Zwicker v. Richardson (Estate), 2018 NSSC 327

Supreme Court of Nova Scotia Citation: Zwicker v. Richardson (Estate) , 2018 NSSC 327 IN THE ESTATE OF SHIRLEY ELIZABETH RICHARDSON Date: 20181220 Docket: Probate 13412 Registry: Bridgewater Between: Judith Zwicker, in her Personal Capacity, and in her Capacity as Personal Representative of the Estate of Judith Stevens Applicants v. Linda Louise Herman, John David Herman and Tommy Dale Herman, in their Personal Capacities, and John David Herman and Tommy Dale Herman, as Personal Representatives of the Estate of Shirley Elizabeth Richardson Respondents Library Heading Judge: The Honourable Justice Pierre L.

Muise Heard: March 19 to 21, 2018, in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia Final Written Submissions: Received June 8, 2018 Written Decision: December 20, 2018 Subject: Estates – Probate Act - Passing of Interim Accounts – Management of Estates – Relief from Liability for Mismanagement – Personal Representative’s Commission – Proctor’s Account

Summary: Judith Stevens was the executrix of the Richardson Estate from February 2005 until she passed away in 2011. Judith Zwicker was appointed executrix in September 2011. The last real property of the Estate sold in October 2011. Ms. Zwicker liquidated all assets and sought to have the Estate finalized. Following the directions of the Proctor and accountants, she: organized the receipts and bank statements; placed all undistributed funds in non-interest bearing accounts; and, in 2012, applied for a clearance certificate. The Canada Revenue Agency provided it in 2013.

She then urged the Proctor, on multiple occasions, to finalize the accounts. The Proctor was unable to get the accounts to balance, even after receiving assistance from a retired registrar of probate. In May 2016 Ms. Zwicker complained to the Barristers Society that the Proctor was not responding to her requests to finalize the Estate. The Proctor withdrew. Ms. Zwicker was removed as personal representative on September 12, 2016. The within application was to pass the interim accounts up to that point. Issues:

(1) Are the interim accounts in balance and sufficiently supported by evidence?

(2) Did the Executrixes properly manage the Estate in the circumstances?

(3) What, if any, commission should the Stevens Estate and Ms. Zwicker receive?

(4) Which portion, if any, of the Proctor’s account for legal services should be allowed?

Result:

(1) The interim accounts are in balance and sufficiently supported by the evidence, except for: unsupported and unexplained expenditures during Ms. Stevens’ management of the Estate totalling $9,789.14; and, the $25.60 Ms. Zwicker owes the Estate to correct an error she made while depositing cash from sale of furnishings. Those amounts are to be paid to the Estate to complete the balancing.

(2) The sale of the real properties was rendered unusually difficult by their: condition; nature; occupants; being grossly overvalued by the deceased, Ms. Richardson, creating unrealistic expectations for the beneficiaries; and, being burdened by debts and judgments of Ms. Richardson’s husband, who predeceased her. In addition, the Proctor directed that all receipts and bank statements be sent to his office; but, some went missing, causing delay and inability to provide sufficient evidence supporting some expenses.

In the circumstances, the Executrixes generally managed the Estate properly, and in connection with any mismanagement, acted honestly and reasonably and ought fairly to be excused.

(3) The Stevens Estate is entitled to 2% of the $1,388,927.73 total value of the Estate, less any amounts to be paid to the Richardson Estate to account for unsupported and explained expenditures. Ms. Zwicker is entitled to 1.5% less the $25.60 owing to the Richardson Estate.

(4) Proctor’s fees totalling $7,677.15, inclusive of HST, plus disbursements of $18.87 would have been allowed. That amount was reduced by $4,789.14 due to expenses caused to the Stevens Estate by the lost receipts. That reduction is to be credited to the Stevens Estate. That results in it only owing the Richardson Estate $5,000, with the remaining amount being accounted for by the reduction in fees which would otherwise have been owed by the Estate. THIS INFORMATION SHEET DOES NOT FORM PART OF THE COURT'S DECISION. QUOTES MUST BE FROM THE DECISION, NOT THIS LIBRARY SHEET.

IN THE COURT OF PROBATE FOR NOVA SCOTIA Citation: Zwicker v. Richardson (Estate) , 2018 NSSC 327 IN THE ESTATE OF SHIRLEY ELIZABETH RICHARDSON Date: 20181220 Docket: Probate 13412 Registry: Bridgewater Between: Judith Zwicker, in her Personal Capacity, and in her Capacity as Personal Representative of the Estate of Judith Stevens Applicants v. Linda Louise Herman, John David Herman and Tommy Dale Herman, in their Personal Capacities, and John David Herman and Tommy Dale Herman, as Personal Representatives of the Estate of Shirley Elizabeth Richardson Respondents Judge: The Honourable Justice Pierre L.

Muise Heard: March 19 to 21, 2018, in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia Final Written Submissions: Received June 8, 2018

Counsel: Kathryn M. Dumke, Q.C., Counsel for the Estate of Judith Shirley Stevens and Judith Zwicker G . F. Philip Romney, Counsel for the Estate of Shirley Elizabeth Richardson, Linda Louise Herman, John David Herman and Tommy Dale Herman Richard Niedermayer, Counsel for David Hirtle INTRODUCTION [ 1 ] Shirley Richardson passed away on February 5, 2005. Her daughter, Judith Stevens administered the estate from February 22, 2005 to when she passed away in 2011. [ 2 ] Judith Zwicker was appointed to replace Ms. Stevens in September 2011.

Other than the sale of one last real property, which happened about 2 weeks later, all that remained to be done was the final accounting and distribution of the balance of the Estate. There were unsuccessful attempts at passing the final accounts. [ 3 ] Ms. Zwicker was removed as personal representative for the Estate of Shirley Richardson. The reason for removal was that potential claims against the Estate of Judith Stevens for alleged mishandling of the Richardson Estate put her in conflict of interest. That was because Ms. Zwicker is also the personal representative, as well as the sole beneficiary, of Ms.

Stevens’ Estate. [ 4 ] Ms. Zwicker was ordered to provide an accounting of the administration of the Richardson Estate up to the date of removal, September 12, 2016. [ 5 ] The within application is for the passing of those interim accounts. [ 6 ] It is contested by the Richardson Estate, its current personal representatives, John David Herman and Tommy Dale Herman, as well as by Linda Louise Herman, who is another daughter of the late Shirley Richardson and one of the main beneficiaries of her estate. [ 7 ] The contesting parties noted, prior to the proceeding, that Ms.

Zwicker had not succeeded in providing an interim accounting in which the figures presented balance. They now do not contest that point. However, in support of their position that the interim accounts presented should not be approved, they point to missing receipts, and allege discrepancies and missteps in the accounting. [ 8 ] They are of the view that it is futile to require a further accounting; and, suggest Ms. Zwicker should be discharged pursuant to

section 72 of the Probate Act of Nova Scotia without approval of the accounts and without receiving any executrix’s commission for herself or the Stevens Estate, because of the failure to provide a proper accounting and other alleged mishandling of the Estate. [ 9 ] They further request that the Richardson Estate be reimbursed all amounts in relation to which there are no or questionable receipts. [ 10 ] The Stevens Estate and Ms.

Zwicker acknowledge they are responsible for paying, to the Richardson Estate, those amounts shown as expenses incurred after the grant of probate for which they have been unable to produce receipts or provide an explanation. [ 11 ] They allege that negligence by the former proctor of the Richardson Estate, David Hirtle, resulted in loss of receipts and extreme delay in closing the Estate. They, and the contesting parties, are of the view that he should, therefore, not receive any legal fees for his services. [ 12 ] Mr.

Hirtle asks that his full legal services account be allowed, arguing that it is reasonable compensation for services rendered. [ 13 ] There is no dispute that the duties and responsibilities of the personal representative of an estate may be altered by provisions in a deceased person’s will. The Stevens Estate and Ms.

Zwicker point to provisions in the Will of Shirley Richardson as purportedly relieving them of responsibility for some of the alleged mishandling of the Richardson Estate. [ 14 ] It was agreed that, in determining this Application, I could examine the materials in the Probate File, except for the envelope with David Hirtle written on it. I have ignored that portion of the file. ISSUES [ 15 ] The issues raised in this application may be framed as follows. (

i) How should Shirley Richardson’s Will be interpreted and considered in the circumstances? (ii) Are the interim accounts in balance and sufficiently supported by evidence? (iii)Did the Executrixes properly manage the Estate in the circumstances? (iv) What, if any, commission should the Stevens Estate and Ms. Zwicker receive?

(

v) Which portion, if any, of Mr. Hirtle’s account for his legal services as Proctor of the Estate should be allowed? LAW AND ANALYSIS ISSUE 1: HOW SHOULD SHIRLEY RICHARDSON’S WILL BE INTERPRETED AND CONSIDERED IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES? [ 16 ] Our Court of Appeal, in Re Murray Estate , 2001 NSCA 25 , at paragraphs 18 to 23 , quoted with approval the following comments from the Saskatchewan Court of appeal: “Each Judge must endeavour to place himself in the position of the testator at the time when the last will and testament was made.

He should concentrate his thoughts on the circumstances which then existed and which might reasonably be expected to influence the testator in the disposition of his property. He must give due weight to these circumstances in so far as they bear on the intention of the testator. He should then study the whole contents of the will and after full consideration of all the provisions and language used therein, try to find what intention was in the mind of the testator.

When an opinion has been formed as to that intention, the Court should strive to give effect to it and should do so unless there is some rule or principle of law that prohibits it from doing so.” [ 17 ] Our Court of Appeal in that case made an obiter comment that the preferred approach was that the Judge should look at the surrounding circumstances from the beginning, and not only in situations where there was lack of clarity or ambiguity. I agree with that comment, as the surrounding circumstances inform the

interpretation of the intention expressed in the language used. Words that would be clear and unambiguous in certain circumstances, may not be in others. [ 18 ] Our Court of Appeal in Smithers v. Mitchell Estate , 2004 NSCA 149 , at paragraph 19 , emphasized the need to have regard to the whole of the clause in question, as well as to the will as a whole, and, if possible, to give effect to all of the will.

It added: “A fair and literal meaning should be given to the actual language of the will, the ordinary and grammatical sense of the words to be assigned unless the context otherwise dictates.” [ 19 ] Clauses 5, 6, 7, 9 and 12 of the Will of the late Shirley Elizabeth Richardson contain declarations, authorizations and directions relating to the management of her Estate by her personal representative. These provisions are to be considered in assessing the reasonableness of the steps taken by Ms. Stevens and Ms. Zwicker as personal representatives. [ 20 ] These clauses state the following: “5.

I DECLARE that from the date of my death all income from my estate whether accrued or accruing due at my death, but actually paid or received after my death, shall be treated and applied as income of the residue of my estate even if the property from which the income is derived is sold for payment of debts, succession duties, estate taxes, income or capital gains taxes or legacies, or for any other purpose and that property not producing income shall not be treated as producing income. 6.

I AUTHORIZE my Trustee to sell any real and personal property forming part of my estate at any price in any manner as she in her discretion deems advisable and to execute and deliver to the purchasers any deeds and other documents that in her opinion may be necessary. 7. I DIRECT that my Trustee in making investments shall not be restricted to investments in which trustees are authorized by law to invest trust funds, and I relieve and exonerate my Trustee from all liability and responsibility and for any loss which may be occasioned to my estate by reason of her so doing. …. 9.

I DIRECT that my Trustee have all the powers to deal with the assets of my estate which I would have if alive and competent and without restricting the generality of the foregoing and in addition to all other powers vested in Executors and Trustees by law or statute, my Trustee shall have and may from time to time exercise the following powers:

a) To grant options for not exceeding six months in respect of any real or personal property forming part of my estate;

b) To compromise, settle and adjust all claims or demands in favour of or against my estate upon such terms as she deems proper;

c) To postpone for a minimum period of time as she may consider advisable the conversion of all or any part of my estate held by her under the terms of this my Will;

d) To employ and pay for such professional and other assistance as in her discretion may be necessary or required in the discharge of her duties and to act on the opinion or advice of or information obtained from any lawyer, accountant, broker or other expert, but without obligation to act upon such opinion or advice, and to pay proper compensation for all such legal advice or assistance obtained. …. 12.

NOTWITHSTANDING any requirements in the Probate Act of Nova Scotia or any successor legislation to obtain approval of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia to mortgage real property forming part of my estate, my personal representative may mortgage the real property for the purpose of paying debts or to erect, repair, improve and complete buildings or improve lands for any other purpose that my personal representative in her absolute discretion deems beneficial to the estate.” [ 21 ] These clauses follow Clause 4 which provides for the distribution of the residue remaining after the debts, expenses, taxes, and duties related to the estate have been paid.

Clause 4 directs that the residue be divided into 18 shares to be distributed as follows: (i) 5 shares to each of Ms. Richardson’s two daughters, Ms. Herman and Ms. Stevens;

(ii) 3 shares to her granddaughter, Shelly Ann Barry; and, (iii)1 share to each of her other five grandchildren, Tommy Herman, John Herman, Todd Herman, Sherry Ann Rhodenizer and Angela Buckmaster. [ 22 ] Ms. Barry is the daughter of Ms. Stevens and the one who, after Ms. Richardson passed, agreed to stay at the Spectacle Lake Property, also known as the Rhodes Corner Property, to provide security, reduce insurance premiums and deter vandalism which had been occurring in the area. [ 23 ] Ms. Richardson made her will March 4, 2004. At that time, Ms.

Barry was staying with her at the Rhodes Corner Property so that she would not be alone. [ 24 ] Her will named Ms. Stevens as its sole executrix and trustee, without any alternate. Therefore, the provisions relating to management of the Estate were included expecting she would be the executrix. Ms. Richardson named her knowing, more likely than not, that she had no experience acting as an executrix and trustee. [ 25 ] In these circumstances, the provisions were, more likely than not, included, as they commonly are in such situations, to provide Ms.

Stevens additional flexibility in the management of the estate, and to provide some protection from liability for action or inaction in such management, even if the steps taken by her differ from those that might be taken by a more experienced executrix and trustee.

This is consistent with the principle and policy of not making the standard expected executrixes and trustees too onerous so that they will not be discouraged from accepting the position. [ 26 ] These provisions may be considered in determining whether the executrixes fulfilled their duties or should fairly be excused for any breach because they acted honestly and reasonably. [ 27 ] For that purpose, the following portions of the clauses in question are of significance. [ 28 ] Clause 5 includes a declaration that “property not producing income shall not be treated as producing income”. [ 29 ] In the context of Clause 5 standing alone, this portion of Clause 5 could be read as part of delineating which income is attributable to the residue.

However, in the context of the will as a whole, it is more reasonably read as a declaration in its own right. I say that because there are no bequests or devises under the will other than as part of the division of the residue remaining after estate debts, expenses, duties and taxes have been paid. [ 30 ] This declaration does not go so far as to relieve the testatrix of all responsibility to take reasonable measures to manage the estate assets so as to produce income.

However, it does indicate that the testator recognized that some of the estate assets, such as the real property not being rented, could not readily be converted to income-producing assets, and that it may be reasonable to keep those assets in a form and way which did not produce income. In that way, it provides greater flexibility to continue holding those assets in the same manner as they were being held prior to Ms. Richardson’s passing. [ 31 ] It is noteworthy that Ms. Richardson saw the Rhodes Corner Property as having a value at least approaching $940,000.

Considering that perspective, it is not unreasonable to conclude that she might not expect the property to be rented to produce income pending sale as that would create a risk of damage and deterioration, as occurred in one of the properties she inherited from her husband. I say that because of Ms. Richardson’s perspective. There is evidence from Ms. Zwicker that the house was not rentable because of rot damage discovered after Ms. Richardson’s passing. [ 32 ] Clause 6 authorizes the executrix to sell the real and personal property at the price and in the way she deems advisable.

It does not require her to obtain any appraisal or advice, nor to be guided by or follow any such appraisal or advice. [ 33 ] Clause 7 allows the executrix to make investments in ways other than those imposed by law in relation to trust funds, and relieves and exonerates her “from all liability and responsibility and for any loss which may be occasioned to [the] estate by reason of her so doing”. It does not require her to seek investment advice. The provision for relief and exoneration recognizes that Ms. Stevens was not an experienced executrix, nor a sophisticated investor. [ 34 ] Clause 9(

c) recognizes that it may be advisable to postpone conversion of some or all of the Estate and gives the executrix the power to do so. However, it highlights that such postponement must only be for the minimum period of time the executrix deems advisable. [ 35 ] Clause 9(

d) empowers the executrix to hire and pay professionals such as lawyers and accountants, and to act on, or decide not to act on, their opinion or advice. [ 36 ] The main purpose of Clause 12 is to permit the executrix to mortgage real property without obtaining court approval. That is not directly relevant to the circumstances of the case at hand. However, the listed approved purposes for such a mortgage do inform the assessment of the actions of the executrixes in the case at hand. They include repair and improvement of buildings or improvement of lands.

There is evidence that the Rhodes Corner Property had significant leakage and rot issues and that significant funds were expended to repair and improve the house on it, as well as the surrounding land. Clause 12 is indicative of the testatrix’s recognition that such repairs and improvements may reasonably be required. Its inclusion could reasonably have been considered by the executrixes in determining whether to effect such repairs and improvements. ISSUE 2: ARE THE INTERIM ACCOUNTS IN BALANCE AND SUFFICIENTLY SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE? [ 37 ] Ms.

Zwicker had, on November 21, 2011, from her personal account, paid three estate bills totaling $104.70. She did so because she could not readily access the Estate Account at the time. To compensate for that, she deposited only a portion of the money she received from the sale of estate furnishings into the Estate Account. She erroneously deposited only $209.70, instead of the $235.30

she should have deposited. That error occurred because she mistakenly paid the power bill in the amount of $25.60 twice. At the hearing, she recognized that she ought to have deposited an additional $25.60 into the Estate Account, and agreed to do so. [ 38 ] With those additional funds added to the figures in the Account

Summary, it brings the Estate Account balance to $234,603.01. That is the exact amount remaining for distribution after deducting the partial distributions totalling $450,000, and estate expenses, from the total value of the estate. [ 39 ] Therefore, a balanced accounting is obtained by Ms. Zwicker paying to the Estate the $25.60 she owes it. [ 40 ] To calculate the balance remaining for payment of the new executors’ commissions and for distribution, I must first determine the appropriate executrixes’ commissions and which, if any, portion of the proctor’s account will be allowed. [ 41 ] However, before doing so, I will assess, under this

section of my decision, whether the figures in the accounting are sufficiently supported by evidence; and, under the following section, whether the estate was managed in a reasonable manner such that the expenditures ought to be approved. [ 42 ] Under this

section I will address the missing receipts, as well as the alleged discrepancies and missteps in the accounting. Missing Receipts Expense / Payment Receipts [ 43 ] The accounting contains entries, both on the income side and on the expenses side, with no supporting receipts or other transaction documentation apart from banking statements. [ 44 ] The Executrixes properly acknowledge that they are required to replace monies indicated as expenditures if unable to provide a sufficient explanation.

They further acknowledge that they have been unable to explain expenses totaling $1999.40 because of the lack of supporting documentation and, in relation to one expenditure at Canadian Tire, an illegible receipt. [ 45 ] Two of those expenditures, which total $1290.67, appear as items paid February 15, 2005 from the account used by Ms. Richardson while living. [Supporting Documentation of Account of Personal Representative, Volume I, page 127.] That was after Ms. Richardson’s passing, but before probate was granted on February 22, 2005.

The evidence does not establish who caused those amounts to be paid from the account, nor what they were for. Therefore, I agree with the Executrixes that they are not responsible for replacing those unknown expenditures made prior to their appointment as personal representatives. [ 46 ] The same banking statement shows two cheques written on the same account, on February 23 and 24, 2005 respectively, totalling $354.21. The Executrixes argue that, since that was immediately following the granting of probate, they should also be excused from having to reimburse those amounts.

The argument implies that those cheques would not have been written by Ms. Stevens post- grant of probate because there would not be sufficient time to process them. [ 47 ] I reject this argument for the following reasons. [ 48 ] The same banking statement shows another cheque processed on February 24, 2005 in the amount of $161.70. The supporting documentation shows that expenditure is comprised of sewer and water bills from the Town of Lunenburg. They are stamped “PAID” with an accompanying date. The quality of the stamp or photocopying makes it difficult to read the second number representing the day.

However, it appears to have been stamped paid February 22, 2005. Since the due dates for the bills were January 31 and February 28, 2005, they are bills which one could reasonably expect Ms. Stevens, as the then executrix, to have paid immediately upon receiving the grant of probate. [ 49 ] Since that cheque appeared on the bank statement on February 24, the other cheque appearing on February 24 could just as easily have been written by Ms. Stevens in her capacity as executrix.

Similarly, a cheque written on February 22, could show up in the bank statement as having been processed on February 23. [ 50 ] In addition, the same banking statement shows a debit adjustment of $15,880 on February 22, 2005, with the same amount showing as a credit adjustment on February 24, 2005. Ms. Zwicker did not have an explanation for those transactions. She speculated that the amount may have been taken to pay probate taxes and then reversed when it was discovered that there were not sufficient funds in the account.

In the circumstances, the most reasonable inference to be drawn from those transactions is that Ms. Stevens commenced dealing with the account immediately upon receiving a grant of probate, on February 22, 2005. [ 51 ] Consequently, the Estate of Ms. Stevens is responsible for reimbursing that $354.21 to the Estate of Ms. Richardson. [ 52 ] The Executrixes concede responsibility to reimburse the other unknown and unexplained purchases, payments and cheques totaling $354.52.

They are comprised of: - an unknown purchase at Canadian tire on June 24, 2005 in the amount of $121.80 (receipt not legible) - an unknown purchase on July 22, 2005 in the amount of $67.00 - an unknown payment on October 11, 2005 in the amount of $124.68 - an unknown cheque dated July 3, 2007 in the amount of $41.04 (image not available) [ 53 ] All of these expenditures were made before Ms. Zwicker received the Grant of Probate of Unadministered Property issued September 14, 2011. As such, the Estate of Ms. Stevens is responsible to reimburse them.

[ 54 ] Consequently, the Estate of Ms. Stevens is required to reimburse the Estate of Ms. Richardson a total of $708.73 in relation to these unexplained expenses. (That may be deducted from any executrix’s commission the Stevens Estate may be entitled to.) [ 55 ] The Bank Account Statements, at page 20, show that a cheque in the amount of $4080.41 was processed on May 9, 2006. There is no accompanying copy of the processed cheque.

Schedule E to the

Summary of the Accounting notes that as being a payment to the Receiver General for income tax. [ 56 ] Ms. Zwicker was asked about that cheque and stated that it was to pay income tax for the Estate. The only reason she gave for knowing that was that it was to the Receiver General.

However, the banking statement does not indicate that, and there is no copy of the cheque, nor any receipt confirming who it was paid to. [ 57 ] The Notice of Assessment for Shirley Richardson for the 2005 tax year, issued June 30, 2006, states that Revenue Canada has transferred $385,490.20 from the taxpayer’s 2006 instalment account, bringing the account balance to zero. [ 58 ] The Bank Account Statements, at page 20, also show that a cheque in the amount of $385,490.20 was processed on May 1, 2006. A copy of the processed cheque is located at page 352 of Volume II of the Supporting Documentation.

It shows that cheque as having been written April 28, 2006, and paid to the order of the Receiver General. [ 59 ] This demonstrates that, more likely than not, no amounts were paid to the Receiver General, in 2006, prior to June 30, other than the $385,490.20. Therefore, the Applicants have failed to establish that the $4080.41 cheque processed May 9, 2006 was paid to the Receiver General for income tax. [ 60 ] Therefore, the Estate of Ms. Stevens must also reimburse the Estate of Ms. Richardson for that unsupported $4080.41 expense. (That may also be deducted from any commission the Estate of Ms.

Stevens may be entitled to.) [ 61 ] This conclusion is not based on any negative assessment in relation to Ms. Zwicker’s credibility. I found her to be a very credible witness who did her absolute best to relate the facts as clearly, completely and accurately as she could. I also accept that Ms. Zwicker and Ms. Stevens fulfilled their role as executrixes with integrity and honesty. They did what they saw as fair, just and reasonable at the time.

Therefore, it is likely that the $4080.41 was spent on what was considered to be an appropriate estate expense. [ 62 ] However, likely due to the passage of time, and the fact that many receipts have gone missing, Ms. Zwicker has been placed in the unenviable position of trying to recall and piece together the many estate expenses incurred from 2005 to 2011. This particular cheque was processed almost 12 years before Ms. Zwicker testified. Understandably, in the circumstances, Ms.

Zwicker does not have a clear recollection of what the cheque was for. [ 63 ] I will deal later with the $5,000 cash withdrawal initially attributed to having been used to pay a deposit to Melvin Verge for roofing work. That will be dealt with under the heading “Payments to Melvin Verge for Roofing”. [ 64 ] There are also other expenditures with no receipts. [ 65 ] S. 59(2) of the Probate Court Practice, Procedure and Forms Regulations , N.S.

Reg. 119/2001, gives the Court, on passing of accounts, discretion to “allow any item of expenditure or distribution without the production of a voucher, receipt or release, upon the filing of an affidavit in support of the expenditure or distribution”. [ 66 ] Ms. Zwicker provided affidavit and oral evidence explaining the other expenditures with no receipts. [ 67 ] The Banking Statements indicate that a cheque in the amount of $140 was processed on July 25, 2011, and another, in the same amount, was processed on August 25, 2011. Ms.

Zwicker attributed those to being payments to George Fisher for mowing the Rhodes Corner Property. [ 68 ] An earlier bank entry shows a cheque in the amount of $210 having been processed on July 4, 2011, also being attributed to a payment to George Fisher for mowing. [ 69 ] There is a receipt at page 682 of Volume II of the Supporting Documentation, from Fisher’s Chores and More, acknowledging receipt of: $210 for mowing June 4, June 17 and July 11; and, $140 for mowing July 13 and 23.

There is a handwritten note on the page on which that receipt is photocopied circling the $140 and including the notation “paid in August month”. [ 70 ] I also note that there is an image of a cheque dated July 1, 2011 to George Fisher in the amount of $210. The cheque indicates that it is for “mowing lawn”. There is also an image of a cheque dated August 21, 2011, to George Fisher in the amount of $140. It does not note the reason for the cheque. [ 71 ] It would not make sense that Mr.

Fisher would be paid, on July 1, for mowing completed that day and in June, and wait until August 21 for a cheque to pay him for mowing on July 13 and July 23. [ 72 ] More likely than not, the July 25, 2011 processing of a $140 cheque was in relation to the cheque given to Mr. Fisher for mowing on July 13 and July 23. I reach that conclusion even though there is no image of that cheque. [ 73 ] The receipt at page 682 reveals that Mr. Fisher was paid $70 per mow. There were 2 mows in July. It is reasonable to anticipate that there would also be two mows in August.

The image of the August cheque reflects payment for two mows. [ 74 ] Therefore, I find that the after-the-fact handwritten note is inaccurate. That $140 was paid in July, not August. [ 75 ] Despite the lack of receipt for the August payment, the image of the cashed cheque has been presented. That documentation is sufficient.

[ 76 ] The banking statements show cheque #233 in the amount of $25 having been processed on September 2, 2011. That cheque was noted as being a cheque to Ricky Weagle for cleaning up in preparation for a showing, and as being without a receipt. However, an image of the processed cheque shows that it was written on July 4, 2011, to Ricky Weagle, with a notation that it was for “cleanup for showing”. That evidence would have been sufficient. However, I note that there is also a receipt at page 682 of Volume II, dated September 2011, which shows that Mr.

Weagle acknowledged receipt of cheque # 233, in the amount of $25, for “cleanup for showing”. [ 77 ] The Banking Statements show a cheque in the amount of $138 debited from the Estate Account on August 16, 2011. Ms. Zwicker, in the

Summary, attributed that to paying the Waterman for maintenance of the water softener which was installed May 20, 2005. She indicated that the receipt for that was one that went missing after being given to Mr. Hirtle. In addition, there is no image of the processed cheque. However, she knows that it was for maintenance of the water conditioning system, and Ms. Stevens did not have a water softener. [ 78 ] That expenditure was much more recent than the 2005 cash withdrawals. Therefore, the passage of time creates less of a reliability concern. The service and the payment for it occurred shortly before Ms.

Zwicker was appointed personal representative of the Estate in September 2011. To her, that was a significant occurrence in the administration of the Estate. It would provide reason for the events surrounding or leading up to it to become fixed in her mind. As indicated, I have found her to be a credible witness. [ 79 ] Therefore, I accept her evidence that the $138 cheque processed August 16, 2011, was a payment to the Waterman for maintenance of the water softener at the Rhodes Corner Property. I allow the expense despite the receipt having been lost at some point after being delivered to Mr.

Hirtle. [ 80 ] The Bank Account Statements show a cheque in the amount of $53.03 having been processed on August 15, 2011. There is no corresponding image of the cheque or receipt. Ms. Zwicker has attributed that cheque to being a Nova Scotia Power payment. [ 81 ] Looking at the history of Nova Scotia Power payments supports that. The bimonthly payments to Nova Scotia Power preceding it that year, which are supported by receipts, include the following: $110.69 on February 11, 2011; $102.94 on April 13, 2011; and, $69.36 on June 9, 2011.

So, the August 15, 2011 payment is roughly consistent with the timing of Nova Scotia Power bills coming due. The amounts from February 11 to June 9 are steadily decreasing, indicating a lower power consumption as the weather warms. Given that the payment would be for the two months preceding the payment due date, it makes sense that the August 15 payment would be still lower than the June 9 payment. Therefore, the $53.03 payment is consistent with what one would expect. It was shortly before Ms.

Zwicker took over as personal representative, creating more of a reason for her to recollect what it was for. [ 82 ] Therefore, I accept Ms. Zwicker’s evidence regarding that amount being a Nova Scotia Power payment for the Estate, and allow the expense even though the receipt has been lost. [ 83 ] There are also payments for heating fuel without receipts. There is one dated March 13, 2007 to South Shore Fuels, and one dated March 17, 2009 to Wilson’s Fuels (which Ms. Zwicker explained was the same business as South Shore Fuels). Both are supported by images of cheques processed through the Estate Account.

Since I have accepted that Ms. Stevens and Ms. Zwicker administered the estate honestly and with integrity, I find that those amounts were legitimate estate expenses and approve them accordingly, despite the absence of receipts. [ 84 ] Counsel for the contesting parties, in cross-examination of Ms. Zwicker, pointed to the $1544.31 cash withdrawal on March 3, 2005 shown in the Bank Account Statements, at page 2, and asked her where that money went. She was unable to explain it on cross- examination, stating she was looking to see where it went.

However, on redirect examination her attention was brought to page 4 of the Bank Account Statements, which shows a deposit in the amount of $1544.31 to open the Estate Account. It was clear that the cash withdrawal was to close the account referred to at page 2. It was in the personal names of Thomas Richardson and Judith Stevens (who had Shirley Richardson’s power of attorney at the time the account was opened). The withdrawal brought the account balance to zero and the full amount was transferred to the newly opened Estate Account.

Reliance on Sharron Atton’s Accounting and Banking Statements [ 85 ] Since various documents delivered to Mr. Hirtle’s office have gone missing, Ms. Zwicker has had to rely on other sources of information to compile the accounting. Part of that information came from the accounting prepared by Sharon Atton. She indicated she decided to use it because she trusted Ms. Atton’s work. [ 86 ] Given that Ms. Atton was a retired registrar of probate, it was reasonable for Ms. Zwicker to trust her work. In the circumstances, I accept figures derived from the accounting of Ms. Atton.

They include the following. [ 87 ] The estate auction inventory went missing. Ms. Zwicker testified that Mr. Hirtle lost it. Therefore, she used the amount of auction proceeds referenced in the Atton Accounting. That amount was $8500 and is reflected in the account filed with the Probate Court May 11, 2015. To that $8500, she has added $1518.74, which is the total of the receipts for items sold outside the main estate auction. That resulted in a total receipt for household furnishings of $10,018.74.

Thus, there was an adjustment in the amount of $2018.74 to the original inventory value of $8000. (I will discuss later the impact of some of the items having been purchased from estate funds following Ms. Richardson’s death.) [ 88 ] The statements regarding income on RBC GIC’s went missing. Therefore, she used the following GIC income figures from Ms. Atton’s accounting: January 16, 2007, $218.22; March 15, 2007, $136.92; and, April 30, 2007, $254.36. A portion of the accounting was entered as Exhibit 10. The full accounting had been sent to Mr. Hirtle.

However, The Applicants have only been able to obtain part of it. [ 89 ] The GIC redemption amounts for those dates are shown in the bank statements. The Atton Accounting was only used to determine the income portion. [ 90 ] Page 63 of the Bank Account Statements shows a branch to branch deposit of $5179.54 on November 27, 2007. Though the

supporting documentation has gone missing, it was indicated that the Atton Accounting identified it as being an income tax refund from Revenue Canada. [ 91 ] Since the amount coming into the estate is reflected in the banking statements, identifying its source is not essential.

It merely adds clarity. [ 92 ] However, I will also make some comment in relation to other incoming amounts as provided and characterized by the Applicants. [ 93 ] The interest earned on RBC Investment Account 681-2262118 was calculated by taking the net value of the account when it was liquidated on December 13, 2005 and subtracting the total value of the account on October 31, 2005 (ie. the value used for the addition of that account to the inventory). That was $86,889.49 less $85,036.30, resulting in an income amount of $1,853.19. However,

Schedule B to the

Summary shows income of $1,853.42 (ie. $0.23 too high). [ 94 ] Exhibit 6 shows that, on October 31, 2005, there was also a cash balance of $4520.44. Adding that amount produces a total of $91,409.93. That is $70.30 less than the $91,480.23 shown at Page 14 of the Bank Account Statements as having been deposited into the Estate Account. [ 95 ] The Applicants erroneously used $91,480 as the deposit amount to calculate the difference, arriving at a difference of $70.07. It treated that amount as income on the cash portion of the account. More likely than not, that is what it was.

However, that calculated income is $0.23 less than what it should have been. That counterbalances the error in the calculation of the income on the sale of shares. Thus, the accounting still balances. [ 96 ] Ms. Zwicker’s testimony, with the explanatory comments of counsel, explained how income amounts were calculated from documents forming part of the exhibits. Those calculations were accurate. [ 97 ] Other amounts were shown as income from unknown sources because they were deposited into the Estate Account, despite the absence of documentation confirming their source.

In the circumstances, that was the only practical and reasonable approach to take. Discrepancies Real Property Disposition Related Expenses [ 98 ] The Executrixes sold the following three real properties: 958 Blue Rocks Road (Garden Lots); 1380 Blue Rocks Road (Blue Rocks); and, 12072 Hwy 3, Rhodes Corner (Rhodes Corner). In relation to all three of these properties they showed the legal fees and real estate commission balance as having been paid out of the estate bank account at RBC. In relation to Garden Lots, they also showed a payment made on closing to the Municipality of Lunenburg.

In relation to Rhodes Corner, they also showed amounts paid to Sharron Atton for preparation of the estate accounting. [ 99 ] The Contesting Parties correctly point out that these amounts are shown on the trust account statements of the lawyer who handled the property transactions, David Hirtle, as having been paid out of his trust account. [ 100 ] That may cause some confusion in deciphering the accounting.

However, it does not result in double claiming of the same expenses for the following reason. [ 101 ] The inventory, and the adjustments to it, related to the real property, show the value received by the Estate as the full amounts received by Mr. Hirtle from the lawyers representing the purchasers. They do not use the net amounts received by the Estate from Mr. Hirtle after deduction of disposition costs and other expenditures. Therefore, they needed to show those expenditures somewhere. They chose to do so within the Estate Account even though the monies were actually paid through Mr.

Hirtle’s trust account. [ 102 ] They used the Trust Account Statements to obtain the exact figures for those expenses. That became a convenient and, to some extent, necessary approach because, as will be discussed further later, much documentation has gone missing and the Executrixes, despite having requested Mr. Hirtle’s complete file from him and from the current personal representatives, have not been able to obtain it. [ 103 ] The net amounts from Garden Lots and Blue Rocks were deposited in the Estate Account on the day of closing.

The Contesting Parties raise a concern that the banking statements did not show a similar deposit of the net amount from the Rhodes Corner sale on the day of closing. [ 104 ] That net amount was $225,385.86. Ms. Zwicker purchased two RBC GIC’s directly with the trust cheque received from Mr. Hirtle. One was in the amount of $100,000 and the other in the amount of $125,385.86. They were cashed in on May 31, 2012, and deposited, together with accrued interest, into the Estate Account which resulted in a total deposit of $226,565.83.

She put that money into the account so that there would be funds available to pay any amounts that may be owing to Revenue Canada. At that point, she was anticipating a rapid closing. The two GIC redemptions totaling that amount are shown in the Bank Account Statements at page 186. [ 105 ] Therefore, the net proceeds of the Rhodes Corner sale are properly accounted for and explained.

Real Property Purchase Deposits [ 106 ] A related objection raised by the Contesting Parties is that the inventory and the adjustments to it do not include the deposits for the purchases of the real properties. [ 107 ] The Executrixes explained the exclusion of those deposits as follows.

[ 108 ] They were only able to obtain information in relation to the deposit for Rhodes Corner, which was $5000. Their attempts to obtain, from Mr. Hirtle and Counsel for the current executors, the statements of adjustments for the real property sales have been unsuccessful. To remain consistent in the accounting approach they excluded the deposits for all properties. Their exclusion does not affect the final accounting for the purposes of distribution.

At worst it might decrease the total value of the inventory, which could only result in reducing the commission amount payable to them. [ 109 ] I agree that, in the circumstances, given that the deposit information was withheld from them, this was the most reasonable and practical approach. [ 110 ] Since there were real estate commission amounts remaining payable in relation to all three properties, more likely than not, any deposits went towards real estate commission. The Executrixes have only claimed as expenses the amounts paid for the balances owing in real estate commission.

Therefore, the exclusion of the deposit amounts does not result in any net asset to the estate being omitted; and, does not affect the accounting for the purposes of final distribution in any way that is a prejudicial to the beneficiaries. [ 111 ] However, I note that the statements of adjustments for the Blue Rocks Property and the Garden Lots Property were included in the documents filed in the Probate Court on May 11, 2015, in support of the accounting filed that day.

They showed deposits of $500 and $1000 respectively. [ 112 ] Those amounts could, in addition to the $5000 deposit for the Rhodes Corner Property, be added to the value of estate assets managed (after deducting the portion of the $2018.74 extra received from sale of household items that arose from after-purchased items) to determine an appropriate commission. However, the Applicants have not asked that any commission be based on an estate value higher than that advanced in their accounting.

So, the estate value shown in the existing accounting will serve as the base for any executrix’s commission that may be payable. Payments to Melvin Verge for Roofing [ 113 ] There was a cash withdrawal from Ms. Richardson’s bank account on March 3, 2005 in the amount of $5000. Ms. Zwicker deposed that it was used to pay Melvin Verge for roof work on the Spectacle Lake Property (also known as Rhodes Corner). The Contesting Parties argue that, considering the other evidence relating to the roofing work, it has not been established that the $5000 withdrawn in March was used to pay Mr.

Verge. [ 114 ] At the hearing, Ms. Zwicker testified that she then recalled that the $5000 withdrawn on that day was used to pay for the removal of the pine trees. She said that Ms. Stevens had initially planned to use it for the roof. However, she decided it would make more sense to have the trees removed first to eliminate the danger of them falling and the damage caused by shedding needles. The contesting parties did not address that revised evidence. Therefore, prior to dealing with it, I will deal with their argument regarding it not making sense that the $5000 would have been used to pay Mr.

Verge. [ 115 ] Mr. Verge signed an acknowledgement of receipt of funds in relation to having worked on the roof of the property of the Richardson Estate. That acknowledgement was attached as exhibit A to Ms. Zwicker’s affidavit filed August 30, 2017. It notes that, on September 25, 2005, he received the sum of $3500 to start the job of shingling the roof. He provided receipts for work done. In addition to the shingling, it included removal of the old shingles from the property and building a new dome on one end. He indicated he also purchased some materials.

He said it took over a month to finish the job as he only worked part days. To his recollection, it seemed right that he had received $7000. [ 116 ] The transaction record, bank draft purchaser’s receipt, and Nauss Brothers Limited invoices at pages 262 to 264, and 273, of the

Schedule E Supporting Documents, Volume I, show the Estate paid a total of $5045.37 for roofing and roof repair related materials with a delivery date of August 20, 2005. That included 150 bundles of shingles. [ 117 ] It does not appear likely that the Estate would have paid Mr. Verge $5000 in March when the materials were only to be delivered in late August. [ 118 ] The same volume of supporting materials, at pages 274, 278, 281 and 288, show a total of $7000 as having been withdrawn and paid for roofing labour.

The withdrawals were as follows: $3500 on August 25, 2005; $800 on September 26, 2005; two withdrawals of $800 each on September 28, 2005; and a withdrawal of $1100 in October 21, 2005. It was explained that the three rapid withdrawals of $800 each were because the account only permitted bankcard withdrawals of up to that amount. [ 119 ] That total and the timing of the withdrawals is consistent with: Mr. Verge’s acknowledgement of having received $3500 on September 25; having received $7000 in all; and, the explanation of Ms.

Zwicker that the funds were withdrawn to have cash on hand to pay for labour over a period of time. [ 120 ] The March withdrawal in the amount of $5000 is not consistent with those points, nor with the delivery date for the roofing materials. [ 121 ] Cancelled cheques at pages 337 and 414 show payments to Mr. Verge of $265 and $285 on April 17, 2006 and November 20, 2006 respectively, for other services rendered to the estate long after the roofing job was completed. They are separate and apart from the main roofing job.

They do not assist in determining purpose of the $5000 withdrawal in March. [ 122 ] Considering these points, that $5000 withdrawal was, more likely than not, for something other than to pay Mr. Verge for the roofing. [ 123 ] As previously indicated, this conclusion is not based on any negative assessment in relation to Ms. Zwicker’s credibility. [ 124 ] This particular withdrawal was some 13 years ago. Understandably, in the circumstances, Ms. Zwicker does not have a clear recollection of what the money was used for, since it was so close to the roofing job, she initially concluded that it had been taken out for

that job. [ 125 ] By the time of hearing, she realized that did not make sense. At that point, she said she recalled the $5000 was used to take down the trees. [ 126 ] The passage of time made her affidavit evidence that it was used to pay in advance to Mr. Verge unreliable. The same passage of time similarly affects the reliability of her evidence regarding it being used to remove the trees. [ 127 ]

Schedule E to the Account

Summary, and corresponding supporting documentation at pages 194 and 195, of Volume 1, shows a cash withdrawal on June 21, 2005, in the amount of $2200, and a receipt from Raymond Zwicker stating that he was paid $2109 for cutting and removing trees from the property. There is a handwritten note on the bottom of that receipt indicating that the remaining $91 was given to Ms. Zwicker for travel expenses (ie. money to reimburse her for her motor vehicle fuel expense related to travel for the Estate).

The receipt shows a total of 152 hours was spent on the project and $130 was charged for moving the tractor used, and fuel for the tractor and four-wheeler. [ 128 ] That appears to be a more reasonable amount for cutting and removing the trees, and the time spent appears reasonable.

There is no evidence suggesting that it would make sense that the $5000 withdrawn in March was also used for tree cutting and removal. [ 129 ] Therefore, I cannot accept her evidence that the $5000 was used for that purpose. [ 130 ] Unfortunately, despite the honesty and integrity with which they managed the Estate, she is now left unable to explain what was done with that $5000. Consequently, the Stevens Estate will be required to reimburse that $5000 to the Richardson Estate. Missteps Loan to Ms. Stevens [ 131 ] It was alleged that, on April 25, 2005, Ms.

Stevens used funds from the Richardson Estate to pay off her personal loan in the amount of $24,837.55; then repaid it on June 5, 2009, with interest of $4747.54. If it had occurred in that fashion it would have constituted a breach of trust. [ 132 ] The evidence of Ms. Zwicker explained the loan situation as follows. The loan paid out was a loan taken out by Ms. Richardson during her lifetime, for the benefit of Ms. Stevens. $24,837.55 was paid to TD Canada Trust on April 25, 2005, using an estate cheque, to pay out the loan in Ms. Richardson’s name. [ 133 ] Since the loan in Ms.

Richardson’s name was taken out to provide funds to Ms. Stevens, it left Ms. Stevens owing Ms. Richardson’s estate the amount of funds advanced to her. Though she did not repay it immediately. She added interest to account for that delay. [ 134 ] In earlier attempts at closing the Estate, Ms. Zwicker provided the Registrar of Probate with a chart showing how the loan interest was calculated from September 1, 2005 to April 25, 2009. The interest rate was based upon TD Canada Trust’s prime lending rate, even though the loan taken out by Ms. Richardson had been based upon its prime rate less 0.5%.

In other words, Ms. Stevens paid more interest than what Ms. Richardson would have had to pay to TD Canada Trust. [ 135 ] The rates used fluctuate from a high of 6.25% in 2007 to a low of 2.25% in 2009. [ 136 ] In my view, that was a fair and reasonable approach to take in the circumstances. It did not prejudice the Estate. It also did not involve a breach of trust as the monies had already been advanced to Ms. Stevens while she was not the trustee of Ms. Richardson’s Estate.

Payout of Debt of Thomas Richardson [ 137 ] An objection was raised to the Estate having, on April 11, 2005, paid out a loan in the name of Thomas Richardson in the amount of $25,132.21, without a satisfactory explanation. [ 138 ] Thomas Richardson was Ms. Richardson’s husband. He predeceased her. Ms. Richardson was the executrix and, because she survived him, sole beneficiary of his estate. That included a devise of real property in Blue Rocks. That property was in Shirley Richardson’s estate after her passing. She was the personal representative and sole beneficiary of his estate.

Since she, and ultimately her estate, benefitted from receiving the assets of Thomas Richardson’s Estate, she and her estate were responsible for ensuring his debts were paid. [ 139 ] Mr. Hirtle also deposed that there was a judgment registered against Thomas Richardson which had to be released to permit the sale of the property that had come into the Shirley Richardson Estate. He further testified that Thomas Richardson had been co-owner of the Rhodes Corner Property, and full owner of the Blue Rocks Property. The judgment against him attached to the properties while he was still alive. Mr.

Hirtle was not sure whether Mr. Richardson was an owner of the Garden Lots Property. [ 140 ] He agreed the judgment had only been released in 2009, well after the sale of Blue Rocks. However, he explained that when the Blue Rocks Lot sold, no objection was raised. [ 141 ] He testified that it was a judgment dated January 31, 2006 for work done for Thomas Richardson by a garage operated by Carolyn Hull. It was not a large amount.

Thus, that was a different debt than the loan in question. [ 142 ] That had to be released to sell the Rhodes Corner Property. [ 143 ] At page 484 of Volume II of the Supporting Documentation there is an image of cheque # 161 written July 30, 2008 to Carolyn

Hull, in the amount of $212. There is a corresponding entry at page 87 of the Bank Account Statements showing that cheque was processed on August 11, 2008. More likely than not, that is for payment of that debt, to release the judgment. [ 144 ] A third matter related to Thomas Richardson is the $1400 to $1500 remaining in the Bank of Nova Scotia account, which was given to Sherri Stevens. That was explained as resulting from Thomas Richardson having promised her the $3000 in his President’s Choice account before he died, which amount had not been paid from his estate.

That payment was not challenged, and there was nothing to suggest it was not an enforceable promise. Therefore, I have treated it as a legitimate debt owed by the Thomas Richardson Estate, and thus properly paid from the Shirley Richardson Estate which acquired all its assets.

ISSUE 3: DID THE EXECUTRIXES PROPERLY MANAGE THE ESTATE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES? [ 145 ] The contesting parties submit the Applicants did not properly manage the Estate because they: expended excessive funds on the Rhodes Corner Property, including renovations, as well as unnecessary expenses and purchases; failed to produce sufficient income from the Estate assets; and, delayed realizing the assets of the estate and providing an accounting. [ 146 ] Even if the Applicants are found to have improperly managed some portion of the Estate, s. 64 of the Trustee Act , R.S.N.S. 1898, c. 479, gives the Court discretion to relieve them of liability for such mismanagement if they “acted honestly and reasonably, and ought fairly to be excused for the breach”. [ 147 ] As stated in Comeau v.

Gregoire [Also referred to as Scott Estate (Re)] , 2005 NSCA 135 , at paragraph 20 , the Court stated: “The effect of s. 64 of the Trustee Act is that personal representatives of estates are only liable to do their best, and if they honestly do their best in the circumstances, they are not liable for errors in judgment.” [ 148 ] The Court noted that the personal representative “acted honestly and reasonably”. [ 149 ] “[T]he standard expected of them is purposely not made too onerous by the law, so as to encourage persons to accept a position as executor”: James MacKenzie, Feeney’s Canadian Law of Wills , Fourth Edition (loose-leaf) (Toronto: LexisNexis Canada Inc., 2000), at §8.56. [ 150 ] Therefore, if the Applicants improperly managed the Estate, I will have to consider whether they “acted honestly and reasonably, and ought fairly to be excused”. [ 151 ] The standard against which to measure reasonableness is that which “an ordinary prudent business person would have done in the circumstances”: Hopgood v.

Hopgood (Estate) , 2018 NSSC 100 , paras 62 and 63 . [ 152 ] The Applicant “ought fairly to be excused” if it will be “more equitable for the beneficiaries, rather than the [Applicants], to bear any loss”: Hopgood , para 64 . [ 153 ] Some of the factors to be considered are listed at paragraph 60 of Hopgood as follows: “

(1) Whether the trustee sought out and/or relied upon the advice of a professional in relation to the impugned conduct;

(2) Whether the opinion relied upon was correct;

(3) The relationship and communication, or lack of it, between the trustee and the beneficiaries leading up to the commission of the breach;

(4) Whether the breach was merely technical or a minor error in judgment;

(5) Whether the trustee is a lay person or a professional;

(6) Whether the trustee has received remuneration.” [ 154 ] I have already stated my finding that they acted honestly. [ 155 ] Whether they acted reasonably needs to be assessed based on the circumstances existing at the relevant time. [ 156 ] Their level of experience and sophistication as it relates to skills required to act as personal representative is also a relevant consideration. [ 157 ] Ms. Zwicker has a grade 10 education. She has worked as a home caregiver or personal care worker, as well as a delivery person for two drugstores. This is the only estate she has ever managed; and, the only estate Ms.

Stevens has ever managed. She and Ms. Stevens worked together in the Barrington area as home care providers from the 1990s until just before Shirley Richardson passed away. Excessive Expenditures for the Rhodes Corner Property [ 158 ] The contesting parties note approximately $125,000 was spent on the Rhodes Corner Property, and it sold for roughly $26,000 less than the value assigned to it in the inventory, which was $276,300. [ 159 ] Looking at those figures, and with the benefit of hindsight, the expenditures turned out to be a misjudgment.

However, I must examine the circumstances existing when the expenditures were made. [ 160 ] Ms. Richardson, before she died, listed the property for $940,000. After her death, the listing was reduced to $475,000, with Remax. From 2005 to 2011 they listed with different real estate agencies, starting with Remax and ending with Exit. The only offer made

on the property was the $250,000 offer accepted in 2011. [ 161 ] Needles from pine trees growing in close proximity to the Rhodes Corner House had fallen on the roof and caused damage, resulting in the roof leaking into the living room, den and back bedroom. Therefore, the trees were cut down, requiring landscaping into lawn where the trees were removed. [ 162 ] There was also some gardening work done, including planting perennials and applying mulch. [ 163 ] The roof needed to be re-shingled. It was also discovered that a dormer needed to be reconstructed because of rot where a flat

section of the roof had leaked. That same leak also caused rot in the attic of the house. [ 164 ] Electrical wiring problems were discovered which caused a hazard. They had to be repaired. [ 165 ] One of the flower boxes fell off the side of the house. That resulted in an inspection of all of the flower boxes. Since they were all in danger of falling off they were removed and repairs were made to the house where they had been located. It is noteworthy that that was done in early 2011, over six years after Ms.

Richardson passed away, and at a time when no offer had yet been received on the Property. [ 166 ] There were also other problems with the property which had to be repaired to facilitate the sale of the property. [ 167 ] A water softener was installed in May 2005. [ 168 ] The basement had flooded, requiring cleanup. However, Tom Herman and Ms. Zwicker did that at no charge. [ 169 ] There had been a problem in the area with vandalism. Neighbours had called the police several times. Ms. Zwicker had seen boys kicking at the gate and trying to tear down a nearby stop sign.

Leaving the house vacant would make it more vulnerable to vandalism. In addition, insurance premiums would have been substantially higher for a vacant home. [ 170 ] Also, Ms. Zwicker deposed that the house was not rentable at the time. [ 171 ] Therefore, they had Shelly Barry stay there most nights. She agreed to do so even though she had her own home, where she lived with her boyfriend, and the property was uncomfortable to live in at the time. She paid no rent or utilities, only the salts for the water conditioning system. [ 172 ] Ms. Barry had lived with Shirley Richardson for about a year before she died. Ms.

Richardson had asked her to stay in the house until it sold. Ms. Barry only stopped staying there when the property was sold. [ 173 ] They had to pay utilities, propane, other heating fuel, taxes, water heater rental, snow removal, and other yardwork, such as lawnmowing, for the home. [ 174 ] The Rhodes Corner Property was the only one that used propane, explaining why all propane expenditures had to be for that property. I note that, after having paid for repairs to the propane furnace, it became too costly and Ms. Stevens replaced the propane furnace with an oil furnace.

That explains the furnace replacement expenditure and the furnace fuel oil expenditures after the Blue Rocks Property and the Garden Lots Property were sold, even when there was little furniture left. Both of those properties were heated by oil. However, the property continued to have a propane hot water heater. Therefore, propane was still required after that. [ 175 ] Ms. Barry was diabetic and needed refrigeration for her medication. The refrigerator at the Rhodes Corner Property was not working properly. So, Ms.

Stevens purchased a refrigerator, using her own money, which was left with the property when it was sold. The purchaser had requested it as a condition of closing. The Estate did not reimburse her for the cost of the refrigerator. [ 176 ] They also had to pay to clean the property for showings. [ 177 ] Clause 12 of the Will indicates Shirley Richardson recognized that repairs and improvements may reasonably be required.

Its inclusion could reasonably have been considered by the executrixes in determining whether to effect the repairs and improvements they did. [ 178 ] Shirley Richardson, having listed the property for $940,000, reasonably created an expectation that the property would sell for much more than $250,000. Ms. Stevens, assisted by Ms. Zwicker, would have cause to be concerned that if they sold the property for too low a price, the beneficiaries may accuse them of selling at an unreasonably low price. [ 179 ] That risk was in Mr.

Hirtle’s mind as he testified about the multiple complications regarding the listing price and things done to the property. He stated that he consistently told Ms. Stevens to lower the price and sell the property. He noted she had been provided an assessment of what it was worth but risked criticism for selling it at too low a price, highlighting that it had been listed for about $1 million at the time of the Ms.

Richardson’s death, and ultimately sold for $250,000. [ 180 ] That was revealed to be a real risk in affidavit evidence filed with the Probate Court in January of 2009, by two of the contesting parties, John Herman and Louise Herman. They both deposed that, at that time, the Rhodes Corner Property had an assessed value of $355,600 and $399,000 was more in line with what the list price should be.

The evidence was presented in support of an argument that the prior listing with Canterbury Real Estate Sales Inc., for $595,000, was too high, and that the listing with Re/Max South Shore Realty, starting in October 2008, for $399,000 was more appropriate. However, when compared with the $250,000 ultimately received, the suggestion of a listing price approaching $400,000, indicates that, more likely than not, had the property been sold early on for $250,000, even without effecting improvements and repairs, those beneficiaries would have had an issue with the selling price. [ 181 ] Mr.

Hirtle testified that he had discussions regarding sale of the properties. He did not provide the details of those discussions. However, given his concerns regarding the risk of a challenge for selling it at too low a price, I infer, that, more likely than not, formed

part of the discussion. [ 182 ] Ms. Zwicker’s evidence was that the listing price was dropped to $475,000 prior to 2006. That shows a significant and rapid drop in the price that is not totally inconsistent with the suggested listing approaching $400,000. [ 183 ] The serious issues with the house and property made it such that it clearly would not attract a price anywhere near what it had been listed for.

Then, even when they cut the price almost in half, listing it for $475,000, they still were receiving no offers. [ 184 ] Even with extensive repairs, including a new roof, fixing the rot in the dormer, fixing the yard, landscaping, and removing problematic trees, they only received the one offer for $250,000, which they accepted in 2011. [ 185 ] In retrospect, it would have been more beneficial to sell the house for $150,000 or $175,000, without incurring the cost of repairing and maintaining the home. However, the high price at which it had been listed before Ms.

Richardson’s passing, made that low a sale price seem completely unreasonable at the time. Consequently, it made the amounts spent on and for the house appear reasonable at the time. [ 186 ] Ms. Stevens and Ms. Zwicker had no experience acting as executrixes, and were not sophisticated in such matters. Ms. Stevens made a judgement call at the time to spend the money to preserve and improve the property. The decision was made after consulting with realtors and Mr. Hirtle, after Mr.

Hirtle had also discussed the matter with a realtor. [ 187 ] Although reliance on the advice of the proctor of an estate will not necessarily relieve a personal representative of liability, in the circumstances of the case at hand, it was not unreasonable for them to rely on his advice and proceed with the expenditures. [ 188 ] They also purchased, for the Rhodes Corner Property, a ride-on lawnmower, a second mower, a whipper-snipper, and a shed for the ride-on mower.

Those were ultimately sold as part of the estate auction which, with the addition of other items sold, including the china cabinet, rug and curtains sold afterwards by Ms. Zwicker, brought in $10,018.74. That is an amount higher than the $8000 initially indicated in the inventory as the value of the household goods and personal effects. [ 189 ] That extra amount is Shown as $2,018.74 adjustment to inventory, but some of the additional amount likely related to the sale of the mowers and whipper-snipper that were purchased with estate monies already accounted for in value of Estate.

Since those expenses were also accounted for, it does not affect the global accounting. It artificially increases the value of estate assets handled. However, it does so by a lesser amount than the exclusion of the $6,500 in deposits from the sale of the real properties artificially reduces the value of assets handled. Therefore, no adjustment is required to determine total value of assets handled for the purpose of calculating the executrix’s commission. [ 190 ] Ms. Zwicker acknowledges that, in retrospect, it was a bad judgment call to purchase the ride-on lawnmower.

The reasoning behind the purchase, at the time, was that it was expected that Ms. Barry would be mowing the lawn and it was a large lawn. It turned out that they had to hire someone to mow. She indicated the mower was purchased for around $1600 and sold in the auction for around $1000. However, at the time, Ms. Stevens acted honestly and reasonably in purchasing the lawn care equipment. Had Ms. Barry taken care of the yard as expected, over the 6 summers, it would have saved the Estate money. [ 191 ] Ms.

Zwicker explained that the shed was installed on the property, at the suggestion of the realtor, to help promote the sale of the home. The realtor had informed them that people viewing the home had stated that it should have an outbuilding. Given that they had not received any offers. It was not unreasonable to act on that suggestion. [ 192 ] The Applicants honestly did their best and ought to be excused from any error in judgment relating to expenditures on the Rhodes Corner Property. Incurring Unnecessary Penalties [ 193 ] Ms.

Zwicker acknowledged that the Estate incurred a penalty due to late filing of an income tax return. She explained that it was Mr. Hirtle who had instructed the accounting firm of Belliveau and Veinotte to prepare the return. Given that Mr. Hirtle was asking that all receipts be delivered to him, and having all bank statements sent directly to him, it was reasonable for the Applicants to let him take care of having the tax return filed.

Even though filing income tax returns is the responsibility of the personal representative, given their inexperience, it is fair to excuse their failure to recognize the risk of delay resulting in a penalty, and to spread the loss resulting from the delay by the proctor and/or accountants amongst the beneficiaries. Failing to Produce Sufficient Income [ 194 ] At the time of Ms. Richardson’s death she had one property which was rented. It was the Garden Lots Property. It remained rented up until the time it was sold.

However, the tenant was excused from paying rent, or the rent was refunded, for May to August, and November 2005, plus April 2006, in exchange for him effecting improvements to the house, including installation of a sump pump, as well as replacement of the floor, water pump and water tank. [ 195 ] The Blue Rocks Property was not rentable. It had belonged to Shirley Richardson’s husband. He had let his brother and nephew live there. He eventually had to ask his nephew to leave because he had caused the property to be in terrible condition.

Even after he left, a dog remained there and the house was covered with feces. The porch roof had leaked and rotted out the porch floor. A realtor visiting the premises fell through the rotted floor into the basement. It almost resulted in a lawsuit against the Estate. That property was sold “as is”. [ 196 ] “The net amounts from Garden Lots and Blue Rocks were deposited in the Estate Account on the day of closing.

The Garden Lots Property sold in May 2006; and, the Blue Rocks Property sold in June 2007. [ 197 ] The Contesting Parties raise a concern that the banking statements did not show a similar deposit of the net amount from the

Rhodes Corner sale on the day of closing. That net amount was $225,385.86. [ 198 ] Ms. Zwicker purchased two RBC GIC’s directly with the trust cheque received from Mr. Hirtle. One was in the amount of $100,000 and the other in the amount of $125,385.86. They were cashed in on May 31, 2012, and deposited, together with accrued interest, into the Estate Account which resulted in a total deposit of $226,565.83. She put that money into the account so that there would be funds available to pay any amounts that may be owing to Revenue Canada. At that point, she was anticipating a rapid closing.

The two GIC redemptions totaling that amount are shown in the Bank Account Statements at page 186. [ 199 ] The funds from the sale of the Garden Lots Property was shown as released from Mr. Hirtle’s trust account on June 9, 2006, and transferred to the Estate Account on June 12, 2006. Page 22 of the Bank Account Statements shows that, on that same date, June 12, two GIC redemptions totaling $424,159.31 occurred. Also, on the same day, using those redeemed GIC amounts, and the bulk of the $60,496.29 from the Garden Lots sale, a GIC in the amount of $480,000 was purchased.

In my view, that is a prompt and reasonable investment. [ 200 ] The $27,315.21 from the sale of the Blue Rocks Property was shown as released from Mr. Hirtle’s trust account on July 25, 2007. Page 53 of the Bank Account Statements shows that amount as having been deposited into the Estate Account on July 27, 2007. It remained in that account, which maintained a balance of between $20,000 and $30,000, until November 26, 2007, when partial distributions totaling $90,000 were made. That was made possible by transferring, to the Estate Account, an additional $70,000 from a CIBC investment vehicle.

It was not unreasonable to hold the sale proceeds in the Estate Account for that relatively short interim period of time before the partial distributions. [ 201 ] Earlier partial distributions totaling $360,000 had already been effected on October 24, 2006 (i.e. 4.5 months after receiving the net proceeds from the sale of the Garden Lots Property). Those partial distributions were made possible by a GIC redemption on October 24 in the amount of $364,956.16, which still left a little over $6000 in the account to cover estate expenses. [ 202 ] That is a grand total of $450,000 in partial disbursements. [ 203 ] Ms.

Zwicker was informed by the accounting firm of Belliveau and Veinotte that she had to close the investment accounts to obtain, from Revenue Canada, the clearance certificate for the Estate. Mr. Hirtle had informed her that the clearance certificate was required in order to close the estate. Page 186 of the Bank Account Statements shows that, on May 31, 2012, she redeemed three GICs totaling $233,583.73 which was deposited into the Estate Account. [ 204 ] It was in 2012 that she applied for the clearance certificate. She did not receive it until early in 2013.

Though she expected the Estate to be closed soon thereafter, it still has not been closed. However, having been told she needed to close interest-bearing accounts to get the clearance certificate, it was reasonable for her to do so, and it would not be fair to hold her responsible for any lost income thereafter, even if it had been proven. [ 205 ] At paragraphs 20 to 33 of her affidavit filed August 30, 2017, Ms. Zwicker provided evidence of income that was lost as a result of the Royal Bank of Canada’s error in relation to the investment which it was supposed to transfer to Judith Stevens and Linda Herman.

The personal representatives are not to be held liable for bank errors. [ 206 ] As already noted, Clause 5 of the Will indicates that Ms. Richardson recognized that some of the estate assets, such as the real property not being rented, could not readily be converted to income-producing assets, and that it may be reasonable to keep those assets in a form and way which did not produce income.

That provides greater flexibility to continue holding those assets in the same way as they were being held prior to her passing. [ 207 ] Despite being burdened with difficult real properties, and disbursing a total of $450,000 relatively promptly, the Estate has still produced $49,189.65 in income. In the circumstances, that is not an unreasonably low amount. [ 208 ] There was no evidence of the market conditions at the relevant times. I cannot find that investment in GIC’s was unwise. [ 209 ] The Applicants did not fail to produce income that was reasonably sufficient in the circumstances.

Delay in Realizing the Assets of the Estate [ 210 ] Ms. Stevens’ ability to handle the Estate’s affairs were negatively impacted by the effects of rheumatoid arthritis which rendered her unable to walk, affected her hands and caused severe pain. That disability occurred one month before Shirley Richardson passed away. [ 211 ] At first, Ms. Zwicker assisted Ms. Stevens in transporting her for appointments, funeral arrangements and matters relating to the probating of her mother’s estate. Eventually, she quit her job and became Ms. Stevens’ full-time personal care worker. [ 212 ] Though Ms.

Zwicker needed to assist Ms. Stevens physically, she was fully competent and made all the estate administration decisions. [ 213 ] Ms. Zwicker carried out the physical tasks, such as labour work, picking up materials, taking Ms. Stevens to appointments, supervising workers, and transporting workers. The labour work she performed included cleaning up, yardwork, scraping and painting the house, and installing new insulation in the basement.

She received no compensation from the Estate for those tasks. [ 214 ] A factor which complicated and delayed the sale of the Blue Rocks Property is that Thomas Richardson’s brother, Ivan Richardson, had had been promised he could stay there while he was alive. He died at some point after Ms. Richardson. [ 215 ] Then, it took some time to get Ivan’s son, Ivan Junior, to leave. Further, he had rendered the property in terrible condition, and left a dog there which defeca

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