ALMAN DOUKOURE Applicant v. THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP, 2020 FC 571

Date: 20200430 Docket: IMM-5027-19 Citation: 2020 FC 571 Ottawa, Ontario, April 30, 2020 PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Campbell BETWEEN: ALMAN DOUKOURE Applicant and THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION Respondent JUDGMENT AND REASONS [ 1 ] The present Application concerns a decision of the Immigration Division (ID) dated August 8, 2019, in which it found the Applicant criminally inadmissible under section 36(1) (

b) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act ( IRPA ). In the United States [US], the Applicant pled guilty to and was convicted under 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841 for transporting 1000 kg of cannabis. The issue on judicial review is whether the ID conducted a reasonable equivalency analysis of the relevant US and Canadian criminal provisions. I. The Relevant Criminal Provisions and the Legal Standard for Equivalency [ 2 ] The US criminal provisions read as follows: 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (

a) UNLAWFUL ACTS Except as authorized by this subchapter, it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally – (1) to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, or possess with intent to manufacture, distribute , or dispense, a controlled substance; or (2) to create, distribute , or dispense, or possess with intent to distribute or dispense, a counterfeit substance. (

b) PENALTIES Except as otherwise provided in

section 849, 859, 860, or 861 of this title, any person who violates subsection (

a) of this

section shall be sentenced as follows: (

B) In the case of a violation of subsection (

a) of this

section involving – (vii) 100 kilograms or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of marihuana, or 100 or more marihuana plants regardless of weight; or [Emphasis added] 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 Any person who attempts or conspires to commit any offense defined in this subchapter shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense, the commission of which was the object of the attempt or conspiracy. [ 3 ] The Canadian provisions in the Cannabis Act , S.C. 2018, c. 16 state: " Distribution " Distribution " " " 9

(1) Unless authorized under this Act, it is prohibited " " 9 (1) " " Sauf autorisation prévue sous le régime de la présente loi: " " " " (a) " " for an individual who is 18 years of age or older " "

a) il est interdit à tout individu âgé de dix- huit ans ou plus : " " (

i) to distribute cannabis of one or more classes of cannabis the total amount of which is equivalent, as determined in accordance with

Schedule 3, to more than 30 g of dried cannabis , " " (i) " " de distribuer une quantité totale de cannabis d’une ou de plusieurs catégories, équivalant, selon l’annexe 3, à plus de trente grammes de cannabis séché , " " (ii) to distribute cannabis to an individual who is under 18 years of age, " " (ii) " " de distribuer du cannabis à un individu âgé de moins de dix-huit ans, "

"(iii) to distribute cannabis to an organization,or " "(iii)"" de distribuer du cannabis à uneorganisation, ""(iv) to distribute cannabis that they know isillicit cannabis; " "(iv)"" de distribuer du cannabis, s’il saitqu’il s’agit de cannabis illicite; ""Possession for purpose of distributing " "Possession en vue de la distribution ""

(2) Unless authorized under this Act, it isprohibited to possess cannabis for thepurpose of distributing it contrary tosubsection (1). " "(2)"" Sauf autorisation prévue sous lerégime de la présente loi, il est interditd’avoir du cannabis en sa possession en vuede le distribuer d’une manière qui contrevientau paragraphe (1). ""Punishment " "Peine ""

(5) Subject to

section 51, every person thatcontravenes subsection (1) or (2) " "(5)""

Sous réserve de l’article 51, quiconquecontrevient aux paragraphes (1) ou (2)commet une infraction et encourt, surdéclaration de culpabilité : ""(

a) is guilty of an indictable offence and isliable " "a)"" par mise en accusation : " "(

i) in the case of an individual who is 18years of age or older, to imprisonment for aterm of not more than 14 years, " "(i)"" s’agissant d’un individu âgé de dix-huitans ou plus, un emprisonnement maximal dequatorze ans, ""(ii) in the case of a young person, to a youthsentence under the Youth Criminal JusticeAct, or " "(ii)"" s’agissant d’un jeune, une peinespécifique prévue sous le régime de la Loisur le système de justice pénale pour lesadolescents, ""(iii) in the case of an organization, to a finein an amount that is in the discretion of thecourt; or " "(iii)"" s’agissant d’une organisation, uneamende dont le montant est fixé par letribunal; ""(

b) is guilty of an offence punishable onsummary conviction and is liable " "b)"" par procédure

sommaire : " "(

i) in the case of an individual who is 18years of age or older who contravenes any ofsubparagraphs (1)(a)(i), (iii) and (iv) and (c)(

i) and (ii) — or subsection (2) other than bypossessing cannabis for the purpose ofdistributing it contrary to subparagraph (1)(a)(ii) — to a fine of not more than $5,000 orimprisonment for a term of not more than sixmonths, or to both, " "(i)"" s’agissant d’un individu âgé de dix-huitans ou plus, pour une contravention à l’un dessous-alinéas (1)a)(i), (iii) ou (iv) ou c)(

i) ou(ii) — ou au paragraphe (2) dans un autre casque la possession de cannabis en vue de ledistribuer d’une manière qui contrevient ausous-alinéa (1)a)(ii) — une amendemaximale de cinq mille dollars et unemprisonnement maximal de six mois, oul’une de ces peines ""(iii) in the case of a young person, to a youthsentence under the Youth Criminal JusticeAct, or " "(iii)"" s’agissant d’un jeune, une peinespécifique prévue sous le régime de la Loisur le système de justice pénale pour lesadolescents, " " ""(iv) in the case of an organization, to a fineof not more than $100,000.

" "(iv)"" s’agissant d’une organisation, uneamende maximale de cent mille dollars. ""[Emphasis Added] " "[non souligné dans l’original] " [4] In Hill v. Canada (Minister of Employment & Immigration), [1987] F.C.J. No. 47, 1 Imm.

L.R. (2d) 1 (FCA), the Federal Court ofAppeal states at paragraph 6 that an equivalency analysis is to be conducted in one of three ways: …first, by a comparison of the precise wording in each statute both through documents and, if available, through theevidence of an expert or experts in the foreign law and determining therefrom the essential ingredients of the respectiveoffences; two, by examining the evidence adduced before the adjudicator, both oral and documentary, to ascertain whetheror not that evidence was sufficient to establish that the essential ingredients of the offence in Canada had been proven in theforeign proceedings, whether precisely described in the initiating documents or in the statutory provisions in the same wordsor not; and three, by a combination of one and two. [Emphasis added] [5] In Li v.

Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration), (FCA), [1997] 1 F.C. 235 (FCA), the Federal Court ofAppeal states at paragraphs 17, 25, and 28: The purpose of the provision is obviously to exclude from Canada persons who have done things abroad, for which theyhave been convicted there, which Canada regards by its laws as constituting serious misconduct. […] As indicated earlier, in my view the purpose of subparagraph 19(2)(a.1)(

i) is to render inadmissible persons who have beenconvicted of acts abroad which, if committed in Canada, would be denounced by giving rise to liability for a prosecution by

way of indictment. What must be compared are the factual and legal criteria for establishing the offence both abroad and in Canada. […] A comparison of the "essential elements" of the respective offences requires a comparison of the

definitions of those offences including defences particular to those offences or those classes of offences. II. The Decision Under Review [ 6 ] In an oral decision delivered from the bench, the ID noted that the Applicant pled guilty to and was convicted under 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841, Conspiracy to Distribute and Possess with Intent to Distribute Marijuana. The ID went on to make the following findings of the key elements of the legislation in both countries: In my view, it is clear that the Minister’s representative has been able to demonstrate that there are reasonable grounds to believe the [sic] Mr.

Doukoure was convicted in the United States for the offence of conspiracy to distribute with intent to distribute marijuana. […] Distribution that includes transportation , if we follow that definition at paragraph 2(1) of the Cannabis Act is a crime in Canada now. If it falls under paragraph (1)(

a) related to more than 30 grams and we know that it was a big amount of drugs over 30 grams in the evidence . And if it’s distribution to a minor or to an organization or if you know it is illicit Cannabis. So if we go and compare at the Federal Court the ways to establish the equivalency and using the third [inaudible] comparing the wording and the facts, it is clear that the distribution, if organized the evidence shows it was organized in the United States would not be through legal channels in Canada. We are talking about illicit drugs mainly, more than just distribution to 18 or less than 18 .

That’s illicit drugs clearly and Mr. Doukoure should have known that in the United States . So also paragraph 36(1) (a) [sic] I do believe would apply. If ever I’m wrong on the first part, it would apply here. Both types of persecutions [sic] are deemed to be an indictable offence therefore liable for 13 years [sic] following paragraph 5 (a)(

i) of the Cannabis Act . This falls under serious criminality under paragraph 36(1) (

b) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act . [Emphasis added] [Decision at paras. 20, 40-49] III. Submissions on Judicial Review [ 7 ] The Applicant’s submissions may be paraphrased as follows: 1 . The ID erred in referring to the time that the Applicant was convicted in the US. The timing that is relevant to an equivalency analysis is the time of the inadmissibility hearing. 2 . The ID did not properly compare the " “essential elements” " of the US and Canadian criminal provisions. 3 .

If one criminal provision contains defences that the corresponding criminal provision does not, the laws will be said to be non- equivalent. 4 . Applying the rule of lenity to the Applicant, we must assume that he was not distributing cannabis to persons under 18 years of age, and thus would have been prosecuted summarily pursuant to

section 5 of the Cannabis Act . Therefore, the Applicant did not commit an offence that would be subject to a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years. 5 . The decision is unintelligible. [Applicant’s Further Memorandum at paras. 29-42] [ 8 ] The Respondent’s response is as follows: …The I.D. indicates that the evidence demonstrated that the guilty plea was for the distribution of illicit cannabis, and for a

very large quantity, much more than the 30 grams limit mentioned in the Cannabis Act . […] As long as the quantity is over 30 grams, or as long as it is illicit cannabis, the age of the individuals receiving the substance is not relevant at all for the conviction and neither is it for the equivalency. [Respondent’s Further Memorandum at paras. 51 and 57] IV. Conclusion [ 9 ] I agree with the Respondent’s analysis. [ 10 ] The ID’s decision, while not expressed with perfection, makes the critical findings in paragraphs 20 and 40-49 quoted in paragraph 6 of these reasons.

The Applicant pled guilty, and thus was convicted in the US of transporting more than 30 grams of cannabis, and of transporting cannabis he knew was illicit. It is clear that the subject matter of the conviction is contrary to section 9(1) (

a) of the Cannabis Act . In the result the ID found that transporting over 30 grams of illicit cannabis would be punishable for a term of up to 14 years under section 9(5) (

a) of the Cannabis Act . Therefore, the ID found that the Applicant was criminally inadmissible under section 36(1) (

b) of the IRPA . I find that the ID’s decision is defensible in respect of the facts and law, and, therefore, is reasonable. [ 11 ] As a result, the present Application is dismissed. JUDGMENT THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT is that the application for judicial review is dismissed. There is no question to certify. "Douglas R.

Campbell" Judge FEDERAL COURT SOLICITORS OF RECORD DOCKET: IMM-5027-19 STYLE OF CAUSE: ALMAN DOUKOURE v THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION MATTER HEARD IN WRITING CONSIDERED AT OTTAWA, ONTARIO PURSUANT TO THE PRACTICE DIRECTION AND ORDER (COVID-19) DATED MARCH 17, 2020 (UPDATED APRIL 4, 2020 AND APRIL 29, 2020) judgment and REASONS: CAMPBELL J. DATED: april 30, 2020 WRITTEN REPRESENTATIONS BY : Me Annabel E. Busbridge For The Applicant Me Jocelyne Murphy For The Respondent SOLICITORS OF RECORD :

Bertrand Deslauriers Attorneys Montréal, Quebec For The Applicant Attorney General of Canada Montréal, Quebec For The Respondent