally to permanent residency, the status that has been recognized by case law as satisfying

Article 1E.

The Board’s conclusions, based on the evidence submitted, were reasonable. The applicants did not provide any evidence to meet theirburden to demonstrate that they had lost status in Italy. The fact that they have been outside the European Union for far more than 12months did not mean that they had lost their status. The Board addressed this issue and it was not up to the Federal Court to reweigh theevidence. On the issue of whether the Board erred in finding that the applicants’ status in Italy was substantially similar to that ofnationals, the law does not require parity between citizens and permanent residents. The exclusion

article referenced in the Act does notnecessitate that claimants must have absolute protection from deportation from the third country. The evidence in this case showed thatthe applicants held the equivalent of European Commission long-term resident status and, therefore, met the key case law criteria. Undertheir Italian status, the applicants held the right to work without restrictions, to study, to fully access social services and to return to thecountry.

Furthermore, there was no evidence to suggest that the applicants would face deportation and there were no conditions attachedto the applicants’ permits due to any inherent vulnerability of their status. It remained within the control of the applicants to abide by theconditions of their status. The test is not whether the person has exactly the same rights as a citizen of the country but whether their statusis substantially similar to that of a national. Here, the applicants had status substantially similar to that of Italian nationals and it wastherefore open to the Board to reach its conclusion.

In this case, it was incumbent on the applicants to bring evidence that they could notrenew their status in Italy and/or had lost their right of return but they brought neither. The Board’s determination on this point wastherefore reasonable. The Board’s protection findings vis-à-vis Italy were reasonable as well. The question as to whether

Article 1E of the RefugeeConvention, as incorporated into the Act, applies if a claimant’s third country residency status (including the right to return) is subject torevocation at the discretion of that country’s authorities was certified. STATUTES AND REGULATIONS CITED Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 2, 72(1), 96, 97, 98. TREATIES AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS CITED United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, July 28, 1951, [1969] Can. T.S. No. 6, Art. 1E. CASES CITED APPLIED: Zeng v.

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FCA 118, [2011] 4 F.C.R. 3; Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9,[2008] 1 S.C.R. 190; Shamlou v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1995), 103 F.T.R. 241, 32 Imm. L.R. (2d) 135(F.C.T.D.); R. v. Cook, (SCC), [1998] 2 S.C.R. 597, (1998), 164 D.L.R. (4th) 1; Omorogie v. Canada (Citizenship andImmigration), 2015 FC 125; Tota v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2015 FC 890. DISTINGUISHED: Kanesharan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), (FC), 120 F.T.R. 67, 35 Imm. L.R. (2d)185; Choezom v.

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2004 FC 1329, 43 Imm. L.R. (3d) 171; Hurt v. Minister ofManpower & Immigration, (FCA), [1978] 2 F.C. 340 (C.A.); Mahdi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship andImmigration) (1994), 86 F.T.R. 307, 26 Imm. L.R. (2d) 311 (F.C.T.D.), affd (1995), 32 Imm. L.R. (2d) 1, 191 N.R. 170 (F.C.A.). CONSIDERED: Murcia Romero v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2006 FC 506, 54 Imm. L.R. (3d) 291. REFERRED TO: Pushpanathan v.

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), (SCC), [1998] 1 S.C.R. 982, (1998), 160 D.L.R.(4th) 193, amended reasons, (SCC), [1998] 1 S.C.R. 1222; Chan v. Canada (Minister of Employment andImmigration), (SCC), [1995] 3 S.C.R. 593, (1995), 128 D.L.R. (4th) 213; Zhang v. Canada (Citizenship andImmigration), 2013 FCA 168, [2014] 4 F.C.R. 290. AUTHORS CITED Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Statusunder the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva, reedited January 1992.

APPLICATION for judicial review of a decision of the Refugee Protection Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board finding theapplicants to be excluded under

Article 1E of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees as referenced in sections2 and 98 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Application dismissed. APPEARANCES Yehuda Levinson for applicants. Teresa Ramnarine for respondent. SOLICITORS OF RECORD Levinson & Associates, Toronto, for applicants. Deputy Attorney General of Canada for respondent.

The following are the reasons for judgment and judgment rendered in English by Diner J.: I. BACKGROUND [ 1 ] The applicants bring this application under subsection 72(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , S.C. 2001, c. 27 (IRPA) to judicially review a June 4, 2015 decision (Decision) of the Refugee Protection Division [RPD] of the Immigration and Refugee Board (the Board). In its Decision, the Board found the applicants to be excluded under

Article 1E of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees , July 28, 1951, [1969] Can. T.S. No. 6 (the Refugee Convention), as referenced in sections 2 and 98 of IRPA. The applicants were therefore precluded from status as Convention refugees under

section 96 of IRPA or persons in need of protection under

section 97 . The applicants seek an order declaring that they are Convention refugees or persons in need of protection, or, in the alternative, an order remitting the matter to the Board for redetermination. [ 2 ] Gjon Rrotaj, the principal applicant, and his spouse, Elvana Rrotaj, were born in and are citizens of Albania. Prior to their arrival in Canada, they resided in Italy as permanent residents, a status they held since 2001. Their two children, Samuele and Joana, were born in Italy in 2004 and 2009 respectively and have held permanent resident status in Italy since their birth.

The applicants claim protection from an Albanian gang. While the gang is not based in Italy, the applicants assert that its reach extends there as a result of the liberalization of visas for Albanians to enter the European Union’s Schengen Area. [ 3 ] The Board found the applicants credible with respect to the incidents that took place in Albania. However, they were excluded from protection under

Article 1E of the Refugee Convention because the Board determined that the applicants possessed valid permesso di soggiorno illimitata cards (PSI cards)—the equivalent of a European Commission residence permit for long-term residents—which confer all the rights and social benefits of permanent residence in Italy (certified tribunal record (CTR), at page 9).

The Board noted that this status could be revoked on grounds of serious criminality, or for being outside the European Union for more than 12 consecutive months, but that the applicants did not submit any documentary evidence to suggest their status had actually been revoked: to their knowledge, neither the European Union nor Italy had voided their PSI cards. [ 4 ] The Board concluded that their PSI cards conferred a right of return to Italy, preferring more recent evidence on this point to an older opinion (CTR, at pages 9 and 10): One source, namely an official from the Canadian Embassy in Italy, did state in March 2012, that the holder of such a status “will lose his or her permanent resident status, “regardless of the validity indicated on the Carta di Soggiorno”.” However, more recent information from the Immigration and Refugee Board, dating from 2013 and 2015, obtained following consultations with sources who represent directly the Italian authorities, either in their capacity as consular officials or the police, state that individuals can return to Italy and that their status may be revoked.

It seems from the most recent evidence adduced that the decision to revoke the status is discretionary, not automatic. [Emphasis in original.] [ 5 ] While the Board acknowledged that the applicants’ PSI cards could be voided, it nonetheless concluded that the applicants could likely return to Italy and thus they were excluded from protection. [ 6 ] Finally, with respect to their fear of persecution and future risk in Italy, the Board found that adequate state protection was available.

Applicants’ counsel did not challenge this conclusion on judicial review on the basis that he characterized it technically as obiter in light of the exclusion finding. [ 7 ] The applicants contend that the Board has unreasonably excluded them in that they lacked certain rights available to Italian citizens including, most importantly, the right to enter Italy. Entry is a prerequisite to an exclusion finding.

For rights equivalent to those of citizens, the applicants refer to the Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees , Geneva, reedited January 1992 (the UNHCR Handbook), at paragraph 145, which states that the individual “must, like a national, be fully protected against deportation or expulsion.” The applicants also submit that since their status is subject to revocation on grounds of serious criminality, they are not fully protected and thus it was wrong to exclude them under

Article 1E. [ 8 ] The respondent counters that the Decision was reasonable because the applicants failed to discharge their burden to demonstrate that they are not excluded under

Article 1E. Specifically, the applicants failed to establish they have no right of return to Italy, a right which the evidence suggests they indeed have. Furthermore, any possible status revocation is discretionary, not automatic, and nothing suggests such a revocation occurred. Finally, the respondent submits that

Article 1E does not require blanket protection against deportation. II. ANALYSIS [ 9 ] The issues to be determined by this Court are whether the Board erred in excluding the applicants on the basis of a right of return to Italy and/or whether it erred in finding that they had substantially similar status to Italian nationals (including “unlimited” protection against deportation). [ 10 ] The Board’s selection of the

Article 1E legal test should be reviewed on a standard of correctness. If the test set out was correct, then the Board’s assessment of the facts under the said test should be subject to a reasonableness review ( Zeng v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , 2010 FCA 118 , [2011] 4 F.C.R. 3 ( Zeng ), at paragraph 11 ). A reasonableness review assesses whether a decision is transparent, justified, intelligible, and defensible in respect of the facts and the law ( Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick , 2008 SCC 9 , [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190 ( Dunsmuir ), at paragraph 47 ). [ 11 ] Before examining the merits of the Board’s Decision, a review of the law and jurisprudence is helpful.

Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, incorporated into the law through

section 98 of IRPA , states that “[t]his Convention shall not apply to a person who is recognized by the competent authorities of the country in which he has taken residence as having the rights and obligations which are

attached to the possession of the nationality of that country.” [12] A leading case on the

interpretation and application of

Article 1E is the Federal Court of Appeal’s [F.C.A.] decision in Zeng,where Justice Layden-Stevenson, at paragraph 28, identified the test for exclusion: Considering all relevant factors to the date of the hearing, does the claimant have status, substantially similar to that of its nationals, inthe third country? If the answer is yes, the claimant is excluded. If the answer is no, the next question is whether the claimant previouslyhad such status and lost it, or had access to such status and failed to acquire it. If the answer is no, the claimant is not excluded underArticle 1E.

If the answer is yes, the RPD must consider and balance various factors. These include, but are not limited to, the reason forthe loss of status (voluntary or involuntary), whether the claimant could return to the third country, the risk the claimant would face inthe home country, Canada’s international obligations, and any other relevant facts. [13] The F.C.A. also noted that the purpose of

Article 1E is to exclude persons who do not need protection and thus it “precludes theconferral of refugee protection if an individual has surrogate protection in a country where the individual enjoys substantially the samerights and obligations as nationals of that country” (Zeng, at paragraph 1). In so doing,

Article 1E protects the integrity of the refugeesystem from so-called “asylum shopping”, where an individual seeks protection in Canada, despite being entitled to status in a safe thirdcountry. [14] In Zeng, the claimants were Chinese citizens entitled to permanent resident status in Chile. The claimants argued there was a risktheir permanent resident status would expire, as they had been outside Chile for more than one year and had not applied to have theirstatus extended.

The RPD had rejected this argument, finding that the claimants held permanent residence status in Chile at the time ofthe hearing and if that status could have been lost because the claimants were outside of Chile for more than a year without applying toextend it, that failure to extend could not avail to their benefit. The Court found that it owed deference to the RPD’s finding on this point. [15] One important component of the

Article 1E assessment is where the legal burden lies. In Murcia Romero v. Canada (Minister ofCitizenship and Immigration), 2006 FC 506, 54 Imm. L.R. (3d) 291, Justice Snider found that the Minister must first raise a prima faciecase that there is a right of return to a country where claimants enjoy substantially the same rights as its nationals. The onus then shifts tothe claimants to establish they do not have such status in the third country.

A key question in the exclusion equation is therefore whetherthe applicant possesses the basic rights associated with nationality. [16] The test for determining whether an individual has substantially the same rights to a national was addressed in Shamlou v.Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1995), 103 F.T.R. 241 (F.C.T.D.) (Shamlou), which has been followed in severalcases and was cited, albeit in a different context, by Justice Bastarache in his concurring reasons in R. v.

Cook, (SCC),[1998] 2 S.C.R. 597 (Cook), at paragraph 140: … Indeed, “nationality” is not defined in the Citizenship Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29. However, the term has been interpreted by courts ofthis country in interpreting the Canadian definition of “national” used in the

Schedule E of the Immigration Act …. … Lorne Waldman, in his work Immigration Law and Practice (1992 (loose-leaf)), vol. 1, at § 8.217.4, identifies four factors relevant toCanadian law: (

a) the right to return to the country of residence; (

b) the right to work freely without restrictions; (

c) the right to study; and (

d) full access to social services in the country of residence. These criteria were adopted in Shamlou v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1995), 103 F.T.R. 241, per Teitelbaum J.,at para. 36, where it was said: I accept the criteria outlined by Mr. Waldman as an accurate statement of the law.

The issue with respect to the Board’s application thenreally turns on whether or not it was reasonably open for the Board, on the facts before it, to conclude that the applicant was a personrecognized by the competent authorities in Mexico as having most of the rights and obligations which are attached to a person of thatnationality. [17] In Shamlou, at paragraphs 29 and 35, Justice Teitelbaum also quoted the following two passages by Mr.

Waldman: … [A] person should be excluded from the Convention based upon Art. 1E only in circumstances where it is clear that the person hasobtained all of the most fundamental basic rights associated with nationality of a country.

Although it is not possible to make anexhaustive list of all the rights, these would include, at minimum, the right to return, the right to reside for an unlimited period of time,the right to study, the right to work, and access to basic social services. … … If the applicant has some sort of temporary status which must be renewed, and which could be cancelled, or if the applicant does nothave the right to return to the country of residence, clearly the applicant should not be excluded under Art. 1E. [Emphasis added.] [18] Justice Teitelbaum thus refers to a fifth criterion to the four enumerated above.

This fifth criterion—the right of return to the thirdcountry of residence for an unlimited period of time—has been applied in several cases. In Kanesharan v. Canada (Minister ofCitizenship and Immigration) (1996), (FC), 120 F.T.R. 67 (F.C.T.D.) (Kanesharan), for example,

Article 1E was

found not to apply because the U.K. Home Office could, at its discretion, remove individuals to their country of nationality. Alongsimilar lines,

Article 1E did not to apply in Choezom v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2004 FC 1329, 43 Imm. L.R.(3d) 171 (Choezom), where the claimant’s status was subject to the sufferance of the third country. And in Hurt v. Minister of Manpower& Immigration, (FCA), [1978] 2 F.C. 340 (C.A.), the claimant was not excluded because his status in the thirdcountry at issue was only temporary. [19] Regarding the criterion of “the right of return”, in Mahdi v.

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1994), 86 F.T.R.307 (F.C.T.D.) (Mahdi), this Court [then the Federal Court Trial Division] found the Board erred in excluding a claimant when theevidence suggested there was no right of return, a decision that was upheld on appeal (Mahdi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship andImmigration) (1995), 32 Imm. L.R. (2d) 1 (F.C.A.)). [20] In each of the cases of this Court cited above,

Article 1E exclusion did not apply because the claimant’s status was vulnerable,conditional, or temporary: none enjoyed durable permanent status. [21] In light of all the above, I find that the Board applied the correct test, as articulated by the F.C.A. in Zeng and previously by thisCourt in Shamlou. This includes the

interpretation that the protection against deportation need not be absolute, for I do not agree with theapplicants that such an extension of the principles enunciated in the Zeng and Shamlou tests would be correct. Certain conditions mayproperly limit the applicants’ unlimited status, including failing to abide by the conditions of permanent residency.

Only where there isan inherent vulnerability or transience to their status will exclusion not apply, such as occurred to the claimants in Choezom, Hurt,Kanesharan and Mahdi. [22] The UNHCR Handbook that the applicants rely on, while a useful interpretative tool, is not determinative of Canadian refugeelaw (see, for instance, Pushpanathan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), (SCC), [1998] 1 S.C.R.982, at paragraphs 53 and 54; Chan v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), (SCC), [1995] 3 S.C.R. 593,at paragraph 46).

In my view, the plain text of the provision indicates that individuals will not be excluded if their status in the thirdcountry confers something less than the basic rights afforded to nationals, and I would not go so far as to state that Canadian lawinterprets “nationality” in

Article 1E as citizenship.

Article 1E does not state that excluded claimants must become nationals in the truelegal sense: rather, they need only have rights and obligations “attached to nationality”. Considering all of the commentary above, thisshould be read to mean “analogous to” the rights and obligations of nationals, which translates, generally, to permanent residency, thestatus that has been recognized by the jurisprudence as satisfying

Article 1E. If the drafters of the Refugee Convention intended to saythat the claimant obtained actual nationality or citizenship in the third country, they would have said so in plain language. [23] Given that I find no error in the Board’s characterization of the exclusion test, I now turn to its application to the factualunderpinning of this case. I find the Board’s conclusions in light of the evidence to be reasonable. [24] The applicants did not provide any evidence to meet their burden to demonstrate that they had lost status in Italy.

The fact thatthey have been outside the European Union for far more than 12 months (and had been at the time of the hearing) does not mean thatthey have lost their status. The Board addressed this issue, acknowledging the inconsistency in the documentary evidence between theCanadian Embassy’s March 2012 opinion, and the more recent (2013 and 2015) evidence confirming that revocation is discretionary, notautomatic—information which was obtained from Italian police and consular officials.

It is not my role to reweigh the evidence, and Ifind that this outcome was open to the Board. [25] On the question of whether the Board erred in finding that the applicants’ status in Italy was substantially similar to that ofnationals, the law does not require parity between citizens and permanent residents. As discussed above, the exclusion

article referencedin IRPA does not necessitate that claimants must have absolute protection from deportation from the third country.

Indeed, not evenCanadian permanent residents benefit from such an elevated level of protection. [26] Instead, the evidence in this case showed the applicants held the equivalent of European Commission long-term resident statusand therefore met the key Shamlou criteria (CTR, at page 17): The State Police website indicates that individuals holding an EC Long-Term Residence Permit are entitled to enter Italy without a visa,to work, to have access to social benefits and services provided by the Italian government, and to “participate in local public life” (Italy29 Mar. 2010).

The Ministry of Interior’s Staying in Italy Legally indicates that foreign nationals with a valid residence permit aregranted the same education rights as Italian citizens (ibid. n.d., 21).

The same source indicates that foreign nationals with a “regularresidence permit” are required to register with the National Health Service (Servizio Nazionale, SSN), and are entitled by law to receivehealth care and have “equal treatment as Italian citizens regarding compulsory contributions, health care given in Italy by the SSN and itstime limit”. [27] According to these findings, under their Italian status, the applicants held the right to work without restrictions, to study, to fullyaccess social services, and to return to the country.

Indeed, the principal applicant conceded during the hearing that he had all the formalrights of an Italian citizen except the right to vote and the right to a passport (CTR, at pages 8 and 714).

In short, the applicants possessthe four basic Shamlou rights and the right to reside for an unlimited period of time; unlike in Mahdi, the evidence does not disclose aserious possibility, let alone a probability, that the applicants have no right of return. [28] Furthermore, there is neither evidence to suggest that the applicants would face deportation nor are the conditions attached to theapplicants’ permits (to avoid committing a serious crime and to avoid leaving the European Union for more than a year) due to anyinherent vulnerability of their status.

It remained within the control of the applicants to abide by the conditions of their status. The test isnot whether the person has exactly the same rights as a citizen of the country, but whether their status is substantially similar to that of anational (see Zeng, at paragraph 28).

Here, the applicants had status substantially similar to that of Italian nationals and it was thereforeopen for the Board to arrive at its conclusion. [29] I would also note that two recent cases decided by this Court are supportive of this conclusion within the context of the samestatus as these applicants (hold PSI cards issued by Italy). First, in Omorogie v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2015 FC 1255,Justice O’Keefe upheld a decision where the claimants unsuccessfully argued that they lost their permanent [resident] status in Italy. This

Court found, in light of the inconsistent evidence as to whether the applicants would automatically lose their permanent residence after one year outside of Italy, that it was reasonable for the RPD to prefer the evidence that revocation is not automatic. [ 30 ] Second, in Tota v.

Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2015 FC 890 , Justice Boswell upheld a decision where the claimant argued that the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD) had failed to consider that his status would be subject to revocation if he no longer met the permanent residency requirement, and also failed to consider that he had no right to social assistance or to study in Italy.

Justice Boswell found that the RAD reasonably determined the claimant had the requisite status in Italy, and that there was no evidence before the RAD to indicate that such status could not be renewed or that the claimant’s current status had been lost. [ 31 ] In this case, it was equally incumbent on the applicants to bring evidence that they could not renew their status in Italy, and/or had lost their right of return. They brought neither.

The Board’s determination on this point was reasonable, and again, per Dunsmuir , it is not my role to reweigh the evidence to arrive at a different conclusion. [ 32 ] Finally, I find that the Board’s protection findings vis-à-vis Italy were reasonable as well, even though applicants’ counsel referred to them as obiter . III. CONCLUSION [ 33 ] For the reasons above, the application for judicial review is dismissed. IV. QUESTION FOR CERTIFICATION [ 34 ] The applicants asked that the following question be certified: Given that

Article 1E is exceptional in nature, and Shamlou has held that it includes the ability to return to the country in question, must the ability to return be absolute, or is it satisfactory for it to be discretionary? [ 35 ] I do not find this proposed question meets the criteria for certification because the right to return is necessarily included in the Zeng test, as well as the various authorities which have adopted the Shamlou criteria. [ 36 ] Rather, what is key to this decision—and many other

Article 1E decisions—is the nature of the rights attached to nationality of the third country. Therefore, the more relevant question is the following: Does

Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, as incorporated into IRPA , apply if a claimant’s third country residency status (including the right to return) is subject to revocation at the discretion of that country’s authorities? [ 37 ] I agree to certify this question, as it (

i) is dispositive of the appeal and (ii) transcends the interests of the immediate parties to the litigation, and contemplates issues of broad significance or general importance ( Zhang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2013 FCA 168 , [2014] 4 F.C.R. 290, at paragraph 9 ). JUDGMENT THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT is that: 1. This application for judicial review is dismissed. 2. The following question is certified: Does

Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, as incorporated into IRPA , apply if a claimant’s third country residency status (including the right to return) is subject to revocation at the discretion of that country’s authorities? 3. There is no award as to costs.