ROBERT JAMES THOMSON Applicant v. CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL), 2021 FC 606

Date: 20210615 Docket: T-481-20 Citation: 2021 FC 606 St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, June 15, 2021 PRESENT: The Honourable Madam Justice Heneghan BETWEEN: ROBERT JAMES THOMSON Applicant and CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL) Respondent JUDGMENT AND REASONS I. INTRODUCTION [ 1 ] Mr. Robert John Thomson (the " “Applicant” " ) seeks judicial review of the decision of the Veterans Review and Appeal Board (the " “Board” " ), signed on March 10, 2020. In that decision, the Board refused his request for reconsideration of a decision of an Entitlement Appeal Panel, denying his application for an Exceptional Incapacity Allowance ( " “EIA” " ), made pursuant to

section 72 of the Pension Act , R.S.C., 1985, c. P-6 (the " “ Act ” " ). The Applicant sought reconsideration pursuant to

section 32 of the Veterans Review and Appeal Board Act , S.C. 1995, c. 18 (the " “ VRAB Act ” " ). [ 2 ] The Applicant’s request for reconsideration is dated August 21, 2019. He also submitted an Amended Request for Reconsideration dated August 21, 2019. [ 3 ] The Attorney General of Canada is the Respondent (the " “Respondent” " ) in this application pursuant to Rule 303(2) of the Federal Courts Rules , S.O.R./98-106 (the " “ Rules ” " ). II.

BACKGROUND [ 4 ] The Applicant was a passenger on board a Canadian Forces Aircraft on October 30, 1991 when that aircraft crashed and he suffered catastrophic permanent injuries. At the time, he was a civilian employee of the Department of National Defence and was on duty. [ 5 ] On January 21, 1994, the Applicant chose to receive a pension pursuant to the Flying Accidents Compensation Regulations , C.R.C., c. 10 (the " “ Regulations ” " ). [ 6 ] In November 1992, the Applicant applied for an EIA. This application was denied by Veteran Affairs Canada (the " “VAC” " ) in a decision made on April 18, 2008.

The VAC found that

section 3 of the Regulations provided for compensation according to

Schedule 1 of the Act but not for other benefits or allowances, including the EIA. [ 7 ] The Applicant sought review of this decision before an Entitlement Review Panel. After a hearing that was held on October 16, 2013, his request for EIA was denied. [ 8 ] The Applicant appealed to an Entitlement Appeal Panel. A hearing was held on June 19, 2014.

In its decision, the Entitlement Appeal Panel denied the Applicant’s Appeal. [ 9 ] In the meantime, the Applicant had requested review by an Entitlement Review Panel of the denial of his requests for the Attendance Allowance and Clothing Allowance, and a hearing was held on August 1, 2008, relative to that request. The Allowances were not granted. Following an appeal to an Entitlement Appeal Panel, a hearing was held on July 22, 2010 and the request was again denied. [ 10 ] The Applicant submitted a request for reconsideration of the decision of that Entitlement Appeal Panel.

A hearing took place on December 12, 2011. In a decision dated December 12, 2011, the reconsideration request was dismissed. [ 11 ] The denial of the Attendance Allowance and Clothing Allowance was not an issue before the Board at the hearing on June 19, 2014, and is not an issue in the present application. [ 12 ] The Applicant sought judicial review of the June 2014 decision. In a decision reported as Thomson v. Canada (Attorney General) , 2015 FC 985 , the application for judicial review was dismissed.

The trial judge made the following observations in paragraph 105 of his Reasons: For the above mentioned reasons, I must dismiss Mr. Thomson's application as I cannot conclude that the Appeal Panel's decision regarding the

interpretation of the FAC Regulations was unreasonable and not within the range of acceptable possible outcomes, or that its

interpretation led to a discriminatory treatment in violation of Mr. Thomson's Charter rights. [ 13 ] The Applicant proceeded with an appeal to the Federal Court of Appeal and in a decision reported as Thomson v. Canada (Attorney

General) , 2016 FCA 253 (leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused, 37351 (30 March 2017)), the appeal was dismissed. At paragraph 44 of its Reasons, the Federal Court of Appeal said the following: One final point bears mention and repeats something the Federal Court also noted. I agree with the appellant that there does not seem to be any principled reason to justify why he has been treated differently from so many others who are entitled to the benefits he seeks. Indeed, it is probable that the failure to amend the FAC Regulations to extend entitlement to allowances is simply an oversight.

If that is the case, it is to be hoped that any pleas the appellant might make to have the FAC Regulations amended to afford him the benefits he seeks will be favourably received by the Governor in Council. [ 14 ] The details below are taken from the Statement of Case produced by the Board, as well as from the affidavit of the Applicant, sworn on May 13, 2020. The Applicant attached several exhibits to his affidavit. III. THE DECISION OF THE BOARD [ 15 ] The Board considered the Applicant’s request for reconsideration of the Entitlement Appeal Panel’s decision denying his request for the EIA.

The Board enjoys the power to reconsider a decision pursuant to section 32(1) of the VRAB, which provides as follows: Reconsideration of decisions " " Nouvel examen " " 32

(1) Notwithstanding

section 31, an appeal panel may, on its own motion, reconsider a decision made by it under subsection 29(1) or this

section and may either confirm the decision or amend or rescind the decision if it determines that an error was made with respect to any finding of fact or the

interpretation of any law, or may do so on application if the person making the application alleges that an error was made with respect to any finding of fact or the

interpretation of any law or if new evidence is presented to the appeal panel. " " 32

(1) Par dérogation à l’article 31, le comité d’appel peut, de son propre chef, réexaminer une décision rendue en vertu du paragraphe 29(1) ou du présent

article et soit la confirmer, soit l’annuler ou la modifier s’il constate que les conclusions sur les faits ou l’interprétation du droit étaient erronées; il peut aussi le faire sur demande si l’auteur de la demande allègue que les conclusions sur les faits ou l’interprétation du droit étaient erronées ou si de nouveaux éléments de preuve lui sont présentés. " " [ 16 ] The Board noted that the Applicant based his request for reconsideration upon an error of law, on the part of the Entitlement Appeal Panel, and upon the availability of new evidence. [ 17 ] The Board identified the process that applies in response to a request for reconsideration pursuant to

section 32 of the VRAB Act , as follows: A Reconsideration hearing involves a two-stage process. Stage 1 is a screening stage in which the Reconsideration Panel considers whether there are grounds for reconsideration. The Panel considers if the Appeal decision made an error of fact or an error of law and if new evidence meets the Four-Part (Fresh Evidence) Test. If none of the grounds are met, the request for Reconsideration is denied. If any of the grounds are met, the Panel moves to Stage II which is a full reconsideration of the claim based on its merits. [ 18 ] The Applicant alleged an error of law on the part of the Entitlement Appeal Panel in that it adopted an inappropriately narrow

interpretation of subsection 3(1) of the Regulations " “by relying on the plain meaning rather than performing a purposive and contextual analysis” " . The Board noted that the Applicant’s arguments on this point were set out in detail in his Amended Request for Reconsideration. [ 19 ] The Board found that the Federal Court of Appeal had addressed this argument in its decision made on October 19, 2016, and quoted paragraphs 32 and 33 of that decision.

At page 7 of its decision, the Board said the following: In reaching its decision, the Federal Court of Appeal considered the very arguments that are now put forward by the Appellant on his Reconsideration application. The Federal Court was definitive in its finding that "no purposive

interpretation that would allow ignoring these clear words in favour of finding that a pension includes the allowances set out in

Schedule III of the Pension Act " and that "a review of the history of the relevant provisions supports the

interpretation of the Appeal Board." The Federal Court agreed with the Appeal Panel's

interpretation of the FAC Regulations and the Pension Act and with its conclusion that the Appellant was entitled only to a pension but was not entitled to an exceptional incapacity allowance. The Federal Court of Appeal found that the Appeal Panel's

interpretation was both reasonable and correct. [ 20 ] The Board concluded, in the following terms, that the Applicant had failed to show an error of law on the part of the Entitlement Appeal Panel: " This Panel therefore finds that the Appellant's present arguments with respect to an error of law have already been determined by the Federal Court of Appeal in its 19 October 2016 decision. In accordance with the reasoning of the Court,

the Reconsideration Panel finds no error of law was made by the Appeal Panel in relation to the

interpretation of the relevantprovisions of the FAC Regulations and the Pension Act". [21] The Applicant submitted three documents as new evidence, as follows: Annex A: Veterans Treatment Regulations from the Consolidated Regulations of Canada (1978), Annex B: Treasury Board Proposal to the Privy Council #715891 dated 12 January 1973, and Annex C: Treasury Board Proposal to the Privy Council #732702 dated 20 December 1974. [22] The Board then addressed the Applicant’s reconsideration request that was based upon the availability of new evidence andidentified the relevant criteria as follows: The criteria are as follows: The evidence should generally not be admitted if, by due diligence, it could have been adduced at a previoushearing, The evidence must be relevant in the sense that it bears upon the decisive, or potentially decisive, issue in theadjudication, The evidence must be credible in the sense that it is reasonably capable of belief, and It must be such that if believed, it could reasonably, when taken with other evidence adduced earlier, beexpected to affect the result. [23] The Board considered each document that the Applicant identified as new evidence, against each of the four criteria and determinedthat none of the three documents met the test to be considered "“new evidence”". [24] The Board applied each criterion of the test to each document tendered by the Applicant.

In respect of the Veterans’ TreatmentRegulations, it found that this material was not "“evidence”" but subordinate legislation, that is regulations. Nonetheless, it applied eachof the four parts of the test. It gave the benefit of the doubt to the Applicant about the availability of this material before earlier hearings,and did not hold the lack of due diligence against him. It found that this material was credible, but not relevant and would not havechanged the outcome of the matter before the Entitlement Appeal Panel. [25] The Board looked at the Treasury Board Proposal to the Privy Council.

Again, it found a lack of due diligence but did not reject theevidentiary value of the material on that basis alone. It found it to be relevant and credible, yet this material "“could not reasonably beexpected to change the outcome”" of the Entitlement Appeal Panel’s decision. [26] Finally, the Board looked at the third document, that is Treasury Board document number 732702. It found that this document hadbeen previously submitted to an Entitlement Reconsideration Panel in 2011 and forms part of his Statement of Case before the Board.

Inthese circumstances, it then found that this document is not "“new evidence”" for the purpose of the reconsideration application. [27] The Board concluded that the Applicant had not satisfied the first stage of the reconsideration process that is contemplated bysection 32 of the VRAB Act: he had not shown an error of law and he had not produced evidence that met the legal test for "“newevidence”". The Board declined to proceed to the second stage and dismissed the request for reconsideration. IV.

SUBMISSIONS [28] The Applicant acknowledges that the decision of the Board is reviewable on the standard of reasonableness; he argues that thedecision is not reasonable. [29] The Respondent submits that the decision meets the relevant standard of review, that is, reasonableness. [30] The Respondent also argues that the issue raised in the Applicant’s application to the Board for reconsideration, about the meaningof subsection 3(1) of the Regulations, is res judicata since the issue of statutory

interpretation was decided by the Federal Court and theFederal Court of Appeal, upon an application for judicial review of the 2014 decision made by the Entitlement Appeal Panel. V. DISCUSSION AND DISPOSITION [31] The first matter to be addressed is the applicable standard of review. [32] In the fairly recent decision in Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v.

Vavilov (2019), 2019 SCC 65 , 441D.L.R. (4th) 1 (S.C.C.), the Supreme Court of Canada decided that presumptively, decisions of administrative decision makers, includingthe Board, are reviewable on the standard of reasonableness. [33] In Dunsmuir v.

New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9 , [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190, the Supreme Court said that the hallmarks of areasonable decision are that a decision be justifiable, transparent and intelligible, falling within a range of possible, acceptable outcomesthat are defensible on the law and the facts. [34] Issues of procedural fairness are reviewable on the standard of correctness; see the decision in Canada (Citizenship and

Immigration) v.

Khosa, 2009 SCC 12 , [2009] 1 S.C.R. 339. [35] The Respondent objected to the inclusion of Exhibit 5, that is a copy of the Flying Accidents Compensation Order, P.C. 6538, datedDecember 29, 1949, on the basis that this document was not before the Board in earlier appeals or before the Board that dealt with therequest for reconsideration. [36] Exhibit 5 does not meet the exceptions to the general rule that only the material that was before the decision maker should bepresented to a Court upon an application for judicial review; see the decision in Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada v.Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright) (2012), 2012 FCA 22 , 428 N.R. 297 (F.C.A.). [37] In the exercise of my discretion, the exhibit was not struck out and was not considered. [38] I will briefly address the Respondent’s argument that the issue about the Applicant’s entitlement to the EIA is res judicata. [39] According to the decision in Angle v.

Minister of National Revenue, (SCC), [1975] 2 S.C.R. 248, the doctrine ofres judicata requires a party to establish three elements as follows: 1. that the same question has been decided; 2. the decision was final; 3. and the parties in both proceedings are the same. [40] I agree with the Respondent’s position. [41] To the extent that the Applicant’s reconsideration request involves the

interpretation of subsection 3(1) of the Regulations, thatquestion has been decided. The decision of the Federal Court of Appeal is final, following dismissal by the Supreme Court of Canada ofthe Applicant’s application for leave to appeal. The parties are the same, that is the Applicant and the Respondent. [42] However, the application of the doctrine of res judicata does not dispose of this matter. [43] The Applicant seeks reconsideration of a decision of an Entitlement Appeal Panel, pursuant to

section 32 of the VRAB Act. Thatprovision allows the Board to reconsider a decision in two circumstances, that is when an applicant can show that the previous panel hadcommitted an error of law or where there is new evidence. [44] The status of "“new evidence”" is assessed upon a legal test. [45] Sections 3 and 39 of the VRAB Act set out a framework within which evidence is to be considered by the Board, that is to allow thedrawing of inferences in favour of an applicant.

Those sections provide as follows: Construction" " Principe général" " 3 The provisions of this Act andof any other Act of Parliament orof any regulations made underthis or any other Act ofParliament conferring orimposing jurisdiction, powers,duties or functions on the Boardshall be liberally construed andinterpreted to the end that therecognized obligation of thepeople and Government ofCanada to those who have servedtheir country so well and to theirdependants may be fulfilled." " 3 Les dispositions de la présenteloi et de toute autre loi fédérale,ainsi que de leurs règlements, quiétablissent la compétence duTribunal ou lui confèrent despouvoirs et fonctions doivents’interpréter de façon large,compte tenu des obligations quele peuple et le gouvernement duCanada reconnaissent avoir àl’égard de ceux qui ont si bienservi leur pays et des personnes àleur charge." " Rules of evidence" " Règles régissant la preuve" " 39 In all proceedings under thisAct, the Board shall" " 39 Le Tribunal applique, àl’égard du demandeur ou del’appelant, les règles suivantesen matière de preuve:" " (

a) draw from all thecircumstances of the case and allthe evidence presented to it everyreasonable inference in favour ofthe applicant or appellant;

a) il tire des circonstances et deséléments de preuve qui lui sontprésentés les conclusions les plusfavorables possible à celui-ci;" "

(

b) accept any uncontradictedevidence presented to it by theapplicant or appellant that itconsiders to be credible in thecircumstances; and

b) il accepte tout élément depreuve non contredit que luiprésente celui-ci et qui luisemble vraisemblable enl’occurrence;" " (

c) resolve in favour of theapplicant or appellant any doubt,in the weighing of evidence, as towhether the applicant orappellant has established a case.

c) il tranche en sa faveur touteincertitude quant au bien-fondéde la demande." " [46] The VRAB Act allows the Board to reconsider an earlier decision, pursuant to subsection 32(1) which provides as follows: Reconsideration of decisions" " Nouvel examen" " 32(1) Notwithstanding section31, an appeal panel may, on itsown motion, reconsider adecision made by it undersubsection 29(1) or this sectionand may either confirm thedecision or amend or rescind thedecision if it determines that anerror was made with respect toany finding of fact or theinterpretation of any law, or maydo so on application if the personmaking the application allegesthat an error was made withrespect to any finding of fact orthe

interpretation of any law or ifnew evidence is presented to theappeal panel" " 32

(1) Par dérogation à l’article31, le comité d’appel peut, deson propre chef, réexaminer unedécision rendue en vertu duparagraphe 29(1) ou du présentarticle et soit la confirmer, soitl’annuler ou la modifier s’ilconstate que les conclusions surles faits ou l’interprétation dudroit étaient erronées; il peutaussi le faire sur demande sil’auteur de la demande allègueque les conclusions sur les faitsou l’interprétation du droitétaient erronées ou si denouveaux éléments de preuve luisont présentés" " [emphasis added]" " [je souligne]" " [47] Pursuant to subsection 32(1), an applicant can submit new evidence to the Board. [48] Although the words "“new evidence”" are not defined in the VRAB Act, a test for such evidence was set out by the Supreme Courtof Canada in R. v.

Palmer, (SCC), [1980] 1 S.C.R. 759 at page 775 as follows:

(1) The evidence should generally not be admitted if, by due diligence, it could have been adduced at trial provided that thisgeneral principle will not be applied as strictly in a criminal case as in civil cases: see McMartin v. The Queen [ (SCC), [1964] S.C.R. 484].

(2) The evidence must be relevant in the sense that it bears upon a decisive or potentially decisive issue in the trial.

(3) The evidence must be credible in the sense that it is reasonably capable of belief, and

(4) It must be such that if believed it could reasonably, when taken with the other evidence adduced at trial, be expected tohave affected the result. [49] In MacKay v. Canada (1997), (FC), 129 F.T.R. 286 at page 4 (Fed. T.D.), Justice Teitelbaum described thenature of a reconsideration decision as follows: It is important to clarify the nature of a reconsideration, a distinct type of review function that is not to be confused withappeal proceedings or judicial review applications considered by a Court. Essentially, under

Section 111 of the VeteransReview and Appeal Board Act, the VRAB may reconsider the earlier decision on two broad grounds: (

i) on application fornew evidence; or (ii) on its own motion for errors in fact or law. [50] In the present case, the Applicant submits that the three documents he submitted constitute "“new”" evidence. [51] The Board found otherwise. It found that the documents presented are not "“new evidence,”" within the test for "“new evidence”"referred to above. [52] The question for the Court in this application for judicial review is whether this finding of the Board meets the legal standard ofreasonableness. [53] In other words, is this finding justified, pursuant to the teaching in Vavilov, supra, where the Supreme Court of Canada said thefollowing:

In conducting a reasonableness review, a court must consider the outcome of the administrative decision in light of itsunderlying rationale in order to ensure that the decision as a whole is transparent, intelligible and justified. [54] On the basis of the material in the record, I am satisfied that the Board reasonably concluded that the Applicant has failed to present"“new evidence”" that would change the decision about his entitlement to the EIA. [55] The Board assessed each

article that was submitted by the Applicant as "“new evidence”". It clearly expressed its opinion abouteach article, against each of the four criterion that apply to the acceptance of "“new evidence”". [56] The findings of the Board meet the test of reasonableness according to Vavilov, supra. The Board did not err in acknowledging andapplying the findings of the Federal Court and of the Federal Court of Appeal, cited above. [57] These decisions are relevant to the Applicant’s situation. [58] The Board also reasonably acknowledged and followed the decision in Canada (Chief Pensions Advocate) v.

Canada (AttorneyGeneral) (2006), 2006 FC 1317 , 302 F.T.R. 201 (F.C.), aff’d (2007), 2007 FCA 298 , 370 N.R. 314 (F.C.A.). [59] There is no legal error in the Board’s conclusion that the material submitted by the Applicant did not meet the legal definition of"“new evidence”" and the Board was not required to proceed further. [60] Likewise, I see no breach of procedural fairness in the process followed by the Board in dealing with the Applicant’s request forreconsideration. [61] Although the Applicant did not directly address procedural fairness in his written argument, he alluded to a breach of proceduralfairness in his Notice of Application for Judicial Review as follows: a.

The Applicant submits that the decision is unreasonable and reviewable because he was denied natural justice. Morespecifically, the Reconsideration Panel at first instance found that there was no error in law, and only afterwards consideredthe evidence, when in fact they should have initially addressed whether the new evidence could reasonably be expected toaffect the prior decision. b.

Further to this procedural error, the Applicant contends that the Reconsideration Panel's unwarranted rejection of newevidence and its failure to evaluate the evidence on its merits, is unreasonable and constitutes a reviewable error on the partof the Reconsideration Panel. [62] There was no breach of procedural fairness resulting from the fact that the Board first considered whether the Applicant has shownan error of law on the part of the Entitlement Appeal Panel, as the basis for his request for reconsideration. VI.

CONCLUSION [63] In conclusion, the Board reasonably applied the two-stage test that is contemplated by

section 32 of the VRAB, that is to determineif there are grounds to proceed to the reconsideration of an earlier decision of the Board. It addressed the Applicant’s allegation of anerror of law and found that there was no such error. That conclusion meets the legal standard of reasonableness. [64] The Board examined the documents submitted by the Applicant as "“new evidence”" and assessed those documents against theapplicable statutory provisions and the legal test for "“new evidence”". The Board determined that the new documents did not satisfy thecriteria for "“new evidence”".

That conclusion also meets the legal standard of reasonableness. [65] There is no breach of procedural fairness established in terms of the process followed by the Board in making its decision. [66] In these circumstances, there is no basis for judicial intervention and the application for judicial review will be dismissed. [67] The Respondent does not seek costs and no costs will be awarded. JUDGMENT in T-481-20 THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT is that the application for judicial review is dismissed. There is no order as to costs. “E. Heneghan” Judge FEDERAL COURT SOLICITORS OF RECORD DOCKET: T-481-20

STYLE OF CAUSE: ROBERT JAMES THOMSON v. CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL) PLACE OF HEARING: HELD BY VIDEOCONFERENCE DATE OF HEARING: DECEMBER 16, 2020 JUDGMENT AND REASONS: HENEGHAN J. DATED: JUNE 15, 2021 APPEARANCES : Robert James Thomson FOR THE APPLICANT (ON HIS OWN BEHALF) Sarah Bird FOR THE RESPONDENT SOLICITORS OF RECORD : Attorney General of Canada Vancouver, British Columbia FOR THE RESPONDENT