2019 FCA 206, 2019 FCA 206

A-104-18 2019 FCA 206 The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ( Appellant ) v. Andrew James Fisher-Tennant by his guardian at law, Jonathan Tennant ( Respondent ) and Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers ( Intervener ) Indexed as: Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Tennant Federal Court of Appeal, Webb, Near and Laskin JJ.A.—Toronto, February 13; Ottawa, July 16, 2019.

Citizenship and Immigration — Status in Canada — Citizens — Appeal from Federal Court decision granting application for judicial review of citizenship officer’s decision made under Citizenship Act (Act) — Federal Court declaring respondent to be citizen of Canada — Declining to certify question of general importance — Absent certified question, no appeal lying to Federal Court of Appeal from Federal Court (Act , s. 22.2(d)) — Despite this preclusive clause, appellant, on appeal, arguing that Act, s. 22.2 (

d) will not, in certain circumstances, bar appeal from decision in respect of which no question certified — In present matter, Act, s. 3(1) (

b) providing principle of citizenship by descent — Since 2009, citizenship by descent under s. 3(1) (

b) limited by Act, s. 3(3) (

b) to first generation born outside Canada to Canadian parent; however, first generation limit subject to, inter alia, Crown servant exception set out in Act, s. 3(5) (b) — Respondent, 3 years old, born in U.S, represented by biological father who is Canadian citizen — Respondent not first generation born outside Canada since biological father born in 1971 in Malaysia to Canadian citizens — Father of respondent’s biological father working abroad as professor retained by Canadian government — Respondent’s biological father applying for certificate of citizenship on behalf of respondent under Act, s. 12(1) — Citizenship officer concluding that Crown servant exception of Act, s. 3(5) (

b) not applying since employment abroad with Canadian university not falling under categories of Crown service — Thus, citizenship officer concluding respondent not meeting legislative requirements for citizenship — Respondent’s biological father applying for judicial review of officer’s decision, seeking declaration that son Canadian citizen — Federal Court declining to return matter for redetermination; affirming that father of biological father had served as Crown servant abroad; that respondent thus Canadian citizen as matter of law — Appellant claiming that Federal Court’s decision falling within narrow exception to certified question requirement because Federal Court making jurisdictional errors — Whether appellant’s appeal barred by Act, s. 22.2 (d); in particular, whether Federal Court impermissibly granting declaration of fact; whether Federal Court usurping role of appellant — Per Laskin J.A. (Webb J.A. concurring): Act, s. 22.2 (

d) governing judicial reviews under Act — Certain types of error will justify hearing appeal in face of preclusive clause — However, no need in present case to revisit nature, scope of exceptions since errors Federal Court allegedly making not errors at all or were ordinary errors — Federal Court having authority to issue declaratory relief in deciding application for judicial review as such stated power found in Federal Courts Act , s. 18(1) (a) — Status as citizen of Canada by descent may be subject of declaration — Court previously holding that Canadian citizenship creature of federal statute — Act itself confers citizenship by descent; not granted by appellant but acquired by birth — Nature of Federal Court’s declaration therefore not basis to conclude that preclusive clause not applying — In present matter, Federal Court issuing declaration requiring that appellant issue certificate of citizenship to respondent — Substitution remedy at issue may follow in exceptional cases in which court determining that substitution warranted — Federal Court’s finding in particular that father of biological father indeed Crown servant bringing present case into class of exceptional cases in which relief amounting to substitution recognized as appropriate — While Federal Court may have erred in certain respects in present case, errors constituting “mere” or “everyday” errors of kind that Federal Court of Appeal regularly correcting in absence of preclusive clause — Not reaching level that would bring case into categories of cases in which Federal Court of Appeal would be justified in disregarding preclusive clause Parliament enacted in Act, s. 22.2 (d) — Act, s. 22.2 (

d) barring appellant’s appeal, which appeal quashed — Appeal dismissed — Per Near J.A. (dissenting): Federal Court’s declaration about respondent’s citizenship in present circumstances amounting to error sufficient to conclude that preclusive clause not applying here — Federal Court also usurping role of appellant, rendering decision on merits despite that Parliament has given appellant exclusive authority to determine applications made under Act, s. 12(1) — Federal Court clearly substituting its decision for that of appellant — Such substitution constituting exceptional power under judicial review law; having to be exercised with caution but present case not exceptional.

Federal Court Jurisdiction — Federal Court granting application for judicial review of citizenship officer’s decision made under Citizenship Act (Act) —Federal Court declaring respondent to be citizen of Canada — Whether Federal Court impermissibly granting declaration of fact; whether Federal Court usurping role of appellant — Per Laskin J.A. (Webb J.A. concurring): Law of judicial review recognizing power on part of reviewing court to substitute its view for that of administrative decision maker provided that certain conditions met — Federal Court therefore not erring in holding that remedy available to it if set conditions satisfied — Substitution of Federal Court’s views for those of administrative decision maker can be achieved indirectly or through remedies that Federal Courts Act setting out — While indirect substitution recognized, albeit as exceptional power under law of judicial review, law also recognizing power even of direct substitution, in which court itself granting relief sought from administrative decision maker in exceptional circumstances — Finding herein bringing this case into class of exceptional cases in which relief amounting to substitution recognized as appropriate — Per Near J.A (dissenting): Federal Court’s declaration about respondent’s citizenship in present circumstances amounting to error — Federal Court also usurping role of appellant, rendering decision on merits despite that Parliament has given appellant exclusive authority to determine applications made under Act, s. 12(1) — Federal Court clearly substituting its decision for that of appellant — Such substitution constituting exceptional power under judicial review law; having to be exercised with caution but present case not warranting exceptional power.

This was an appeal from a Federal Court decision granting an application for judicial review of a decision made under the Citizenship Act (Act) and declaring the respondent a citizen of Canada. The Federal Court declined to certify in its judgment a question of general importance. By paragraph 22.2(

d) of the Act, no appeal lies to the Federal Court of Appeal from a judgment of the Federal Court on judicial review with respect to any matter under the Act, absent a certified question. Despite this preclusive clause, the appellant, on appeal, relied on the case law of the Federal Court of Appeal holding that paragraph 22.2(

d) and other preclusive clauses in the Act and in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act will not, in certain circumstances, bar an appeal from a decision in respect of which no question has been certified. Under paragraph 3(1)(

b) of the Act, a person “is” a citizen by descent if the person was born outside Canada after February 14, 1977, and if, at the time of the person’s birth, one of the person’s parents, other than an adoptive parent, was a Canadian citizen. Since 2009, citizenship by descent under paragraph 3(1)(

b) has been limited by paragraph 3(3) (

b) to the first generation born outside Canada to a Canadian parent. However, the first generation limit in paragraph 3(3) (

b) is subject to, among other things, the Crown servant exception set out in paragraph 3(5) (b). Under this exception, the first generation limit does not apply to a person born to a parent one or both of whose parents, at the time of that parent’s birth, were employed outside Canada in the federal public administration or the public service of a province . The respondent is three years old, was born in the U.S., and was represented by his biological father who is a Canadian citizen.

The respondent was not the first generation to be born outside Canada: his biological father (biological father or guardian at law) was born in 1971 in Malaysia to Canadian parents and his father was working there as a university professor retained by the Government of Canada. The respondent’s biological father applied for a certificate of Canadian citizenship on behalf of the respondent under subsection 12(1) of the Act and all the necessary documents were submitted.

The application was considered by a citizenship officer who concluded that, because employment abroad with a Canadian university did not fall under the categories of Crown service, the Crown servant exception of paragraph 3(5) (

b) of the Act did not apply. Thus, the officer concluded that the respondent did not meet the legislative requirements for citizenship. The respondent’s biological father applied for leave and judicial review of the officer’s decision and sought a declaration that his son was a Canadian citizen. He alternatively asked that the officer’s decision be set aside and the matter sent back for redetermination. Leave was granted and the Federal Court considered the guardian at law’s request for declaratory relief.

The Federal Court concluded that the case warranted the exceptional remedy of a directed verdict and declined to return the matter for redetermination. It affirmed that the father of the guardian at law had served abroad as a Crown servant at the relevant time and that the respondent was a Canadian citizen as a matter of law.

While the appellant’s request to have a question certified was denied by the Federal Court, in presenting a notice of appeal, the appellant claimed that the Federal Court’s decision fell within the “narrow exception” to the certified question requirement because the Federal Court had made two “jurisdictional” errors. These errors, argued the appellant, were in impermissibly granting a declaration of fact and in “usurping” the decision-making role of the appellant under the Act and resulted in the Federal Court awarding relief not available on judicial review under the Federal Courts Act .

The respondent brought a motion against proceeding with the appeal but this motion was dismissed. The main issues were whether the appeal was barred by paragraph 22.2(

d) of the Act and, in particular, whether the Federal Court impermissibly granted a declaration of fact and whether it usurped the role of the appellant. Held (Near J.A. dissenting), the appeal should be dismissed. Per Laskin J.A. (Webb J.A. concurring): The relevant provision in this case was paragraph 22.2 (

d) of the Act which governs judicial review applications under the Act. The case law establishes that certain types of errors will justify hearing an appeal in the face of a preclusive clause. These include, for example, bias or a reasonable apprehension of bias on the part of the judge at first instance, and refusal to exercise jurisdiction. Case law has not defined the exceptions to preclusive clauses particularly well.

On hearing the respondent’s motion, the Federal Court of Appeal provided a better explanation of the circumstances in which it will be appropriate to entertain an appeal despite a preclusive clause. However, there was no need in this case to revisit the nature and scope of the exceptions or to decide in this case whether to adopt the Federal Court of Appeal’s formulation or variation of such exceptions. That is because the errors that the Federal Court was alleged to have made either were not errors at all or were ordinary errors, of a kind that did not displace the preclusive clause in paragraph 22.2 (

d) of the Act, regardless of how the currently recognized exceptions to the preclusive clauses were expressed. The substantive relief granted by the Federal Court was a declaration that the respondent was a citizen of Canada. The Federal Court has authority to issue declaratory relief in deciding an application for judicial review. Its power to do so is found in paragraph 18(1) (

a) of the Federal Courts Act , by which it may grant declaratory relief against any federal board, commission or other tribunal. The appellant argued that the Federal Court exceeded its powers to grant declaratory relief under subsections 18(1) and 18.1(3) of the Federal Courts Act by issuing a declaration of fact. Status as a citizen of Canada by descent may be the subject of a declaration. This Court has previously held that Canadian citizenship is “a creature of federal statute” with “no meaning apart from statute”. It is the Act itself in this case paragraph 3(1)(b) — that confers citizenship by descent.

It is not granted by the appellant but rather is acquired by birth. Contrary to the appellant’s submission, a declaration of citizenship is thus, at a minimum, not “solely” a declaration of fact. The nature of the Federal Court’s declaration was therefore not a basis to conclude that the preclusive clause did not apply. With respect to the appellant’s submission that the Federal Court usurped the role of the appellant, the law of judicial review recognizes a power on the part of a reviewing court to substitute its view for that of the administrative decision maker, provided that certain conditions are met.

The Federal Court therefore did not err in holding that this remedy was available to it if these conditions were satisfied. At a minimum, substitution of the Court’s views for those of the administrative decision maker can be achieved indirectly, or in effect, through remedies that the Federal Courts Act sets out. While indirect substitution is a recognized, albeit exceptional, power under the law of judicial review, that law also recognizes a power even of direct substitution, in which the court itself grants the relief sought from the administrative decision maker — again, in exceptional circumstances.

In this case, the application to the appellant was for a certificate of Canadian citizenship under subsection 12(1) of the Act but the Federal Court did not grant that relief. What it granted, having found that there was only one reasonable conclusion on the question

whether the respondent was a citizen, was a declaration that would as a practical matter require that the appellant issue a certificate. Thistype of substitution remedy may follow in the exceptional cases in which a court determines that substitution is warranted. The FederalCourt’s finding in this matter that the father of the respondent’s biological father was a Crown servant and the finding of futility inreturning the matter to the appellant for redetermination brought this case into the class of exceptional cases in which relief amounting tosubstitution was recognized as appropriate.

Although the Federal Court may have erred in certain respects in this case, these errorsconstituted “mere” or “everyday” errors of a kind that the Federal Court of Appeal regularly corrects in the absence of a preclusiveclause. They did not reach a level that would bring this case into any of the categories of cases in which the Federal Court of Appealwould be justified in disregarding the preclusive clause that Parliament enacted in paragraph 22.2(

d) of the Act. Since the preclusiveclause applied here, it was not appropriate ultimately to decide whether the Federal Court committed these errors in substituting its viewfor that of the appellant. It followed that the Federal Court’s approach should not be taken to be either endorsed or disapproved of herein.Remedies amounting to substitution of the court’s view for that of the administrative decision maker remain appropriate only inexceptional cases. Therefore, paragraph 22.2(

d) of the Act barred the appellant’s appeal, which was quashed. Per Near J.A. (dissenting): The Federal Court concluded that the father of the respondent’s biological father was a Crown servant in1971 based on newly admitted evidence which led directly to it declaring that the respondent was a Canadian citizen. It drew thisconclusion despite not having conducted a judicial review or possibly entertaining a mandamus application as a remedy. Accordingly, theFederal Court’s declaration in these circumstances amounted to an error sufficient to conclude that the preclusive clause did not apply inthis case.

While this finding was sufficient to dispose of the matter and to allow the appeal, the Federal Court also usurped the role of theappellant and rendered a decision on the merits despite the fact that Parliament has given the appellant exclusive authority to determineapplications made under subsection 12(1) of the Act. The Federal Court clearly substituted its decision for that of the appellant. Such asubstitution is an exceptional power under the law of judicial review and is to be exercised with caution. This was not such a case.

Giventhat the Federal Court failed to conduct a judicial review and relied upon evidence not placed before the appellant, it was not at all clearthat the Federal Court’s factual declaration that the respondent was a Canadian citizen was the only reasonable determination of thematter. STATUTES AND REGULATIONS CITED

An Act to amend the Citizenship Act, S.C. 2008, c. 14, s. 2(2). Canadian Citizenship Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-19, s. 5(1)(b). Citizenship Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29, ss. 3, 5, 5.1, 11, 12(1), 22.1(1), 22.2, 22.4. Citizenship Regulations, No. 2, SOR/2015-124, s. 14. Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Vict., c. 3 (U.K.) (as am. by Canada Act 1982, 1982 c. 11 (U.K.),

Schedule to the Constitution Act,1982, Item 1) [R.S.C., 1985, Appendix II, No. 5], s. 91(24). Federal Courts Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. F-7, ss. 18(1),(3), 18.1, 27(1)(a),(c), 28, 52. Federal Courts Rules, SOR/98-106, rr. 64, 72, 74. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 74(d), 75(2). Specific Claims Tribunal Act, S.C. 2008, c. 22. CASES CITED APPLIED: Mudrak v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2016 FCA 178, 485 N.R. 186; Giguère v. Chambre des notaires du Québec, 2004SCC 1, [2004] 1. S.C.R. 3. CONSIDERED: Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Tennant, 2018 FCA 132; Mahjoub v.

Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2017 FCA 144;Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huntley, 2011 FCA 273, [2012] 3 F.C.R. 118, leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused, [2012] 1S.C.R. viii, (2012), 435 N.R. 391; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Katriuk (1999), 252 N.R. 68, 1999 CarswellNat2541 (WL) (F.C.A.), leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused, [2000] 1 S.C.R. xiii; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v.Edwards, 2005 FCA 176, 335 N.R. 181; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Lazareva, 2005 FCA 181, 335 N.R. 21;Canada (Canadian Human Rights Commission) v.

Canada (Attorney General), 2018 SCC 31, [2018] 2 S.C.R. 230; Makara v. Canada(Attorney General), 2017 FCA 189; Gill v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (1991), 49 F.T.R. 285, 1991 CarswellNat291 (WL) (F.C.T.D.); LeBar v. Canada, (FCA), [1989] 1 F.C. 603, (1988), 90 N.R. 5 (C.A.); S.A. v. Metro VancouverHousing Corp., 2019 SCC 4, [2019] 1 S.C.R. 99, 430 D.L.R. (4th) 621; Daniels v. Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development),2016 SCC 12, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 99; Glynos v. Canada, [1992] 3 F.C. 691, (C.A.); Gehl v. Canada (Attorney General),2017 ONCA 319, 138 O.R. (3d) 52; Taylor v.

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2007 FCA 349, [2008] 3 F.C.R. 324,286 D.L.R. (4th) 385; Assal v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2016 FC 505; Schlesinger v. Canada (Citizenship andImmigration), , 2015 CarswellNat 8549 (WL) (I.R.B.); Canada (Minister of Human Resources Development) v.Rafuse, 2002 FCA 31, 286 N.R. 385; Xie v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (1994), 75 F.T.R. 125, 1994CarswellNat 484 (WL) (T.D.); Jada Fishing Co. Ltd. v. Canada (Minister of Fisheries and Oceans), 2002 FCA 103, 288 N.R. 237, leave

to appeal to S.C.C. refused [2002] 4 S.C.R. vi; ‘Namgis First Nation v. Canada (Fisheries and Oceans), 2019 FCA 149; Turanskaya v.Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 111 F.T.R. 314, 1995 CarswellNat 1163 (WL) (T.D.), affd (1997), (FCA), 145 D.L.R. (4th) 259, 210 N.R. 235 (F.C.A); Kelso v. The Queen, (SCC), [1981] 1 S.C.R. 199,120 D.L.R. (3d) 1; Stetler v. Ontario Flue-Cured Tobacco Growers’ Marketing Board, 2009 ONCA 234, 311 D.L.R. (4th) 109; Groia v.Law Society of Upper Canada, 2018 SCC 27, [2018] 1 S.C.R. 772; Canada v.

Williams Lake Indian Band, 2016 FCA 63, 396 D.L.R.(4th) 164, revd on other grounds, 2018 SCC 4, [2018] 1 S.C.R. 83; Canada (Attorney General) v. Bétournay, 2018 FCA 230, 48 Admin.L.R. (6th) 71. REFERRED TO: Benner v. Canada (Secretary of State), (SCC), [1997] 1 S.C.R. 358, (1997), 143 D.L.R. (4th) 577; Agraira v. Canada(Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2013 SCC 36, [2013] 2 S.C.R. 559; Housen v. Nikolaison, 2002 SCC 33, [2002] 2 S.C.R.235; Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation v. Hamelin, 2018 FCA 131, 424 D.L.R. (4th) 366; Tennina v. Canada (National Revenue), 2010 FCA25, 402 N.R. 1; Katriuk v.

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1999), 235 N.R. 305, 1999 CarswellNat 157 (WL)(F.C.A.); Subhaschandran v. Canada (Solicitor General), 2005 FCA 27, [2005] 3 F.C.R. 255; Es-Sayyid v. Canada (Public Safety andEmergency Preparedness), 2012 FCA 59, [2013] 4 F.C.R. 3, 432 N.R. 261, leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused, [2012] 3 S.C.R. viii,(2012), 440 N.R. 398; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Tobiass, (SCC), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 391,(1997), 151 D.L.R. (4th) 119; Sellathurai v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2011 FCA 223, [2012] 2 F.C.R. 243;Crevier v.

A.G. (Québec) et al., (SCC), [1981] 2 S.C.R. 220, (1981), 127 D.L.R. (3d) 1; Chrysler Canada Ltd. v. Canada(Competition Tribunal), (SCC), [1992] 2 S.C.R. 394, (1992), 92 D.L.R. (4th) 609; Charkaoui v. Canada (Citizenshipand Immigration), 2007 SCC 9, [2007] 1 S.C.R. 350; Sport Maska Inc. v. Bauer Hockey Corp., 2016 FCA 44, [2016] 4 F.C.R. 3; R. v.Shore Disposal Ltd. (1976), (NS CA), 72 D.L.R. (3d) 219, 16 N.S.R. (2d) 538 (C.A.); Telecommunication EmployeesAssociation of Manitoba Inc. v. Manitoba Telecom Services Inc., 2007 MBCA 85, 214 Man. R. (2d) 284; Canada (Human ResourcesDevelopment and Social Development) v.

Layden, 2009 FCA 14; Adamson v. Canada (Canadian Human Rights Commission), 2015 FCA153, [2016] 2 F.C.R. 75, 474 N.R. 136, leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused, [2016] 1 S.C.R. v; Canada (Attorney General) v. Burnham,2008 FCA 380, 384 N.R. 149; Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers, 2001 SCC 31, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 772;Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. LeBon, 2013 FCA 55, 444 N.R. 93; D’Errico v. Canada (Attorney General),2014 FCA 95, 459 N.R. 167; Sharif v. Canada (Attorney General), 2018 FCA 205; R. v. Rowbotham; R. v.

Roblin, (SCC), [1994] 2 S.C.R. 463, (1993), 168 N.R. 220; Retail, Wholesale Department Store Union v. Yorkton Cooperative Association, 2017SKCA 107; Telus Communications Inc. v. Telecommunications Workers Union, 2014 ABCA 199, 575 A.R. 325; Association despoliciers provinciaux du Québec c. Sûreté du Québec, 2010 QCCA 2053, [2010] R.J.Q. 2322, leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused, [2011] 2S.C.R. v; Renaud v. Quebec (Commission des affaires sociales), (SCC), [1999] 3 S.C.R. 855, 184 D.L.R. (4th) 441;Bessette v.

British Columbia (Attorney General), 2019 SCC 31, 433 D.L.R. (4th) 631; Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform v. SouthCoast British Columbia Transportation Authority, 2018 BCCA 344, 426 D.L.R. (4th) 333; Sharma v. Canada (Attorney General), 2018FCA 48; Canada (Attorney General) v. Allard, 2018 FCA 85. AUTHORS CITED Martin, Paul. “The Declaratory Judgment” (1931) 9 Can. Bar Rev. 540. APPEAL from a Federal Court decision (2018 FC 151) granting an application for judicial review of a decision made under theCitizenship Act and declaring the respondent a citizen of Canada. Appeal dismissed, Near J.A. dissenting.

APPEARANCES Gregory G. George, David Joseph and Eleanor Elstub for appellant. Martha A. Cook for respondent. Michael A. Bossin and Laïla Demirdache for intervener. SOLICITORS OF RECORD Deputy Attorney General of Canada for appellant. Martha Cook Professional Corporation, Stratford, for respondent. Ottawa Community Legal Services, Ottawa, for intervener. The following are the reasons for judgment rendered in English by Laskin J.A.: I. Overview [1] In granting an application for judicial review of a decision made under the Citizenship Act, R.S.C., 1985, c.

C-29, a judge of theFederal Court declared that Andrew James Fisher-Tennant is a citizen of Canada: Fisher-Tennant v. Canada (Citizenship andImmigration), 2018 FC 151 (Ahmed J.). The application Judge declined to certify in his judgment a question of general importance. Byparagraph 22.2(

d) of the Citizenship Act, no appeal lies to this Court from a judgment of the Federal Court on judicial review with respectto any matter under the Act, absent a certified question. [2] Despite this preclusive clause, the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration appeals from the application Judge’s decision. He

relies on the jurisprudence of this Court holding that paragraph 22.2(

d) and other preclusive clauses in the Citizenship Act and theImmigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27 (IRPA), will not, in certain circumstances, bar an appeal from a decision inrespect of which no question has been certified. The Minister argues that the application Judge committed two “jurisdictional” errors thatpermit the appeal to proceed.

These errors, the Minister argues, were in impermissibly granting a declaration of fact and in “usurping”the decision-making role of the Minister under the Citizenship Act, and they resulted in the application Judge awarding relief notavailable on judicial review under the Federal Courts Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. F-7. [3] The respondent, Andrew, is three years old.

He is represented in this proceeding by his biological father, Jonathan Tennant, whosubmits that the application Judge committed no error that would permit an appeal to this Court in the absence of a certified question. [4] For the reasons that follow, I agree with Mr. Tennant. I would therefore quash the Minister’s appeal on the basis that it is barredby paragraph 22.2(

d) of the Citizenship Act. II. Background A. Citizenship by descent [5]

Part I of the Citizenship Act bears the heading “The Right to Citizenship.” By paragraph 3(1)(

b) of the Act, which is included inPart I under the subheading “Persons who are citizens,” and subject to the Act’s other provisions, a person “is” a citizen by descent if theperson was born outside Canada after February 14, 1977, and if, at the time of the person’s birth, one of the person’s parents, other thanan adoptive parent, was a Canadian citizen. [6] Since 2009, citizenship by descent under paragraph 3(1)(

b) has been limited by paragraph 3(3)(

b) to the first generation bornoutside Canada to a Canadian parent:

An Act to amend the Citizenship Act, S.C. 2008, c. 14, subsection 2(2). [7] However, the first generation limit in paragraph 3(3)(

b) is subject to, among other things, the Crown servant exception set out inparagraph 3(5)(b). Under this exception, the first generation limit does not apply to a person “born to a parent one or both of whoseparents, at the time of that parent’s birth, were employed outside Canada in or with the Canadian Armed Forces, the federal publicadministration or the public service of a province, otherwise than as a locally engaged person.” [8] In this case, Andrew was born in November 2015 in the United States. Mr.

Tennant, a Canadian citizen, is his biological father,and Marc Fisher, an American citizen by birth, his adoptive father. But Andrew was not the first generation to be born outside Canada:his biological father, Mr. Tennant, was born in 1971 in Malaysia, to Dr. Paul Tennant and Susan Carey, Canadian citizens by birth, whileDr. Tennant was working in that country. At birth, Mr. Tennant was a Canadian citizen under paragraph 5(1)(

b) of the former CanadianCitizenship Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-19, which provided that a person born outside of Canada was a Canadian citizen if his or her fatherwas a citizen. [9] It follows that unless the Crown servant exception applies―unless Andrew’s grandfather, Dr. Tennant, was employed inMalaysia “in or with … the federal public administration or the public service of a province” at the time that Andrew’s biological father,Mr. Tennant, was born―the first generation limit in paragraph 3(3)(

b) applies to Andrew, who is then not a citizen by descent.Conversely, if the Crown servant exception applies, Andrew is a citizen by descent under paragraph 3(1)(b). [10] By contrast to

section 3, under which certain persons have the status of citizen at birth,

section 5 of the Act, under the subheading“Grant of citizenship,” provides for the acquisition of citizenship by certain categories of persons through a grant of citizenship by theMinister, on application. Sections 5.1 and 11 also provide for citizenship on application and by grant. The Supreme Court recognized anddiscussed the distinction between citizenship at birth and citizenship by grant in Benner v. Canada (Secretary of State), (SCC), [1997] 1 S.C.R. 358, at paragraphs 2–4, (1997), 143 D.L.R. (4th) 577. I will return to this distinction later in these reasons. B.

Application for certificate of citizenship [11] Mr. Tennant applied for a certificate of Canadian citizenship on Andrew’s behalf under subsection 12(1) of the Citizenship Act.That provision states that the Minister must, on application, determine if a person is a citizen, and, if they are, must (subject to anyapplicable regulations) issue a certificate of citizenship or provide them with some other means to establish their citizenship. [12] Mr. Tennant set out in the application that he had been born in Malaysia in 1971, at a time when his father, Dr. Tennant, wasemployed there as a Crown servant.

In the space provided in which to include “[d]etails on Crown service”, Mr. Tennant indicated thathis father had been a “University professor retained by the Government of Canada under a scheme established between Canada andMalaysia for technical co-operation”. [13] Mr. Tennant included a copy of his father’s passport, issued April 1, 1971, in support of Andrew’s application.

The passportcontained a temporary employment visa, “[f]or employment as Lecturer with The University of Penang under Colombo Plan”, as well asan inscription, reading: THE BEARER IS PROCEEDING TO MALAYSIA AS A UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR RETAINED BY THE GOVERNMENT OFCANADA UNDER THE SCHEME ESTABLISHED BETWEEN CANADA AND MALAYSIA FOR TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION. [14] Mr. Tennant also included a letter from the University of British Columbia, indicating that Dr.

Tennant taught at the Universityof Penang from 1971 to 1973, and that the University of British Columbia paid his salary and benefits during this period, for which itwas then reimbursed by the Canadian International Development Agency of the Government of Canada. Finally, he provided a copy ofDr. Tennant’s application for registration of Mr. Tennant’s birth abroad, which stated that Dr. Tennant was “SERVING ON A CIDAPROJECT” at the time of Mr. Tennant’s birth. [15] The application was considered by a citizenship officer of Citizenship and Immigration Canada.

She wrote to Citizenship andPassport Program Guidance, with the subject line “Verification of crown servant employment”, asking whether the documentation

provided by Mr. Tennant was “acceptable in order to apply [the] crown servant grandparent exception”. A senior program advisor responded several months later. He stated that “employment with the University of British Columbia … would not qualify for the grandparent Crown servant exception”, because employment abroad with the University of British Columbia “[did] not fall under either the ‘federal public administration’ or ‘public service of a province’ categories of Crown service”. He also stated that, if Mr. Tennant had documentation demonstrating that Dr.

Tennant was employed abroad by the Canadian government during the relevant period, “we would take it into consideration”. [ 16 ] The officer prepared a memorandum concerning Andrew’s application, setting out her conclusion that the Crown servant exception was not applicable, “[a]s per information received and through verification with [Citizenship and Passport Program Guidance]”. The officer wrote to Mr. Tennant advising of her decision, stating that Andrew did not meet the legislative requirements for citizenship. C. Application for judicial review [ 17 ] Mr.

Tennant applied on Andrew’s behalf for leave to judicially review the officer’s decision under subsection 22.1(1) and

section 22.2 of the Citizenship Act . In his application for leave and for judicial review, he sought a declaration that Andrew is “a Canadian citizen by virtue of meeting the requirements for Canadian citizenship pursuant to the [ Citizenship Act ]”, and an order in the nature of mandamus “compelling the Minister, within 30 days of the date of the order, to issue [Andrew] a Certificate of Citizenship”. One of the grounds asserted for relief was that Andrew “[met] the statutory requirements for Canadian citizenship by virtue of paragraph 3(1) (

b) of the Citizenship Act and [was] entitled to a Certificate of Citizenship”. Mr. Tennant asked in the alternative that the officer’s decision be set aside and the matter sent back for redetermination. Mr. Tennant submitted an affidavit in support of the application, as well as an affidavit sworn by Dr. Tennant. [ 18 ] The Minister opposed the granting of leave. Mr. Tennant then raised in his reply memorandum the argument that the officer had fettered her discretion by treating the view of Citizenship and Passport Program Guidance as dispositive.

Leave was granted, and the Minister then brought a motion in writing for judgment, conceding the issue of fettered discretion and seeking to have the officer’s decision set aside and the matter remitted for reconsideration. Mr. Tennant opposed the motion on the basis that he wished to make oral submissions on Andrew’s entitlement to declaratory relief. [ 19 ] The Minister’s motion and the application for judicial review were heard together by the Federal Court.

In his reasons, the application Judge referred (at paragraph 14) to the parties’ agreement that the officer had fettered her discretion, stating that “[t]he only dispute remaining between the parties is with respect to the issues of remedy and costs.” [ 20 ] The application Judge then addressed, under the heading “Availability of the Directed Verdict,” Mr. Tennant’s request for declaratory relief.

He first found (at paragraphs 18–20) that this was not a case where “the decision-maker must be left to complete its work”, as the “relevant factual finding was made” by the officer, “albeit not in the manner required by law”, and that there was nothing further required to complete the record.

As a result, he concluded, concerns over “wading into the decision-making process on the basis of an incomplete factual record” and “weigh[ing] evidence in place of the decision-maker” did not arise. [ 21 ] The application Judge went on to consider the Minister’s argument that the Federal Court is unable to make declarations pertaining solely to findings of fact. He agreed with that proposition, but disagreed that it applied, finding (at paragraph 21) that the declaration sought by Mr. Tennant―that Andrew is a Canadian citizen under

section 3 of the Citizenship Act ―was one not of fact but of law, and within the authority of the Federal Court to grant. [ 22 ] Under the heading “Appropriateness of a Directed Verdict,” the application Judge then outlined the evidence before the officer. He found (at paragraph 28) that “[t]he only logical conclusion [was] that Dr. Tennant was in the employment of CIDA and thereby he was a Crown servant”, and stated that it would be futile to return the matter to the officer in the face of such clear evidence.

He also noted (at paragraph 31) that the officer’s “approach demonstrate[d] a lack of diligence,” and that this “militate[d] in favour of a remedy that [was] commensurate with the seriousness of the consequences flowing from the [o]fficer’s conduct.” Finally, he noted that the language of

section 3 of the Citizenship Act is itself declaratory, stating (at paragraph 33) that “once the requirements under [section] 3 are met, the person is a citizen , irrespective of Ministerial action” (emphasis in original), and that a “directed verdict” would therefore not impinge on any exercise of the Minister’s discretion. [ 23 ] For these reasons, the application Judge concluded (at paragraphs 23 and 34 – 36) that the case warranted what he described as “the exceptional remedy of a directed verdict.” He expressly declined to return the matter for redetermination, writing that “any decision that fails to affirm or delay [ sic ] the recognition of [Andrew’s] citizenship would be unjust.” He reasoned that, because he had “affirmed that Dr.

Tennant was serving abroad as a Crown servant” at the relevant time, Andrew was a Canadian citizen “as a matter of law.” [ 24 ] The Minister asked that the application Judge certify the following question [at paragraph]: Does the Federal Court have the jurisdiction to issue a directed verdict or a declaration that an applicant is a Canadian citizen under the Citizenship Act , when a decision maker has not made a factual determination that the applicant is a Canadian citizen as per the provisions of the Citizenship Act ? [ 25 ] The application Judge found (at paragraph 41) that this question did not merit certification.

He stated that “the question as to whether the Federal Court has the jurisdiction to issue directed verdicts is already well established”, both generally and in the citizenship context. [ 26 ] In disposing of the proceeding, the application Judge issued the following judgment: THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT is that: 1. I hereby declare, Andrew James Fisher-Tennant is a citizen of Canada.

2. No costs are awarded. 3. There is no question for certification. D. Appeal to this Court [ 27 ] The Minister presented a notice of appeal to the Registry of this Court for filing. The notice stated that the application Judge’s decision fell within the “narrow exception” to the certified question requirement, because the application Judge had made two “jurisdictional” errors―issuing a declaration on a question of fact and arrogating to himself the Minister’s power under subsection 12(1) of the Citizenship Act to determine whether Andrew is a citizen.

In accordance with rule 72 of the Federal Courts Rules , SOR/98-106 , the Registry forwarded the notice of appeal to a judge of this Court, who directed the Registry to file it. [ 28 ] Mr. Tennant then brought a motion under rule 74 of the Federal Courts Rules , which provides that the Court may “at any time, order that a document that is not filed in accordance with [the Rules] be removed from the Court file.” He argued that the Minister had not established a “sufficiently arguable case” that the appeal fell within the exceptions to the certified question requirement.

The Minister opposed the motion, in large part on the basis that the direction under rule 72 had determined that the appeal should proceed, and that the motion was an improper attempt to appeal from that decision. This Court dismissed the motion: Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Tennant , 2018 FCA 132 (Stratas J.A., sitting alone) . I will discuss the reasons of my colleague Justice Stratas on the motion when I refer to the case law regarding the scope and limits of paragraph 22.2 (

d) and similar provisions. [ 29 ] Following the dismissal of Mr. Tennant’s motion, the Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers (CARL) was granted leave to intervene in the appeal with respect to the proper

interpretation of preclusive clauses and the remedial powers of the Federal Court. III. Issue and standard of review [ 30 ] The threshold issue is whether the Minister’s appeal is barred by paragraph 22.2 (

d) of the Citizenship Act . In resolving this issue the Court may consider both whether the errors alleged by the Minister are of a kind that will justify hearing an appeal in the face of a preclusive clause, and whether the application Judge actually committed the errors alleged. [ 31 ] To the extent that the Court determines whether the alleged errors on the part of the application Judge are of a kind that can justify hearing the appeal despite the preclusive clause, the Court makes this determination at first instance.

No standard of review therefore applies. [ 32 ] To the extent that the Court determines whether the application Judge actually committed the alleged errors, the administrative law standard of review in Agraira v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) , 2013 SCC 36 , [2013] 2 S.C.R. 559 , at paragraphs 45–47 , applies to the application Judge’s review of the Minister’s decision, while the appellate standard of review set out in Housen v. Nikolaison , 2002 SCC 33 , [2002] 2 S.C.R. 235 , applies to the application Judge’s determination of the appropriate remedy: Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation v.

Hamelin , 2018 FCA 131 , 424 D.L.R. (4th) 366 , at paragraph 51 . IV. Hearing an appeal despite a preclusive clause A. The preclusive clauses [ 33 ] By paragraphs 27(1)(

a) and (

c) of the Federal Courts Act , an appeal lies to this Court from a final or interlocutory judgment of the Federal Court. However, the appeal rights set out in the Federal Courts Act may be overridden by other statutes: Tennina v. Canada (National Revenue) , 2010 FCA 25 , 402 N.R. 1 , at paragraph 11 . [ 34 ] Both the Citizenship Act and the IRPA permit judicial review applications only with leave of the Federal Court, preclude appeals to this Court from interlocutory and leave decisions, and preclude appeals to this Court from judgments issued in applications for judicial review in the absence of a certified question.

Section 22.4 of the Citizenship Act and subsection 75(2) of the IRPA state, respectively, that the provisions of those statutes prevail in the event of any inconsistency with those of the Federal Courts Act . [ 35 ] The relevant provision in this case is paragraph 22.2 (

d) of the Citizenship Act , which governs judicial review applications under the Act; it states that “an appeal to the Federal Court of Appeal may be made only if, in rendering judgment, the judge certifies that a serious question of general importance is involved and states the question.” Its counterpart in the IRPA is paragraph 74 (d).

This Court has described this provision as “a second filter” ―the first, the requirement to obtain leave, applying to applications for judicial review to the Federal Court, and the second, the certified question requirement, applying to appeals to this Court from decisions of the Federal Court: Mudrak v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2016 FCA 178 , 485 N.R. 186 , at paragraph 11 .

The Court has explained further that the second requirement is “intended to filter significant questions of law from questions of fact,” and has also stated that “[a]s a certified question is a precondition to this Court’s jurisdiction, it is a requirement that must not be taken lightly” : Mudrak , at paragraphs 12 and 19 . These observations apply equally to paragraph 22.2 (

d) of the Citizenship Act . [ 36 ] As set out above, the application Judge did not certify a question when issuing his judgment. In bringing this appeal nonetheless, the Minister asserts that the application Judge made errors of a kind that have been recognized as permitting this Court to hear an appeal despite paragraph 22.2 (

d) of the Citizenship Act and similar preclusive clauses. B. Judicial treatment of the preclusive clauses [ 37 ] The case law establishes that certain types of errors will justify hearing an appeal in the face of a preclusive clause. These include, for example, bias or a reasonable apprehension of bias on the part of the judge at first instance, and refusal to exercise jurisdiction: Katriuk v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1999), 235 N.R. 305 , 1999 CarswellNat 157 (WL) (F.C.A.), at paragraph 12 ; Subhaschandran v. Canada (Solicitor General) , 2005 FCA 27 , [2005] 3 F.C.R. 255 , at paragraph 15 ; Es-Sayyid v.

Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2012 FCA 59, [2013] 4 F.C.R. 3, 432 N.R. 261, at paragraph 28, leave to appealto S.C.C. refused, [2012] 3 S.C.R. viii, (2012), 440 N.R. 398. A further category comprises errors in the course of a “separate, divisiblejudicial act”—a decision in the exercise of a power that arises not under the Citizenship Act (or the IRPA) but from some other source:Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v.

Tobiass, (SCC), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 391, (1997), 151 D.L.R. (4th)119, at paragraphs 65–66. [38] This Court has also used the term “jurisdictional errors” to describe errors that will permit an appeal to be heard despite apreclusive clause: Sellathurai v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2011 FCA 223, [2012] 2 F.C.R. 243, atparagraphs 15–16. But it has also expressed reluctance to use that language, given the uncertainties surrounding the term “jurisdiction” inother contexts, preferring instead to use the language of “fundamental matters” striking “right at the rule of law”: Mahjoub v.

Canada(Citizenship and Immigration), 2017 FCA 144, at paragraphs 19–21. [39] I agree with the view expressed by my colleague Justice Stratas in his reasons [2018 FCA 132] dismissing the rule 74 motion inthis proceeding (at paragraph 16) that the case law has not defined the exceptions to preclusive clauses particularly well. He saw themotion as an opportunity to provide a “better explanation” for the exceptions. He described (at paragraph 19) an exception centred on“jurisdictional” errors as unhelpful, because it would ultimately capture issues of statutory

interpretation that were, at best, mere errors oflaw. He proposed (at paragraph 17) that, instead of focussing on “jurisdictional” errors, the Court should not give effect to a preclusiveclause where the Federal Court’s judgment gives rise to rule of law concerns.

The appeal bar would then not apply where • it is alleged that there is a fundamental flaw going to the very root of the Federal Court’s judgment or striking at the FederalCourt’s very ability to decide the case—examples include a blatant exceedance of authority obvious from the face of the judgment or aninfringement of the rule against actual or apparent bias supported by substantial particularity in the notice of appeal; and • the flaw raises serious concerns about the Federal Court’s compliance with the rule of law. [40] Justice Stratas went on to state (at paragraphs 17–18) that the exception should not apply to “contentious debates over issues ofstatutory

interpretation, errors of law, exercises of judicial discretion, and the weight that should be accorded to evidence and itsassessment” but only to “fundamental” flaws that strike at “the very root” of the judgment or the Federal Court’s “very ability” to hearthe case, and in any event only where “serious concerns” regarding the rule of law are raised. “This high threshold”, he stated, “allowsParliament’s preference for an absolute bar to prevail in all cases except for those most rare cases where concerns based on theconstitutional principle of the rule of law are the most pronounced.” [41] Consistent with Justice Stratas’s comments, the exceptions that have been identified to the preclusive clauses, no matter howthey are expressed, do not include “mere errors of law”: Mahjoub, at paragraph 21.

There are many statements to this effect. Forexample, in Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huntley, 2011 FCA 273, [2012] 3 F.C.R. 118, at paragraph 8, leave to appeal toS.C.C. refused, ]2012] 1 S.C.R. viii, (2012), 435 N.R. 391, this Court held that “failing to apply the appropriate standard of review is arun-of-the-mill error of law, and not a usurpation of jurisdiction”. In Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v.

Katriuk(1999), 252 N.R. 68, 1999 CarswellNat 2541 (WL) (F.C.A.), at paragraph 8, leave to appeal refused, [2000] 1 S.C.R. xiii, this Court heldthat “an erroneous finding of fact based on a misapprehension of what is in evidence” did not result in a loss of jurisdiction, but at mostamounted to an error of law in the exercise of jurisdiction. [42] In a similar vein, this Court has rejected the argument that the fact that an order was made “outside the statutory jurisdiction ofthe Federal Court” is sufficient to defeat the IRPA’s preclusive clause, holding that “[t]o accept that argument could deprive [thepreclusive clause] of all meaning”: Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v.

Edwards, 2005 FCA 176, 335 N.R. 181, atparagraph 12; see also Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Lazareva, 2005 FCA 181, 335 N.R. 21, at paragraphs 8–9.In both of these cases, the appeals held subject to the statutory bar were based on the ground (similar to one of the grounds advanced inthis case) that in granting relief the Federal Court had “usurped” authority granted to the Minister. The Minister’s position here, based oncounsel’s response when the Court raised these decisions in oral argument, appears to be that these two decisions do not reflect thecurrent law. C.

Position of the parties and intervener on the nature and scope of the exceptions [43] The Minister argues that, in enacting the preclusive clause, “Parliament cannot have intended to immunize alleged errors fromappellate scrutiny which, if not subject to review, would undermine the rule of law and public confidence in the due administration ofjustice”: Minister’s memorandum, at paragraph 33. He submits that a preclusive clause will not apply where the application Judgecommitted a “jurisdictional error”, whether by exceeding the judge’s jurisdiction or failing to exercise it.

The Minister also quotes withapparent approval Justice Stratas’s description of the threshold as requiring a “fundamental flaw”, and a decision “raising seriousconcerns about … compliance with the rule of law”: Minister’s memorandum, at paragraph 35. [44] In his submissions, Mr. Tennant appears to invoke the administrative law concept of “true question of jurisdiction”: Mr.Tennant’s memorandum, at paragraphs 13–14.

He submits that to be entitled to proceed with his appeal, the Minister must “demonstratethat the issues raised are those of ‘true jurisdiction’ for which no [deference] ought to be shown.” However, he also cites (at paragraph15) Justice Stratas’s articulation of the test. Mr. Tennant submits (at paragraph 16) that “[i]t is a rare case that an appellant can establisha lack or loss of jurisdiction of the court.” [45] CARL submits that the preclusive clauses in the IRPA and the Citizenship Act should be construed applying the same principlesapplied to privative clauses restricting access to judicial review.

It states that privative clauses have always been narrowly interpreted,citing Crevier v. A.G. (Québec) et al., (SCC), [1981] 2 S.C.R. 220, at page 237, (1981), 127 D.L.R. (3d) 1, and ChryslerCanada Ltd. v. Canada (Competition Tribunal), (SCC), [1992] 2 S.C.R. 394, at page 405, (1992), 92 D.L.R. (4th) 609. [46] CARL argues that this Court should not accept Justice Stratas’s articulation of the test, which it sees as both departing fromexisting jurisprudence and raising the applicable threshold.

CARL submits that in suggesting that errors must be “fundamental”,“serious” and “substantial” to give rise to appeal, Justice Stratas used “qualitative” and “undefined” language that will promote too broada reading of the preclusive clauses. It argues that a broad

interpretation should be rejected because it will unduly limit access to justice by

vulnerable non-citizens. [ 47 ] CARL also disagrees with Justice Stratas’s reluctance to describe the relevant test in “jurisdictional” terms. It draws a distinction between “simple” jurisdictional errors and “true” jurisdictional errors, as those terms are understood for the purposes of judicial review. It cites Canada (Canadian Human Rights Commission) v.

Canada (Attorney General) , 2018 SCC 31 , [2018] 2 S.C.R. 230 , at paragraph 31 , in which the Supreme Court stated that “‘true’ questions of jurisdiction involve a far narrower meaning of ‘jurisdiction’ than the one ordinarily employed.” CARL accordingly urges this Court to adopt a test turning on “simple” jurisdictional errors, arguing that “the debate on jurisdiction” that has plagued judicial review jurisprudence “does not need to spread into other areas of law” : CARL’s memorandum, at paragraph 22. [ 48 ] In reply, the Minister disagrees that Justice Stratas’s approach changed the “jurisdictional exception” test, or that he could have done so as a judge sitting alone.

The Minister argues that Justice Stratas’s description of the threshold is consistent with that adopted by panels of this Court in Mahjoub and Huntley. He says that the concern that applying Justice Stratas’s description would lead to less access to this Court is unfounded. D. No need in this case to revisit the nature and scope of the exceptions [ 49 ] I appreciate and respect the efforts of my colleague Justice Stratas to provide a “better explanation” of the circumstances in which it will be appropriate to entertain an appeal despite a preclusive clause.

There is much in his reasons with which I agree. [ 50 ] At the same time, there may be some merit to CARL’s concern about describing the exceptions in qualitative terms. Redefining the exception in language such as “fundamental flaw”, “blatant exceedance of authority”, striking “at the very root” of the judgment, and raising “serious concerns” about the rule of law could present its own set of interpretive difficulties. The rule of law is itself a concept that defies easy definition.

In addition, the reasons why a “blatant” or “obvious” exceedance of authority should justify hearing an appeal despite the bar, when an insidious or subtle exceedance would not, may deserve further consideration. Another potential concern is with putting the scope of the appeal bar on a constitutional footing when there is no constitutional right to an appeal: Charkaoui v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) , 2007 SCC 9 , [2007] 1 S.C.R. 350 , at paragraph 136 .

Nor does the “rule of law” category appear to capture the “separate, divisible judicial act” cases, some of which turn on the specific statutory language of the preclusive clause in issue. We did not receive extensive (or in some cases any) submissions on these areas of potential concern. [ 51 ] The Minister is correct in his submission that unless and until adopted by a panel of this Court, the views expressed by a member of the Court sitting alone as a motions judge do not change the law as established by the decisions of a panel: Sport Maska Inc. v.

Bauer Hockey Corp. , 2016 FCA 44 , [2016] 4 F.C.R. 3 , at paragraphs 37–38 . In the end, I do not find it necessary to decide in this case whether to adopt my colleague’s formulation or some variation of it. That is because I conclude, for reasons that I will now discuss, that the errors that the application Judge is alleged to have made either were not errors at all or were ordinary errors, of a kind that does not displace the preclusive clause in paragraph 22.2 (

d) of the Citizenship Act , regardless of how the currently recognized exceptions to the preclusive clauses are expressed. V. The errors alleged [ 52 ] The Minister submits that the application Judge made two “jurisdictional” errors that resulted in his granting relief not available on judicial review under the Federal Courts Act , and that these errors permit this Court to hear and decide the Minister’s appeal. [ 53 ] First, he argues that the application Judge exceeded his jurisdiction by issuing what is in substance a declaration of fact—that Dr.

Tennant was a Crown servant—when the Federal Court has no jurisdiction to make declarations on findings of fact. Second, he submits that the application Judge exceeded his jurisdiction by “arrogating to himself a power that Parliament gave to the Minister” —the exclusive authority to determine applications for evidence of citizenship. I will address these two grounds in turn. A.

Did the application Judge impermissibly grant a declaration of fact? [ 54 ] As set out above, the substantive relief granted by the application Judge was a declaration that “Andrew James Fisher-Tennant is a citizen of Canada.” The parties agree that the Federal Court has authority to issue declaratory relief in deciding an application for judicial review. Its power to do so is found in paragraph 18(1) (

a) of the Federal Courts Act , by which it may grant declaratory relief against any federal board, commission or other tribunal: Extraordinary remedies, federal tribunals 18

(1) Subject to

section 28, the Federal Court has exclusive original jurisdiction (

a) to issue an injunction, writ of certiorari , writ of prohibition, writ of mandamus or writ of quo warranto , or grant declaratory relief, against any federal board, commission or other tribunal; and (

b) to hear and determine any application or other proceeding for relief in the nature of relief contemplated by paragraph (a), including any proceeding brought against the Attorney General of Canada, to obtain relief against a federal board, commission or other tribunal. [ 55 ] By subsection 18(3), the remedies in subsection 18(1) may be obtained only on an application for judicial review made under

section 18.1 . Subsection 18.1 (3) then sets out the Federal Court’s powers on an application for judicial review, which again include a power to grant declaratory relief: 18.1 … Powers of Federal Court

(3) On an application for judicial review, the Federal Court may

(

a) order a federal board, commission or other tribunal to do any act or thing it has unlawfully failed or refused to do or has unreasonablydelayed in doing; or (

b) declare invalid or unlawful, or quash, set aside or set aside and refer back for determination in accordance with such directions as itconsiders to be appropriate, prohibit or restrain, a decision, order, act or proceeding of a federal board, commission or other tribunal. [56] In addition, rule 64 of the Federal Courts Rules provides that the Federal Court may make “a binding declaration of right in aproceeding”, whether or not any consequential relief is or can be claimed. [57] However, the Minister argues that the application Judge exceeded his powers to grant declaratory relief under subsections 18(1)and 18.1(3) by issuing a declaration of fact.

On this point, the Minister relies on this Court’s statement in Makara v. Canada (AttorneyGeneral), 2017 FCA 189, at paragraph. 16, that the Federal Court “does not have jurisdiction to make declarations pertaining solely tofindings of fact.” The Minister submits that the application Judge’s declaration is “at heart” a declaration of fact, because in order tomake it, the Judge first had to make a factual determination that Dr.

Tennant was a Crown servant in 1971: Minister’s memorandum, atparagraph 57. [58] The prohibition against the Federal Court granting declarations of fact, to which the Minister refers, has its roots in Gill v.Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (1991), 49 F.T.R. 285, 1991 CarswellNat 291 (WL) (F.C.T.D.), at paragraph 13. Inthat case the plaintiff—whose application for permanent residency had been denied on the basis that he had been untruthful about hismarital status—sought a declaration that he had never been married and that he had answered questions truthfully on his permanentresidency application.

Relying on this Court’s statement in LeBar v. Canada, (FCA), [1989] 1 F.C. 603, at page 610,(1988), 90 N.R. 5 (C.A.), that declaratory relief “declares what the law is”, the Federal Court concluded that the relief sought was a“declaration of fact” beyond its jurisdiction to grant, and struck out the statement of claim. The Nova Scotia Court of Appeal followedsimilar reasoning in R. v.

Shore Disposal Ltd. (1976), (NS CA), 72 D.L.R. (3d) 219, at page 222, 16 N.S.R. (2d) 538(C.A.). [59] In my view, the analyses in Gill and similar cases merely give effect to the well-established principle that declaratory relief mustresolve a real legal issue in which both parties have a genuine interest. The Supreme Court recently reiterated the requirements forgranting declaratory relief in S.A. v. Metro Vancouver Housing Corp., 2019 SCC 4, [2019] 1 S.C.R. 99, 430 D.L.R. (4th) 621, atparagraph 60: … Declaratory relief is granted by the courts on a discretionary basis, and may be appropriate where (

a) the court has jurisdiction to hearthe issue, (

b) the dispute is real and not theoretical, (

c) the party raising the issue has a genuine interest in its resolution, and (

d) theresponding party has an interest in opposing the declaration being sought …. [60] These factors, all of which are present here, have long governed the granting of declaratory relief. It has also long been clear thatgranting declaratory relief may entail determining whether the facts give rise to a legal right. As stated by Paul Martin in “TheDeclaratory Judgment” (1931), 9 Can. Bar Rev. 540, at page 547, cited with approval in Telecommunication Employees Association ofManitoba Inc. v. Manitoba Telecom Services Inc., 2007 MBCA 85, 214 Man.

R. (2d) 284, “the essence of the declaratory judgment is thedetermination of rights.” [61] The use of declarations to determine questions of status is also well known to Canadian law: see “The Declaratory Judgment”, atpage 546. [62] For example, in Daniels v. Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development), 2016 SCC 12, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 99, the SupremeCourt granted a declaration that non-status Indians and Métis are “Indians” under subsection 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867, 30 &31 Vict., c. 3 (U.K.) (as am. by Canada Act 1982, 1982, c. 11 (U.K.),

Schedule to the Constitution Act, 1982, Item 1) [R.S.C., 1985,Appendix II, No. 5]. In doing so, it relied (at paragraph 4) on “a number of key factual findings” made by the trial judge. In Glynos v.Canada, [1992] 3 F.C. 691, (C.A.), a case on which Mr. Tennant particularly relies, this Court, having formed a clearview of Mr. Glynos’s entitlement to citizenship under a provision that, unlike

section 3 of the current Citizenship Act, required thatcitizenship be granted, issued a declaration that he was [at page 697] “eligible for a grant of citizenship.” The application Judge’sdeclaration in this case is also similar in effect to the declaration by the Court of Appeal for Ontario in Gehl v. Canada (AttorneyGeneral), 2017 ONCA 319, 138 O.R. (3d) 52, at paragraph 89.

While the Court’s declaration in that case that the appellant was entitledto registration as an Indian was based on its view of the limited range of reasonable outcomes available on the record underlying theappellant’s application for registration, this did not transform the declaration into one of fact. [63] In my view, status as a citizen of Canada by descent may be the subject of a declaration. As Mr. Tennant correctly observes, thisCourt has held that Canadian citizenship is “a creature of federal statute” with “no meaning apart from statute”: Taylor v.

Canada(Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2007 FCA 349, [2008] 3 F.C.R. 324, 286 D.L.R. (4th) 385, at paragraph 50. [64] And as discussed above, it is the Act itself—in this case paragraph 3(1)(b)—that confers citizenship by descent. It is not grantedby the Minister, but rather is acquired by birth: see Assal v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2016 FC 505, at paragraphs 68–70.This is reflected in the procedure for obtaining evidence of citizenship, as now set out in

section 14 of the Citizenship Regulations, No. 2,SOR/2015-124. That provision requires the filing of “evidence that establishes that the applicant is a citizen” (emphasis added). Acertificate of citizenship issued under subsection 12(1) [of the Citizenship Act] is therefore only evidence of citizenship, and does notitself confer that status. As stated in one tribunal decision, “[i]t is not the ‘certificate of citizenship’ that provides the citizenship, butrather it is being born as a citizen which entitles you to a piece of paper showing such citizenship”: Schlesinger v.

Canada (Citizenshipand Immigration), , 2015 CarswellNat 8549 (WL) (I.R.B.) (Immigration Appeal Division), at paragraph 17. Or as putin Assal (at paragraph 68), “[f]or a citizen at birth, the certificate of citizenship only constitutes the recognition or evidence of thiscitizenship.” [65] Contrary to the Minister’s submission, a declaration of citizenship is thus, at a minimum, not “solely” a declaration of fact. Thenature of the application Judge’s declaration is therefore not a basis to conclude that the preclusive clause does not apply.

B. Did the application Judge usurp the role of the Minister? [66] The Minister argues that the application Judge’s declaratory judgment effectively renders a decision on the merits of theapplication under subsection 12(1) of the Citizenship Act, which he submits is beyond the Federal Court’s statutory authority. TheMinister submits that Parliament has given him the exclusive authority to determine applications made under subsection 12(1).

He saysthat nothing in the Federal Courts Act empowers the Federal Court to render a decision on the merits or to substitute its decision for thatof the Minister, and to determine itself whether the requirements of subsection 12(1) are met. The Minister invokes the distinctionbetween the role of the Court on appeal, in which substitution of the Court’s views is permissible, and its role on judicial review, inwhich, he submits, it is not. [67] One of the principal authorities on which the Minister relies is this Court’s decision in Canada (Minister of Human ResourcesDevelopment) v.

Rafuse, 2002 FCA 31, 286 N.R. 385, at paragraphs 8–9, in which this Court approved the Federal Court’s statement inXie v.

Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (1994), 75 F.T.R. 125, 1994 CarswellNat 484 (WL) (T.D.), at paragraph 17that it does not, on judicial review, have the power to “substitute its opinion for that of the tribunal whose decision is under judicialreview, and make the decision that the tribunal should have made.” He also relies on the comment of Justice Stratas in his decision onthe rule 74 motion (at paragraph 25) that “the clear language of the Citizenship Act gives [the] power [to grant citizenship] only to theMinister.” [68] Contrary to the Minister’s submission, the law of judicial review recognizes a power on the part of a reviewing court to substituteits view for that of the administrative decision maker, provided that certain conditions are met.

The application Judge therefore did noterr in holding that this remedy was available to him if these conditions were satisfied. [69] There are two relevant statements in Rafuse. One is the statement on which the Minister relies.

The second, also citing Xie, is thefollowing (at paragraph 14): While the directions that the Court may issue when setting aside a tribunal’s decision include directions in the nature of a directedverdict, this is an exceptional power that should be exercised only in the clearest of circumstances …. [70] The first proposition set out in Rafuse—that substitution of the decision of the Court for that of the administrative decision makeris not permitted on judicial review under the Federal Courts Act—has been repeated by this Court in several other cases. In Jada FishingCo. Ltd. v.

Canada (Minister of Fisheries and Oceans), 2002 FCA 103, 288 N.R. 237, at paragraph 10, leave to appeal refused, [2002] 4S.C.R. vi, this Court held that it was “without jurisdiction” to substitute its decision for that of a tribunal, because it could “only dismissthe appeal or give the judgment that the Trial Division should have given, and the Trial Division could not have substituted its decisionfor that of the [tribunal] in an application for judicial review.” See also Canada (Human Resources Development and SocialDevelopment) v. Layden, 2009 FCA 14, at paragraphs 10–12; Adamson v.

Canada (Canadian Human Rights Commission), 2015 FCA153, [2016] 2 F.C.R. 75, 474 N.R. 136, at paragraph 62, leave to appeal refused, [2016] 1 S.C.R. v; Canada (Attorney General) v.Burnham, 2008 FCA 380, 384 N.R. 149, at paragraph 11. [71] But despite the first proposition set out in Rafuse, it is clear that, at a minimum, substitution of the Court’s views for those of theadministrative decision maker can be achieved indirectly, or in effect, through remedies that the Federal Courts Act sets out. Rafuse itselfrecognized this possibility in the second statement quoted above.

A reviewing court can achieve indirect substitution in a number ofways. [72] The most obvious is to quash the tribunal’s decision and give directions requiring the decision maker to reach a particular result.It is now well established that this form of relief, a combination of certiorari and mandamus, is available where on the facts and the lawthere is only one lawful response, or one reasonable conclusion, open to the administrative decision maker, so that no useful purposewould be served if the decision maker were to redetermine the matter: see Trinity Western University v.

British Columbia College ofTeachers, 2001 SCC 31, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 772, at paragraphs 41–44; Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. LeBon,2013 FCA 55, 444 N.R. 93, at paragraphs 13–14; D’Errico v. Canada (Attorney General), 2014 FCA 95, 459 N.R. 167, at paragraphs14–16; Sharif v. Canada (Attorney General), 2018 FCA 205, at paragraphs 54 and 59. [73] This Court has observed that, when granting relief of this nature, “the reviewing court acts in a practical sense as the merits-decider”: ‘Namgis First Nation v.

Canada (Fisheries and Oceans), 2019 FCA 149, at paragraph 6; see also Layden, at paragraph 10. Asput by the Federal Court, “this Court [can] accomplish indirectly what it is not authorized to do directly. It [can] compel the Board toreach a specific conclusion thereby, in effect, substituting its decision for that made by the Board”: Turanskaya v.

Canada (Minister ofCitizenship and Immigration) (1996), 111 F.T.R. 314, 1995 CarswellNat 1163 (WL) (T.D.), at paragraph 6, affirmed (1997), (FCA), 145 D.L.R. (4th) 259, 210 N.R. 235 (F.C.A). [74] As indicated above, this type of certiorari and mandamus relief (as well as other relief amounting to indirect substitution,discussed below) is sometimes referred to as a “directed verdict”, terminology employed by the application Judge here.

Strictly speaking,this terminology is incorrect; to avoid confusion, it would be better not to use it. “Directed verdict” is a criminal law, not anadministrative law, concept: see R. v. Rowbotham; R. v. Roblin, (SCC), [1994] 2 S.C.R. 463, at page 467, (1993), 168N.R. 220. However, the phrase can be understood to capture, among other things, a remedy of indirect substitution granted because thereis only one reasonable outcome. [75] A reviewing court may also achieve substitution indirectly through a declaration recognizing the parties’ rights.

This type ofindirect substitution also appears to be available when there is only one reasonable determination of the issue as to which a declaration isgranted. [76] The Supreme Court recognized that a declaration may have the effect of substitution in Kelso v. The Queen, (SCC), [1981] 1 S.C.R. 199, 120 D.L.R. (3d) 1, where the issue was whether Mr. Kelso was entitled to be reinstated to his formerposition in the public service.

In response to the argument that only the Public Service Commission, and not the Court, had authority tomake appointments, the Court observed (at page 210) that while it was “quite correct to state that the Court cannot actually appoint Mr.Kelso to the Public Service”, and “[t]he administrative act of appointment must be performed by the Commission”, the Court was

“entitled to ‘declare’ the respective legal rights of the appellant and the respondent.” The Court granted a declaration that “the appellant[was] entitled to remain in, or be reinstated to, [his] position ….” Glynos v. Canada, discussed above, is another example. [77] While Kelso and Glynos involved actions for a declaration, declarations amounting to substitution are also granted in the contextof applications for judicial review: see for example, Giguère v. Chambre des notaires du Québec, 2004 SCC 1, [2004] 1.

S.C.R. 3, inwhich the Court granted a declaration of entitlement to compensation that the Chambre had refused, and Gehl v. Canada (AttorneyGeneral), referred to above. [78] It is also possible that, in certain administrative proceedings, setting aside the decision under review without further relief will, ineffect, restore the parties to their positions prior to the decision. In these cases, merely setting aside the administrative decision mayindirectly substitute the reviewing court’s view: see Stetler v.

Ontario Flue-Cured Tobacco Growers’ Marketing Board, 2009 ONCA234, 311 D.L.R. (4th) 109, at paragraph 49; Retail, Wholesale Department Store Union v. Yorkton Cooperative Association, 2017 SKCA107, at para\graph 48; Telus Communications Inc. v. Telecommunications Workers Union, 2014 ABCA 199, 575 A.R. 325, at paragraphs35–36; Association des policiers provinciaux du Québec c. Sûreté du Québec, 2010 QCCA 2053, [2010] R.J.Q. 2322, at paragraphs 6and 73, leave to appeal refused, [2011] 2 S.C.R. v. [79] Indirect substitution is thus a recognized, albeit exceptional, power under the law of judicial review.

But that law also recognizesa power even of direct substitution, in which the court itself grants the relief sought from the administrative decision maker—again, inexceptional circumstances: see, for example, Renaud v. Quebec (Commission des affaires sociales), (SCC), [1999] 3S.C.R. 855, 184 D.L.R. (4th) 441, at paragraph 3; and Bessette v.

British Columbia (Attorney General), 2019 SCC 31, 433 D.L.R. (4th)631, at paragraph 94. [80] In her dissenting reasons in Giguère, Justice Deschamps set out as follows the circumstances in which a reviewing court maysubstitute its view for that of the administrative decision maker (at paragraph 66, citations omitted and emphasis added): A court of law may not substitute its decision for that of an administrative decision-maker lightly or arbitrarily. It must have seriousgrounds for doing so.

A court of law may render a decision on the merits if returning the case to the administrative tribunal would bepointless …. Such is also the case when, once an illegality has been corrected, the administrative decision-maker’s jurisdiction has nofoundation in law: […]. The courts may also intervene in cases where, in light of the circumstances and the evidence in the record, onlyone

interpretation or solution is possible, that is, where any other

interpretation or solution would be unreasonable: ….

It is also acceptedthat a case may not be sent back to the competent authority if it is no longer fit to act, such as in cases where there is a reasonableapprehension of bias…. [81] The premise of this statement appears to be that substitution in the limited circumstances that Justice Deschamps sets out doesnot intrude on the separation of powers between the judiciary and the executive, and does not undermine the reasons why decision-making authority is vested in administrative decision makers: see also Giguère, at paragraphs 67–69. [82] Though in dissent, Justice Deschamps’s statement as to the availability of substitution in cases in which the court concludes thatthere is only one reasonable outcome, so that returning the matter to the administrative decision maker would be pointless, has since beenaccepted and relied on in a number of cases, involving both direct and indirect substitution.

Her statement has also now been approvedand applied by a majority of the Supreme Court, though in a statutory appeal in which the court appealed to had a legislated power ofdirect substitution: Groia v. Law Society of Upper Canada, 2018 SCC 27, [2018] 1 S.C.R. 772, at paragraph 161. [83] This Court has in at least two cases engaged in direct substitution in reliance on Justice Deschamps’s reasons inGiguère—Canada v. Williams Lake Indian Band, 2016 FCA 63, 396 D.L.R. (4th) 164, reversed on other grounds, 2018 SCC 4, [2018] 1S.C.R. 83, and Canada (Attorney General) v. Bétournay, 2018 FCA 230, 48 Admin.

L.R. (6th) 71. These decisions appear to treat thefirst proposition in Rafuse and the statement in Jada Fishing as having been overtaken. [84] Williams Lake was an application for judicial review of a decision of the Specific Claims Tribunal under the Specific ClaimsTribunal Act, S.C. 2008, c. 22, and

section 28 of the Federal Courts Act. The Court concluded that only one result was possible, andtherefore (at paragraph 119) “dismiss[ed] the specific claim brought pursuant to paragraphs 14(1)(

b) and 14(1)(

c) of the Specific ClaimsTribunal Act.” In Bétournay, also an application for judicial review under

section 28 of the Federal Courts Act, this Court held (atparagraph 69) that although it is not generally appropriate for a reviewing court to substitute its decision for that of a tribunal, anexception to this principle exists where only one reasonable conclusion is available.

It then proceeded (at paragraph 70) to allow theapplication for judicial review, and “[m]aking the decision that the Board should have made, [to dismiss] the grievance [and] set asidethe order to reimburse the wages and benefits for the suspension period.” [85] Other appellate courts have also applied Justice Deschamps’s statement in the judicial review context: see, for example,Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform v. South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority, 2018 BCCA 344, 426 D.L.R. (4th)333, at paragraph 60; and Stetler v.

Ontario Flue-Cured Tobacco Growers’ Marketing Board, at paragraphs 42 and 49, referred to aboveas an example of indirect substitution through the portion of its order setting aside the administrative decision. In Stetler the OntarioCourt of Appeal, after invoking Giguère, also granted “for greater clarity” a declaration reinstating the quota that the Board had denied. [86] In this case, the application to the Minister was for a certificate of Canadian citizenship under subsection 12(1) of the CitizenshipAct. The application Judge did not grant that relief.

What he granted, having found that there was only one reasonab

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