Davies v. Collins, 2010 NSSC 457

Editor ’ s Note : Erratum released December 17, 2010. Original judgment has been corrected, with text of erratum appended. SUPREME COURT OF NOVA SCOTIA Citation: Davies v. Collins, 2010 NSSC 457 Date: 20101216 Docket: Hfx. No. 328880 Registry: Halifax Between: Pamela Mary Davies Applicant v. Jennifer Jaroda Collins Respondent Judge: The Honourable Justice Peter P. Rosinski. Heard: November 4, 2010 in Halifax, Nova Scotia Written Decision: December 16, 2010 Counsel: Timothy C. Matthews, Q.C. for the Applicant J. Gordon Allen, for the Respondent Background [ 1 ] Dr. Anthony Davies married Jennifer Collins while on his deathbed in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (hereinafter “Trinidad”).

[ 2 ] He was domiciled in Nova Scotia, Canada at the material time, yet the couple intended to continue to reside in Trinidad. Dr. Davies’ Last Will and Testament, signed years earlier, remained in Nova Scotia. In both Trinidad and Nova Scotia a marriage revokes a prior Will by operation of law. However, Trinidad recognizes a separate species of marriage, termed a “marriage in extremis ” or deathbed marriage, and that form of marriage does not revoke a prior Will in Trinidad. The question for this Court is whether the marriage in extremis in Trinidad revokes a prior Will made in Nova Scotia.

This issue requires a careful examination and understanding of the effect of one jurisdiction’s laws upon those of another - the area of law referred to as “conflicts of laws”. Jurisdiction of the Court [ 3 ] In essence, the Applicant seeks the remedy of a declaration that, as a matter of law in Nova Scotia, the prior Will of Dr. Davies is not revoked by the marriage in extremis between Dr. Davies and Ms. Collins in Trinidad and Tobago, and that therefore, the Will may properly be probated here in Nova Scotia. [ 4 ] By way of context, it should be noted Ms. Davies, Dr.

Davies’ ex-wife resident in Nova Scotia, presented the Last Will and Testament of Dr. Davies to have it probated in Nova Scotia. The Registrar of Probate by letter dated January 26, 2010, responded that: “I am unable to process a grant of probate for this Estate as a grant has already been issued in another jurisdiction.

Section 29 of the Probate Act states that “A Court may issue a grant where... (b)... the Court is the Court for the probate district in which the deceased person had property at the time of death, if the deceased person did not reside in the Province at the time of death and no grant or order to the like effect with respect to the Estate of the deceased person has been made by an authority outside the province.” (my emphasis added) It is my opinion you will have to present the Will to the Court in Trinidad and Tobago and request the grant of administration be revoked.

Once a new grant is issued on the Will, you can then make an application for Extra Provincial Grant of Probate in Nova Scotia.” - Exhibit K, May 5, 2010 affidavit of Ms. Davies. [ 5 ] What is the source of this Court’s jurisdiction to hear the matter and grant a declatory judgment? These issues were not specifically addressed by the Applicant or Respondent in their written arguments. Notably however, the application to this Court was made using Form 5.03, which is based upon Civil Procedure Rule 5.03.

No objection was taken by the Respondent to this procedure; nor was there an argument that this Court does not have jurisdiction. Nevertheless, it is always important to understand the process underlying, and source of the Court’s jurisdiction to hear a matter, and to grant the relief requested. [ 6 ] While arguably the Applicant is seeking “judicial review” of the Registrar of Probate’s decision, such relief would normally be brought under Civil Procedure Rule 7.05 and pursuant to Rule 7.11(

d) for “a declaration that the Respondent [decision maker] lacks the authority or has authority to do something”, or Rule 7.11(

e) for “an Order providing anything formerly provided by prerogative writ”. [ 7 ] Rule 7.04 reads: “ The provisions of legislation , such as the regulations under the Small Claims Court Act, establishing procedures to be followed on a judicial review or an appeal prevail over an inconsistent provision of this Rule.” [My emphasis]

[ 8 ] The Probate Act , S.N.S. 2000 c.3 , as amended, and the Probate Court Practice Procedure and Forms Regulations made under s. 106 of the Probate Act, do provide a legislative basis for the Registrar’s decision. S. 97(3) of the Act provides: “All other applications and other matters before the Court shall be heard and disposed of by the Registrar and, subject to subsection (1) the Registrar may make any order that the judge may make.” [ 9 ] Moreover, s. 99 of the Act reads:

(1) Any application pursuant to this Act may be transferred by the Registrar to the judge.

(2) Where an application is transferred to a judge pursuant to subsection (1), the judge may hear, determine and dispose of the application. [ 10 ] Similarly, s. 64 of the Regulations [application respecting contentious matter] reads:

(1) An application may be made to a Court under this Part respecting any contentious matter .

(2) For the purposes of this Part, a “Respondent” includes, but is not limited to, any person interested in an Estate.

(3) A person interested in an Estate may commence an application under this Part by filing with a Court and serving on the Respondents ; (

a) a notice of application in Form 45; (

b) an affidavit in form 46 containing a list of persons interested in the Estate and swearing to the facts on which the application is based.

(4) If a personal representative is not joined as an applicant in an application under this part, the personal representative shall be shown as a respondent in documents filed with the Court. [My emphasis] [ 11 ] In as much as Rule 5.04 provides for a Notice of Contest of Chambers Application, and Rule 7.08 allows for a Notice of Participation by a Respondent, s. 66 of the Probate Court Practice, Procedures and Forms Regulations also allows for a Notice of Objection to be filed in response to “contentious” matters’ applications. [ 12 ]

Section 102 of the Probate Act reads: “Where no provision is made in this Act or in the Probate Rules with respect to practice or evidence and insofar as this Act or the Probate Rules do not extend, the Civil Procedure Rules apply.” [My emphasis]

[ 13 ] To like effect, s. 3 of the Probate Court Practice, Procedure and Forms Regulations : 3

(1) Where any practice or procedure respecting probate is not provided for by these Regulations or the Act, the Civil Procedure Rules apply.

(2) Where any practice or procedure respecting probate is not provided for by these Regulations or the Civil Procedure Rules, a Court may make any order or decision concerning it that it considers necessary or appropriate in the circumstances.

(3) An order or decision of a Court may be forwarded to the prothonotary of the Supreme Court who shall, on receipt of it, enter it as a record of the Supreme Court, and thereupon it becomes an order of the Supreme Court enforceable pursuant to the Civil Procedure Rules. [My emphasis] [ 14 ] In

summary then, where an Applicant seeks a declaration in a case such as the one at Bar, it seems that the Applicant could proceed on the basis of Rule 5.03 (Application in chambers on notice) and request relief pursuant to Rule 38.07(5); or argue that Rule 7.02 and 7.05 apply and that relief is requested under Rule 7.11(d), in relation to a decision taken by the Registrar of Probate.

In the latter case process, the involvement of other parties (Rule 7.07) and the production of the record by the “decision making authority” (Rule 7.09), suggest that Rule 7 is less suited than is Rule 5 for situations such as in the case at Bar. [ 15 ] In my opinion, the most appropriate procedural basis for proceeding in cases such as the one at Bar, is under the Civil Procedure Rules , and specifically Rule 5.03, as the Applicant has chosen to do in the case at Bar.

This case involves not only consideration of Nova Scotia law and the Registrar’s decision, but more significantly, the potential application of foreign law to a Nova Scotia Will. This is not the typical judicial review scenario. The more flexible Rule 5 process is better suited to determination of the issues herein. [ 16 ] Jurisdiction of this Court to provide the remedy sought arises from its jurisdiction over the subject matter in question as derived from sections 7, 8, 97 and 99 of the Probate Act and pursuant to

Part 4 (contentious matters) of the Probate Court Practice, Procedures and Forms Regulations . [ 17 ] I am satisfied that the Application is properly before this Court, and that the Court has jurisdiction to deal with the issue and requested relief. Evidence Presented at the Hearing [ 18 ] This matter proceeded by way of Application in Chambers (appointed time) under CPR 5.03. The Applicant, Dr. Davies’ ex- wife, and Respondent supported their positions by way of affidavits. No cross examination took place at the hearing.

There was an agreement between counsel, that as a matter of fact and law, which I accept, that Dr. Davies’ domicile was Nova Scotia, Canada at all material times. The affidavits filed were those of: Ms. Davies - sworn May 10, 2010, and October 14, 2010; Joint affidavit of Dr. Brian Shorey and Mrs. Andrea Shorey - sworn October 11, 2010; Neil Jacobi - sworn October 14, 2010; Justin Scale - sworn October 8, 2010; and Ms. Collins - sworn September 30, 2010. [ 19 ] Also filed by consent, is Exhibit #1, being the complete 13 page expert report (i.e. letter dated November 25, 2009) authored by Catherine D. A.

Watson of Boyne Clarke, Barristers and Solicitors in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia to Justice Gobin of the High Court of Trinidad and Tobago respecting CV 2009 - 00597 in the matter of The Estate of William Anthony Mosten Davies (deceased) , Pamela Mary Davies v. Jennifer Collins [an Application to revoke a Grant of Administration in Trinidad.] This report was jointly requested by the same parties herein, for the purpose of providing Justice Gobin proof of what effect a marriage in extremis in Trinidad would have on a prior will in Nova Scotia, according to the laws of Nova Scotia .

[ 20 ] Ms. Davies took the position that the issue of the effect of the marriage in extremis on the prior will in Nova Scotia should be characterized as a question of matrimonial law rather than a question of succession law. If so characterized, the governing law would be that of the intended matrimonial domicile [i.e. Trinidad] and not the deceased’s domicile [i.e. Nova Scotia]. Ms. Davies would then be able to act as Executrix and be confirmed as sole beneficiary under the Last Will and Testament of Dr. Davies once the will was probated in Nova Scotia. [ 21 ] Ms.

Davies also made the argument that the marriage Dr. Davies and Ms. Davies in Trinidad on July 27, 2007 was not valid according to Nova Scotia law and that therefore, there is no “marriage” as contemplated by s. 17 of the Nova Scotia Wills Act , R.S.N.S. 1989, c. 505 as amended. [ 22 ] Ms. Collins vigorously defended her position that the marriage in Trinidad was formally and essentially valid according to the law of Nova Scotia and Trinidad, and that therefore the marriage was capable of, and did revoke the prior Will of Dr. Davies. Legal Issues 1. Is the marriage of Dr.

Davies and Jennifer Collins in Trinidad formally and essentially valid? 2. If the marriage is valid, what are the legal consequences of that marriage upon the Will made by Dr. Davies in 1989 in Nova Scotia? Findings of Fact [ 23 ] Based on the evidence presented and admissions made by the respective parties I am satisfied of the following facts: 1. Dr. Davies was born on October 11, 1969. He married Ms. Davies before they moved from the United Kingdom to Canada in 1971, and to Nova Scotia in 1975, where in 1976 they became Canadian citizens. On July 25, 1989, Dr.

Davies executed a valid Last Will and Testament in Nova Scotia under which Ms. Davies was appointed executrix and sole beneficiary; 2. Dr. Davies and Ms. Davies lived separate and apart after 1993, and they were divorced on August 11, 2001 by the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The Corollary Relief Judgment thereto contained the Minutes of Settlement dated June 5, 2001 between the parties. - See Exhibit C to May 10, 2010 sworn affidavit of Ms. Davies. 3. Dr. Davies moved for work related reasons to Trinidad in 1999, and formed a relationship with Ms. Collins there in early 2000.

That relationship continued throughout, and up until the time of Dr. Davies death. 4. On July 27, 2007, Dr. Davies was admitted to hospital in Trinidad, and while in dying condition he married Ms. Collins in what legislation in Trinidad characterizes as a “marriage in extremis ”; 5. Dr. Davies passed away on July 29, 2007 in Trinidad. 6. Both at the time of his marriage to Ms. Collins and his death, Dr. Davies’ domicile was Canada, and more specifically Nova Scotia, whereas Ms. Collins’ domicile was Trinidad. 7. On April 18, 2008, Ms. Collins was granted administration of the Estate of Dr.

Davies as an intestate in Trinidad - Exhibit H to the

May 10 th , 2010 sworn affidavit of Ms. Davies; 8. Litigation was commenced by Ms. Davies against Ms. Collins in Trinidad as Ms. Davies’ position was that the Will in Nova Scotia was valid, and the Grant of Administration in Trinidad and Tobago ought to be revoked. As a consequence, the High Court of Justice in Trinidad was provided with an expert opinion regarding “whether the marriage in extremis carried out in Trinidad and Tobago would be considered valid under Nova Scotian law for the purposes of revoking a pre-existing Will”.

This opinion was communicated by letter dated November 25, 2009 and authored by Catherine DA Watson of Boyne Clarke, Barristers and Solicitors - Exhibit #1 at the hearing. The opinion concluded that the marriage would revoke the prior will according to the law of Nova Scotia; 9. On December 17, 2009, Madame Justice Gobin rendered a decision in chambers without a hearing and issued an Order: “It is hereby ordered that: 1. The claimant’s claim is dismissed. 2. The claimant to pay the defendant’s costs in the sum of $14,500.” - Exhibit #Q to the May 10 th , 2010 sworn affidavit of Ms.

Davies. - See also paragraphs 40 and 45 of the affidavit; 10. After presenting Dr. Davies will in Nova Scotia to the Registrar of Probate, Ms. Davies received a January 26, 2010 letter from the Registrar which advised: “I am unable to process the grant of Probate for this Estate as a Grant has already been issued in another jurisdiction... it is my opinion that you will have to present the Will to the Court in Trinidad and Tobago and request the Grant of Administration be revoked.

Once a new Grant is issued on the Will, you can then make an application for an Extra Provincial Grant of Probate in Nova Scotia.” - Exhibit K to the May 10 th , 2010 sworn affidavit of Ms. Davies; 11. Dr. Davies and Ms. Collins have lived together in Trinidad since early 2000 and their existing and intended matrimonial domicile was Trinidad. Legal Analysis The validity of the marriage in Trinidad and Tobago [ 24 ] In Castel and Walker, Canadian Conflict of Laws (Sixth Edition, Lexis Nexis Canada Inc. 2005 (updated to 2010)) [hereinafter “Castel”] the authors note under

chapter 16 “Marriage”, that whether or not a foreign marriage will be recognized in Nova Scotia requires a Court in Nova Scotia to examine the validity of the form of the foreign marriage, - i.e. more specifically to examine its 1) formal validity and 2) essential validity.

[ 25 ] Under “Formal Validity” Castel states at p. 16-1: “Subject to certain exceptions [not relevant here] the formal validity of a marriage is governed by the lex loci celebrationis - the law of the place where the marriage is celebrated. The marriage is formally valid if it complies with the formal requirements of the lex loci celebrationis or the law indicated by the conflict of laws rules of that place for the formal validity of a marriage.

This is so even if the marriage does not comply with the formal requirements of the law of the parties domicile or the conflict of laws rules of that law for the formal validity of the marriage... in other words, compliance with the lex loci celebrationis may be considered imperative and not permissive.” [ 26 ] Under “Essential Validity - capacity and consent” at p. 16-7 Castel states: “There are two main doctrines concerning which law should govern capacity to marry: The “dual domicile doctrine”,which requires each party to have capacity to marry under the law that governs their status before they married, and the “intended matrimonial home doctrine”, which requires the parties to have capacity to marry under the law of the place where they intend to establish their joint home, provided they do so within a reasonable time.

It is not necessary for the parties to have capacity to marry under the law of the place where the marriage is celebrated. In Canada, judicial authority generally supports the view that capacity to marry is governed by the law of each party’s ante-nuptial domicile. However, Canadian courts have sometimes referred to the intended matrimonial home doctrine , which recognizes that the community in which the parties plan to live together as husband and wife is the one primarily interested in the validity of their marriage... The consent of the parties is a matter of the essential validity of a marriage.

Thus, a marriage is invalid if under the law of either party’s ante-nuptial domicile that party will lack consent.” [ 27 ] Exhibits E, F and J to the May 10 th , 2010 sworn affidavit of Ms. Davies, contain certified documents from the Assistant Registrar General of Trinidad and Tobago certifying they are true and correct copies of entries in the marriage in extremis book in Trinidad. [ 28 ] Although Ms.

Davies’ position in written arguments suggested skepticism at the integrity or validity of the marriage in Trinidad, I am satisfied as a matter of fact and law, that the marriage was formally and essentially valid according to the law of both Trinidad and of Nova Scotia.

I note s. 42(2) of the Evidence Act, R.S.N.S. 1989 c. 154 as amended, also creates a presumption that if solemnization [in Trinidad] is proved then “such foreign marriage was duly solemnized in accordance with the foreign law”. [ 29 ] In all the circumstances, I find the marriage is formally and essentially valid. [ 30 ] This leaves a residual question about whether a marriage in extremis is a “marriage” as contemplated by s. 17 of the Wills Act , R.S.N.S. 1989 c. 505 as amended, which reads: 17 Every Will is revoked by the marriage of the Testator except where (

a) it is declared in the Will that the same is made in contemplation of such marriage: (

b) the wife or husband of the testator elects to take under the Will by an instrument in writing signed by such wife or husband and filed, within one year after the testator’s death, in the court of probate in which probate of such will is taken or sought to be taken; or

(

c) the Will is made in exercise of a power of appointment, when the real or personal property thereby appointed would not in default of such appointment pass to the heir, executor or administrator or the person entitled as next of kin. [ 31 ] The

Interpretation Act, R.S.N.S. 1989 c. 235, as amended, notes under the heading “Interpretation of words and generally”: 9

(1) The law shall be considered as always speaking and, whenever any matter or thing is expressed in the present tense, it shall be applied to the circumstances as they arise, so that effect may be given to each enactment, and every part thereof, according to its spirit, true intent, and meaning. ...

(5) Every enactment shall be deemed remedial and interpreted to ensure the attainment of its objects by considering among other matters (

a) the occasion and necessity for the enactment; (

b) the circumstances existing at the time it was passed; (

c) the mischief to be remedied; (

d) the object to be attained; (

e) the former law, including other enactments upon the same or similar subjects; (

f) the consequences of a particular

interpretation; and (

g) the history of legislation on the subject. [ 32 ] The parties were content to accept as proof of foreign law excerpts from the laws of Trinidad and Tobago as contained in Exhibits O and P of the May 10, 2010 sworn affidavit of Ms. Davies. I have no difficulty proceeding on this basis. I am supported in this further by Rules 54.01 and 54.04 of the Nova Scotia Civil Procedure Rules (2009) which read: Rule 54 - Supplementary Rules of Evidence 54.01

(1) This Rule provides for rules of evidence and proof, in addition to those of the common law.

(2) Legislation that provides for rules of evidence or proof prevails over this Rule, to the extent the legislation is inconsistent with this Rule. ...

54.04

(1) The law of a foreign state may be proved in either of the following ways: (

a) reference to official publications of legislation, judicial decisions, and authoritative sources; (

b) expert opinion, introduced in accordance with Rule 55 - Expert Opinion and the rules of evidence.

(2) The law of a foreign state is presumed to be the same as the law of Nova Scotia, unless a party gives notice by a pleading that the law of a foreign state is in issue and proves that that law is not the same as the law of Nova Scotia. [ 33 ] Although, the species of marriage known as “marriage in extremis ” is not known to Canadian law, nor does it appear to be specifically referred to in English authority, the concept does exist “in the laws of all the Commonwealth Carribean territories” including the Islands of St. Christopher and Nevis, St. Vincent, St.

Lucia, Dominica, Jamaica, Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands, the Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, Trinidad and Tobago, Antigua, Barbados, Grenada, The British Virgin Islands, Guyana, and on the Atlantic Island of Bermuda - “Death Bed Marriages in the Commonwealth Carribean” N.J.O. Liverpool,

(1986) Revue Générale de Droit, University of Ottawa pp. 537 - 552. The author, a well known Carribean legal Scholar notes that: (i) “It is quite clear that the historical origin of these provisions is religious...

Canon 1079 permits a parish priest, when danger of death threatens, to grant dispensation to his parishioners wherever they are residing and to other persons who are actually present in his territory, from observing the usual form of the celebration of marriage.” - p. 550, and (ii) “Finally, since the marriage has the effect of revoking a will only if it takes place in Barbados, Belize, the Cayman Islands, Guyana and Jamaica, litigation of the matter may have been avoided had the marriage been solemnized in one or other of the remaining thirteen Commonwealth Carribean Territories.” - p. 552. [ 34 ] According to the Laws of Trinidad, Section 42(1) Marriage Act,

chapter 45:01 as amended, a marriage in extremis is defined as: “... the ceremony of marriage between persons, without notice being given of the intended marriage of such persons, or without a certificate duly issued, or before the issue of such certificate, or after the expiration of 6 months from the entry of notice of such marriage, if both the parties between whom the ceremony of marriage is performed are, at the time of the performance thereof, legally competent to contract marriage and are of full age, and also that one at least of them, to the best of the knowledge and belief of the marriage officer and of the other person signing the certificate herein after required shall be, at the time of the performance of such ceremony, in a dying state, and that such dying person is a member of the religious communion or denomination to which such marriage officer belongs.” [ 35 ] Notably, s. 42(4) reads: “No marriage solemnized under this

section shall operate as a revocation of any will.” [ 36 ] Similarly, s. 38(1) of the Wills and Probate Act

chapter 9:03 as amended, reads: Subject to the provisions of sub-section 2 and 3 of this section, every will made by a man or woman shall be revoked by his or her marriage:

provided that no marriage in extremis solemnized in accordance with the provisions of the Marriage Act shall operate as a revocation of any will. [ 37 ] An ordinary marriage in Trinidad, similar to a marriage in Nova Scotia, revokes a prior Will. However, the peculiar characteristics of a marriage in extremis , qualify that form of marriage in Trinidad as not revoking a prior Will. [ 38 ] In MacDougall v. Nova Scotia (WCAT) , 2010 NSCA 92 [2010] N.S.J. No. 579 (CA) our Court of Appeal had to interpret s. 27(1)(

b) of the Nova Scotia Workers Compensation Act . At issue was its “true meaning” and whether it intended that the Estate of a Nova Scotian worker killed in Newfoundland by a colleague, could claim in Tort in Newfoundland in spite of the Nova Scotia legislation which appears to prohibit such suits in Nova Scotia. The Court found that “compensation claimable by the deceased worker under the Nova Scotia statute includes the right to commence a Newfoundland tort action”. [ 39 ] The Court’s approach to the statutory

interpretation of Nova Scotian legislation is relevant to my task of interpreting s. 17 of the Wills Act . As MacDonald, C.J.N.S. stated for the Court: The Supreme Court of Canada had endorsed the modern approach to statutory

interpretation as proposed by Elmer Driedger, Construction of Statutes , 2nd ed. (Toronto: Butterworths, 1983) at page 87: ... the words of

an Act are to be read in their entire context, and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of [the Legislature]. - at para. 28. [ 40 ] As suggested by the Nova Scotia

Interpretation Act , the history of s. 17 of the Wills Act , the consequences of a particular

interpretation, as well as the mischief to be remedied and the object to be attained, must all be considered. [ 41 ] In Canada, with the exception of the province of Quebec, “A subsequent marriage automatically revokes all existing Wills and codicils without the Testator having the slightest intention to revoke them.” - James MacKenzie, Feeney’s Canadian Law Of Wills, 4 th Edition, (Looseleaf, Markham, Ont: Lexis Nexis 2000 (updated to 2010)) at para. 5.9. [ 42 ] Although the first statute dealing with probate matters was passed by the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in 1758, [being an Act relating to Wills, Legacies and Executors and for the Settlement and Distribution of the Estates of Intestates, SNS 1758 c. 11], it did not have a provision that revoked a Will upon a subsequent marriage. [ 43 ] It was not until 1840 that such a provision was passed by the Nova Scotia Legislature. [ 44 ] Notably, the wording of s. 17 of the Wills Act has its origin in an 1837 British statute.

The statutory law in England was based on case law from the ecclesiastical and common law courts which created the “doctrine of implied revocation”. Those Courts developed two rules or applications of the doctrine of implied revocation: “1. That marriage plus the birth of issue revoked a prior Will in the case of a male testator and; 2. That marriage alone revoked a prior Will in the case of a female testatrix.” - W. A. Graunke and J.H. Beuscher, “The Doctrine of Implied Revocation of Wills By Reason of Change in Domestic Relations of the Testator.” (1930) 5 Wis. L.

Rev. 387. [ 45 ] At least initially the rationale for these two rules was different:

“In the case of the male testator, it was said with a complete change in his domestic situation, and the appearance of a new heir, he was presumed to intend a revocation of his prior will; at first this presumption was rebuttable, but eventually the courts came to consider it as a conclusive rule of law, ‘a tacit condition annexed to the will itself at the time of making it, that the party does not then intend that it should take effect if there should be a total change in the situation of his family’ - Elizabeth Durfee “Revocation of Wills By Subsequent Change in the Condition or Circumstances of the Testator.” (1942) 40 Mich.

L. Rev. 406. [ 46 ] This presumption was obviously linked to the judicial belief that a man’s “new” family should be preferred to his “old” family. [ 47 ] Elizabeth Durfee, in her

article further stated, that the rationale for a female testatrix was that: “a married woman was incapable of making a will (except as to her separate equitable Estate or in the exercise of a power or by antenuptial contract) and hence was incapable of revoking one already made” - at page 407. [ 48 ] In 1837, the revocation-of-wills-by marriage rule was codified in England.

Section 18 of the Wills Act , 1837 (UK), 7 Will IV & 1 Vict, c. 26 read: Every will made by a man or woman shall be revoked by his or her marriage (except a will made in exercise of a power of appointment, when the real or personal Estate thereby appointed would not in default of such appointment pass to his or her heir, customary heir, executor, or administrator, or the person entitled as his or her next-of-kin, under the Statute of Distributions). [ 49 ] In 1840, the Nova Scotia Legislature passed

An Act Concerning Wills S.N.S. 1840, c.

Section 15 of that Act read: That every will made by a man or a woman shall be revoked by his or her marriage, (except a will made in exercise of a power of appointment,) when the Real or Personal Estate thereby appointed would not, in default of such appointment, pass to his or her Heir, Customary Heir, Executor, or Administrator, or the person entitled as his or her next of kin, under the aforesaid Act of this Province, for the settlement and distribution of the Estates of Intestates, or any Act made in addition to or to amend or alter the same. [ 50 ] By 1851 the language had been modified slightly.

Section 13 of the Wills of Real and Personal Estate Act , R.S.N.S. 1851, c. 114 read: All wills shall be revoked by marriage, except a will made in exercise of a power of appointment, when the real or personal Estate thereby appointed would not in default of such appointment pass to the heir, executor or administrator, or the person entitled as next of kin. [ 51 ] It was not until the period between 1884 and 1900 that two additional exceptions were added to the rule.

Section 18 of the Wills Act , R.S.N.S. 1900, c. 139 read: “Every Will shall be revoked by the marriage of the testator, except,

a) where it is declared in the Will that the same is made in contemplation of such marriage;

b) where the wife or husband of the testator elects to take under the Will by an instrument in writing signed by such wife or husband and filed, within one year after the testator’s death, in the Court of probate in which probate of such will is taken or sought to be taken; or

c) where the Will is made in exercise of a power of appointment, when the real or personal property thereby appointed would not in default of such appointment pass to the heir, executor or administrator, or the person entitled as next of kin.” [ 52 ] While it seems that the addition of these exceptions appear to have placed the focus more on the testator’s intention, than the morality of preferring the “new” family over the “old”, recent commentary including that from the Law Reform Commission of Nova Scotia reiterates that revocation of a Will by marriage is intended to prefer the new family over the old: Final report: Reform of the Nova Scotia Wills Act (November 2003), online: The Law Reform Commission of Nova Scotia - http://www.lawreform.ns.ca/Downloads/Wills_Act_Final_Report.pdf at 28-29. [ 53 ] The word “marriage” is not ambiguous, and particularly not so as it is situated in s. 17 of the Wills Act .

Its ordinary sense, can easily be read harmoniously with the scheme and object of the Act. A consideration of the history of the Act explains the presence of s. 17. [ 54 ] In

summary, I conclude that the proper

interpretation of “marriage” in s. 17 of the Wills Act , does not intend to distinguish between marriages based on whether they revoke a prior will or not, and that therefore, a marriage in extremis in Trinidad, falls within the definition of “marriage” in s. 17 of the Wills Act. Should the Law of Trinidad and Tobago or the Law of Nova Scotia apply to determine the effect or consequence of a marriage in extremis in Trinidad and Tobago on the validity of a Will made in Nova Scotia? [ 55 ] I have been unable to locate any cases where this specific issue has been raised.

This case therefore necessarily requires a careful examination of the competing considerations inherent in the factual matrix presented, as well as the conflict of laws rules that seem to prevail at present. Those rules have been developed over centuries. [ 56 ] As a consequence of their ancient origins in English law, they also represent some anachronistic perspectives on gender issues, and property distinctions, rooted in common law and statutes which are of tenuous persuasiveness and applicability to Canadian jurisprudence.

Moreover, this tension between “traditional” and “modern” approaches to one’s view of gender and property issues, challenges the continued acceptance of the underlying rationales for some “traditional” conflicts of law rules, and therefore the continued applicability of such “traditional” rules to cases such as the one at Bar. [ 57 ] As stated above, it is my view that any form of marriage that is found to be formally and essentially valid according to Nova Scotia law, will constitute a “marriage” within the meaning of s. 17 of the Wills Act and therefore be capable of revoking, by operation of law, any prior Will of such marrying party. [ 58 ] However, there is a conflict in the laws between the treatment accorded to a marriage in extremis in Trinidad, and its effect on a prior Will there, and the treatment of such marriage in extremis and its effect on a Will in Nova Scotia.

In Trinidad, the Will would survive the marriage; in Nova Scotia the Will would be revoked by the marriage. [ 59 ] It is important in my view to appreciate that it is not the different forms of marriage which create the conflict, but the consequences of the form of marriage in Trinidad upon a prior Will, which are distinct from the consequences on a prior Will according to Nova Scotia law.

[ 60 ] Since it is those consequences, if any, upon a Will, and because a Will determines succession to a testator’s Estate, the core issue in this case traditionally should be viewed as a “succession” issue and not a matrimonial law issue. [ 61 ] In light of that characterization, the issue would therefore properly be stated as a succession law conflict of laws issue, and those rules should be applied to the case at Bar. [ 62 ] Treating the core issue as a “succession” issue is also consistent with Nova Scotia legislation which might apply to a spouse in the position of Ms. Collins.

That legislation is designed to ensure that a spouse of a deceased person fairly receives a reasonable financial interest in the Estate. It appears the rationale for s. 17 of the Wills Act to prefer the “new family” is also evident in both the Intestate Succession Act and Testator’s Family Maintenance Act . [ 63 ] If the Will in Nova Scotia is not revoked, then Ms. Collins is entitled to make a claim as a “dependent” which includes a surviving spouse or “widow” under ss. 2(

b) and 3 of the Testator’s Family Maintenance Act , R.S.N.S. 1989, c. 465 as amended. This legislation is intended to allow a Court to make an order for the adequate and proper maintenance and support of a “dependent” who has not been provided for the in the Last Will and Testament of the Testator. In the case at Bar, the Last Will and Testament of Dr. Davies provides that his entire Estate is to go to his first wife, Ms. Davies, and that she is to be the Executrix of the Estate. [ 64 ] If Dr.

Davies had died intestate, pursuant to the Intestate Succession Act, R.S.N.S. 1989, c. 236 as amended, his entire Estate would go to his “surviving spouse” Ms. Collins, as there are no children. [ 65 ] Thus, in so far as it can pronounce upon Estate assets within the jurisdiction of Nova Scotia, whether the Will is revoked or not, Nova Scotia law foresees possible avenues of redress for Ms. Collins in either event, in spite of the fact that the “marriage” was of an extraordinary nature, and could have an extraordinary consequence upon any Last Will and Testament of Dr.

Davies. [ 66 ] However , characterising the issue as one of “succession” for conflict of laws purposes leads one to a split in the applicable connecting factors: the lex situs will govern immovables and the law of the deceased’s domicile will govern movables.

It is therefore preferable in my view to accept Dicey’s suggestion that whether a marriage revokes a will should be characterised as an independent category of conflict of laws in its own right, with the same choice of law rule (as if it were a matrimonial law issue): That the law of the Testator’s domicile at the time of marriage (revocation) governs (the succession to the Estate’

s) movables and immovables. Dicey para. 2-039. [ 67 ] Next it will be useful to examine: 1. The views of text writers; 2. The cases cited by the parties from which they argue the general principles they say are applicable to the case. Text Writers (

i) Dicey on The Conflict of Laws [ 68 ] Dicey, Morris and Collins on the Conflict of Laws, 14 th edition, (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2006) (“Dicey”) are a leading English authority. In one of its introductory chapters entitled: “Characterization and the Incidental Question” , Dicey states, regarding the nature of the problem: Characterisation is a fundamental problem in all traditional systems of the conflict of laws , that is to say the systems applicable in

Characterisation is a fundamental problem in all traditional systems of the conflict of laws , that is to say the systems applicable in England and other European countries. It results from the fact that the rules which have been evolved to deal with choice-of-law problems are expressed in terms of juridical concepts or categories and localising elements or connecting factors.

This structure may be illustrated by considering some typical rules of the English conflict of laws: “succession to immovables is governed by the law of the situs ”; “the formal validity of a marriage is governed by the law of the place of celebration”; “capacity to marry is governed by the law of the parties’ domicile.” In these examples, succession to immovables, formal validity of marriage and capacity to marry are the categories, while situs , place of celebration and domicile are the connecting factors .

The problem of a characterization consists in determining which juridical concept or category is appropriate in any given case. Assume, for example, that it is claimed that a marriage is void because the parties did not have the consent of their parents: should this be regarded as falling into the category “formal validity of a marriage” or should one take the view that it comes under “capacity to marry”?

The answer could clearly determine the outcome of the case: this would be so if the law of the parties’ domicile required them to obtain the consent of their parents, while the law of the place where the marriage was celebrated did not. It might seem possible to solve the above problem simply on the basis of normal legal reasoning - though the untutored assumption of most lawyers that parental consent relates to capacity is not in fact the solution adopted by the English courts - but the next problem may seem more difficult.

Assume that a testator domiciled in England makes a will disposing of land in Utopia (such will not being made in contemplation of marriage) and subsequently marries. He dies shortly afterwards. Is the will revoked by the marriage? Under the law of England it will be, but we will assume that this is not the case under the law of Utopia.

In such a situation, the answer to the question whether the will is revoked could depend on whether the issue is characterised as one relating to succession or to matrimonial law (proprietary consequences of marriage) . [essentially the situation in the case at Bar] It will be seen from the above examples that the problem of characterisation arises whenever a system of conflict of laws is based on categories and connecting factors . In such a system, it is always necessary to determine which is the appropriate category in any given case.

Since the English rules of the conflict of laws are based on categories and connecting factors, there is no way of avoiding the problem, though it may be ameliorated by selecting narrower and more specific categories. Thus the problem set out in the previous paragraph would disappear if there were a category “revocation of a will by subsequent marriage .” - Dicey -

Chapter 2, pp. 37 - 38 (14 th ed.) [My emphasis] [ 69 ] Later Dicey notes that in English law “the succession to moveables of an intestate is governed by the law of his domicile at the time of his death” [Rule 140, para. 27 R-010] and “succession to the immovables of an i ntestate is governed by the law of the country where the immovables are situated ( lex situs )” [Rule 141, para. 27R-015]. [My emphasis] [ 70 ] Regarding intestate succession, Dicey explains why a single Rule should be adopted for moveables and immovables : “According to the traditional English rule of the conflict of laws, intestate succession to immovables is governed by the lex situs .

This rule made some sense before 1926 when there were two systems of intestate succession in English domestic law, one for realty and the other for personal property. It makes less sense today when England and most, if not all, other countries in the world have adopted one system of intestate succession for all kinds of property. Moreover, outside the common law world, the lex situs rule for intestate succession to land has been abandoned almost everywhere except in Austria, Belgium and France.

It has therefore been suggested that the lex situs rule has outlived its usefulness and should be abandoned in favour of the law of the intestate’s domicile. In modern law it is a quite unnecessary complication to have different conflict rules for intestate succession to movables and immovables. ” - para. 27-016 at p. 123. [My emphasis added] [ 71 ] Perhaps it is time for one rule to govern succession law of testate and intestate deceased persons? There is no compelling reason why different conflict of laws rules should govern immovables and movables. I think that time has come; reform is long overdue.

The domicile of the deceased at the relevant time should govern in all cases.

[ 72 ] If intestate succession is to be governed by the conflict of laws rule of the testator’s domicile, then it is equally appropriate in cases of testacy and whether a marriage revokes an earlier Will. [ 73 ] In

chapter 27 “Succession”, Dicey states:

(6) Revocation Rule 150 - Subject to the exception hereinafter mentioned, the question of whether a will has been revoked depends on the law of the testator’s domicile at the date of the alleged act of revocation. - Para. 27R-084. [My emphasis] [ 74 ] Footnote 80 to that Rule reads: This Rule applies to the revocation of wills of movables and immovables .

However, except in the case of revocation by subsequent marriage discussed below [paras. 27-087], there is no authority regarding immovables and it is possible that the lex situs may apply in a case of revocation by burning, tearing or destroying the will. [My emphasis] [ 75 ] Dicey goes on: The question what determines whether a will has been revoked is one of considerable nicety and does not appear to have received much discussion except as regards revocation by subsequent marriage....

Therefore, it is submitted that the law of the testator’s domicile at the time of the alleged revocation should determine whether his will has been revoked. But in the absence of English authority, this submission must be made with hesitation.

Revocation by Subsequent Marriage [para. 27 - 087] Under the law of some countries (for example England under s. 18 of the Wills Act , 1837) a marriage ipso facto revokes any will made before marriage by either party to the marriage, while under the law of other countries (for example Scotland or France) marriage does not revoke a will made before marriage either by the husband or the wife. As far as the conflict of law is concerned, in bonis Reid

(1866) LR 1 P & D 74 was decided on the basis of s. 3 of Lord Kingsdown’s Act (now repealed), which provided that no will or other testamentary instrument would be revoked by reason of any subsequent change in the domicile of the testator. The Rule was, however, given a different foundation by Re: Martin [1900] P 211, in which the Court of Appeal held that revocation of the will by subsequent marriage is to be characterized as a question of the matrimonial, rather than testamentary law.

Where the testator was a man , this produced the same result since he was accepted that the proprietary consequences of marriage were determined by the law of the husband’s domicile at the time of marriage. Where the will was made by a woman , it meant that the governing law was that of her husband’s domicile at the time of marriage. Since at that time, a woman automatically took her husband’s domicile on marriage, this came to almost the same thing : if the relevant time was immediately after the marriage, her domicile would of necessity be the same as his.

The position changed, however, on January 1, 1974 when the Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act, 1973 came into force, since this allowed a woman to retain a different domicile after marriage. It is no longer acceptable that the revocation of a woman’s will should be determined by the law of her husband’s domicile. In

chapter 28, it is suggested that the abolition of the Rule concerning a wife’s domicile necessitates a change in the Choice of Law Rule for determining the proprietary consequences of marriage: it is proposed that, where the husband and wife are domiciled in different countries, the governing law should be that of the country with which the parties and the marriage have their closest connection. It might be thought that this should now be the law to determine whether a will is revoked by marriage.

However , the new Choice of Law Rule was made necessary by the fact that the Matrimonial Property Regime must be determined by the same system of law for both husband and wife. This is not the case with regard to the question whether a marriage revokes a will; therefore, the governing law for the latter remains that of the testator or testatrix’s domicile immediately after the marriage. This is the Rule which has been applied in all the decided cases, but it now has a different effect in view of the fact that a wife can retain a separate domicile. (Footnote

95) - pages 1264 - 1265 [My emphasis added] [ 76 ] Footnote 95 reads: See also above para. 2-038 where it is suggested that a better way of achieving the same result would be to regard the question of revocation of a will by subsequent marriage as a separate conflict category, the connecting factor being the domicile of the testator or testatrix at the time of marriage. Alternatively, the relevant category could be regarded as “revocation of a will by means other than the execution of a new will”: this would correspond to Rule 150. [My emphasis added] [ 77 ] As referenced in Footnote 95, Dicey stated in

Chapter 2: Conclusions In essence, characterisation is a process of refining English conflict rules by expressing them with greater precision. If the relevant rule is, for example, “succession to movables is governed by the lex domicilii of the deceased,” characterisation involves deciding precisely which issues should be governed by the lex domicilii . The term “succession” is simply a useful way of referring to the bundle of issues that are regarded as appropriate for determination by the lex domicilii .

To believe that at term such as “succession” has an objectively defined meaning which exists independently of the purpose for which it used is mere conceptualism. It is, therefore, pointless to search for the “true” meaning of the term. Moreover, since the purpose of the exercise is to reformulate rules of English law, it is contrary to principle to look to foreign law for the answer. This seems to have been recognised by the English courts. For example, in MacMillan Inc v.

Bishopsate Investment Trust Plc (No. 3) , a recent English case in which the issue of characterisation received extended judicial discussion, Auld L.J. accepted that “the proper approach is to look beyond the formulation of the claim and to identify according to the lex fori the true issue or issues thrown up by the claim and the defence.” The way the court should proceed is to consider the rationale of the English conflict rule and the purpose of the rule of the substantive law to be characterised. On this basis, it can decide whether the conflict rule should be regarded as covering the rule of substantive law.

In some cases, the court might conclude that the rule of substantive law should not be regarded as falling within either of the two potentially applicable conflict rules. In this situation, a new conflict rule should be created. As Mance L.J. said in Raiffeisen Zentralbank Öster-reich AG v Five Star General Trading LLC , when dealing with the characterisation of issues, “The overall aim is to identify the most appropriate law to govern a particular issue. The classes or categories of issue which the law recognises at the first stage [i.e., for characterisation] are man-made, not natural.

They have no inherent value, beyond their purpose in assisting to select the most appropriate law. A mechanistic application, without regard to the consequences, would conflict with the purpose for which they were conceived. They may require redefinition or modification, or new categories may have to be recognised...”. Revocation of a will by the subsequent marriage of the testator will serve as an example to demonstrate this methodology.

The English rule, which is found s.18 of the Wills Act 1837, as substituted by s.18 of the Administration of Justice Act 1982, is subject to certain exceptions, one of which is that if it appears from the will that, at the time when it was made, the testator was expecting to be married to a particular person and that he intended that the will should not be revoked by the marriage, it will not be revoked by his marriage to that person.

This suggests that the purpose of the rule is to give expression to the presumed intention of the testator: except where the will is made in contemplation of marriage, one might assume that the change of circumstances brought about by the marriage will be such that th average testator would want to make a different disposition of his property. Scottish and French law take a different view. To which testators is it appropriate to apply the English Rule ?

The best way of answering this question is to ask which testators would be most likely deliberately to have refrained from revoking their will because they thought it would be automatically revoked by reason of the English rule. The answer must be: those testators who, at the time of their marriage, thought that their affairs would be governed by English law. This suggests the law of the domicile at the time of marriage, both for movables and immovables.

This result cannot be attained by characterising the question as relating to succession (essential validity of a will). In such a case, thegoverning law would be, in the case of movables, the law of the testator’s domicile at death and, in the case of immovables, the lexsitus. If the question is characterised as a matter of matrimonial law, as was done by the Court of Appeal in Re Martin, the applicablelaw would traditionally have been that of the husband’s domicile at the time of marriage. Where the will is that of a woman, this wouldbe unacceptable today. In

Chapter 28 it is suggested that, where the parties to a marriage are domiciled in different countries, thematrimonial property regime should today be determined by the law of the country with which the parties and the marriage havetheir closest connection. If revocation by subsequent marriage is characterised as being an aspect of the matrimonial propertyregime, this is the law that would govern. There is, however, an important difference between the matrimonial property regimein general and revocation of a will: the former must be governed by the same system of law for both spouses; the latter need notbe.

Consequently, there is good reason for regarding it as a special aspect of matrimonial law, with its own choice-of-law rule,the law of the domicile of the testator or testatrix at the time of the marriage. Alternatively, it could be regarded as anindependent conflict category in its own right (with the same choice-of-law rule). If the question had been free from authority,the latter would have been the better solution. - Dicey,

Chapter 2 - pp 48-50 (14th ed.) [78] Dicey concludes: It follows from the characterization adopted in Re: Martin that the same Rule should apply to wills of immovables: “If the Rule asto revocation of a will by marriage is part of the matrimonial law and not of the testamentary law, it is difficult to see why or how therecan be any distinction in this respect between movables and immovables. [citing from Davies v. Davies (1915), (ABKB), 24 D.L.R. 737 at p. 740 (Alta. S.C.)]. - Dicey,

Chapter 27, para. 27 -089 (14th ed.) p. 1265 [My emphasis added] (ii) Castel - Canadian Conflict of Laws [79] In Castel and Walker, Canadian Conflict of Laws (6th Edition) Markham, Ontario, Lexis Nexis Canada Inc. 2005 (updated to2010) (“Castel”) the authors state in

chapter 26 “Estates Administration”: The administration of a deceased person’s assets is governed the law of the State or of Province from which the personal representativederives his or her authority to collect them....with respect to questions of the applicable law, administration does not include thedistribution to beneficiaries of the deceased’s net assets after paying of all debts, duties and expenses; this is a matter ofsuccession, which is governed by separate rules [see

chapter 27]. [My emphasis] [80] In

chapter 27 entitled “Succession”, Castel states: “A Canadian common law Court will follow the decision of the Court of the deceased’s last domicile upon any question with regard tothe succession to his or her movables, where ever situated. It will follow the decision of the Court of the place where the deceased’simmovables are situated upon any question with regard to the succession of those immovables.” (p. 27-2) [81] Castel goes on to state:

All the questions of succession to an intestate’s movables are governed by the law of his or her domicile at the time of death, and to hisor her immovables by the lex situs. However, it has been held that the deceased’s assets, irrespective of whether they are movablesor immovables, should be assembled under the administrator’s umbrella and, after setting aside the highest preferential sharepermitted under the respective jurisdiction where the assets are located, the residue of the Estate should be divided by theapplicable law of the deceased’s usual or habitual place of residence.

This approach prevents the surviving spouse from inheritingdisproportionately by accumulating preferential shares where movables and immovable are located in several jurisdictions. Arguably,awarding the highest preferential share to the surviving spouse may be unfair where the law that provides it is that of a jurisdiction thathas little or no connection to any of the parties.

Still, as the situation suggests, the application of a single law to intestate succession,irrespective of the nature of the assets involved, simplifies the distribution of the deceased’s assets. (p. 27-5) [My emphasis] [82] Under the title “Revocation by Marriage”, Divorce or Annulment”, Castel states: The question whether marriage revokes a previous will of movables is governed by the law of the testator’s domicile at the time ofthe marriage (Footnote 61)....The question whether marriage revokes a previous will of immovables is governed by the lex situs(Footnote 64). [My emphasis] [83] Footnote 61 reads in part: ...the rule of English law which makes a Will null and void on marriage is part of the matrimonial law and not of the testamentary law:Re: Martin; Loustalan v.

Loustalan, [1900] P. 211 at 240 (C.A.); Re: Howard (ON SC), [1924] 1 D.L.R. 1062 at 1071(Ont. High Court). [84] Footnote 62 refers to: ...Re: Martin; Loustalan v. Loustalan, [1900] O, 211 (C.A.)....Seifert v. Seifert, (ON SC), [1914] O.J. 154, 23 D.L.R.440 (S.C.); Davies v. Davies (1915), (AB KB), 24 D.L.R. 737 (Alta. S.C.). [85] And lastly, Footnote 64 reads in part: Re: Martin, Loustalan v. Loustalan, [1900] P. 211 (C.A.); however, to the contrary see Davies v. Davies (1915), (ABKB), 24 D.L.R. 737 at 740 (Alta. S.C.) and Re: Howard, (ON SC), [1924] 1 D.L.R. 1062 (Ont.

High Court); also Re:Covone Estate, [1989] B.C.J. No. 2338, 36 E.T.R. 114 (S.C.) (Law of Matrimonial Domicile applied). [86] As these excerpts demonstrate, the text writers comments reflect a diversity of opinion regarding the appropriate Conflict ofLaws Rules applicable to cases involving the question of whether marriage should revoke a prior Will. [87] Dicey states: ...the governing law for [whether a marriage revokes a will] remains that of the testator’s or testatrix’s domicile immediately after themarriage.

...it follows from the characterization adopted in Re: Martin [Loustalan v. Loustalan [1900] P. 211 (C.A.)] that the same Rule should apply to wills of immovables. (para. 27-087; p. 1265) [ 88 ] Similarly, Dicey stated: Therefore, it is submitted that the law of the testator’s domicile at the date of alleged revocation should determine whether his will has been revoked.

But in the absence of English authority, this submission must be made with hesitation. (para. 27-086; p. 1264) [ 89 ] Castel, in contrast, suggests that the law that governs whether a previous Will is revoked by a marriage depends on whether it is the movables or immovables under the Will which are at issue.

That is, if movables are concerned, it will be the law of the testator’s domicile at the time of marriage which governs, whereas if immovables are in issue, it will be the lex situs that governs (para. 27.4(i)at p. 27-11). [ 90 ] In tabular form these views may be represented as follows: intestate succession (no will) testate succession (will) Movables law of domicile at death governs [Dicey + Castel agree] law of domicile at time of revocation (marriage) governs [Dicey + Castel agree] Immovables lex situs of property governs [but Dicey + Castel agree that law of domicile at death should govern immovables too] law of domicile at time of revocation (marriage) should govern - [Dicey] lex situs of property governs [Castel] N.B. - Castel suggests that a single approach/rule should be applied to movables and immovables in cases of intestate succession - p. 27- 5. - Dicey suggests that a single rule/approach should be applied to determine whether a will is revoked by marriage, regardless of whether immovables or movables are involved - para. 27 - 087 - p. 1265. [ 91 ] For movables and immovables, it would seem consistent to require the same rule to apply to the question of whether the law of the testator’s domicile (movables) or the lex situs (immovables) should apply to govern whether a Will is revoked by marriage.

It is most logical for that single rule to be the domicile of the testator at the relevant time (time of the marriage). This is the proper approach to this issue in my opinion but it has not, as yet, been endorsed in any cases.

The cases cited by the Applicant all reflect the Courts’ unease with the traditional rules, not because of philosophical reasons, or on a principled basis, but rather because the outcomes based on those traditional rules seem illogical or contrary to the equities in the cases. [ 92 ] I note that some problems of the “search for the applicable law” have been addressed in the International Wills Act , S.N.S. 2000 c.7 (in force may 27, 2001 - see Royal Gazette

Part 1 vol. 212 No. 18 April 30, 2003). Unfortunately, while that Act and the underlying “Convention Providing a Uniform Law on the Form of An International Will”, go some distance to create basic uniform

standards to allow the form of Wills to be more acceptable as between countries, the issue herein of revocation of a Will is specificallyreferred to as being “subject to the ordinary rules of revocation of Wills” -

Article 14 Convention. [93] I find most appealing the opinion of Dicey that the effect of a marriage on a will should be governed by the law of the domicileof the testator/testatrix at the date of marriage, which should be considered “an independent conflict category in its own right (with the same choice-of-law rule)” applying to movables and immovables - Dicey 14th ed. p. 50. [94] Notably, a close examination of the cases cited in the footnotes to these competing provisions in Dicey and Castel contain anumber of the authorities cited by the parties in the case at Bar: 1. Re: Martin, Loustalan v.

Loustalan, [1900] P. 211; 2. Seifert v. Seifert, (ON SC), [1914] O.J. No. 154, 23 D.L.R. 440 (C.A.); 3. Davies v. Davies (1915), (AB KB), 24 D.L.R. 737 (Alta. S.C.); 4. Re: Covone Estate, [1989] B.C.J. 2338, 36 E.T.R. 114 (S.C.); 5. Allison v. Allison, (BC SC), [1999] 3 W.W.R. 438 (1998), 23 E.T.R. (2nd) 237, [1998] B.C.J. 2274 (S.C.). [95] Let me therefore next turn to the authorities cited by the Parties in the case at Bar. Position of the Parties [96] The Applicant, Ms. Davies, argues in her written brief: From the foregoing review, I conclude the Canadian courts have tended to favour this analysis: 1.

The validity of a will dealing both with real estate and other assets should be governed by the same law. 2. The effect of marriage on a will should be determined as a matter of matrimonial law in the matrimonial domicile. 3. The matrimonial law will be the law of the place where the marriage occurred so long as the spouses have a real and substantialconnection with that place. [97] Assuming that this is the correct position at law, on the facts of the case at Bar, the law of Trinidad as to the consequence ofthe marriage upon the prior Will would govern and the Will would not be revoked, and Ms.

Davies could properly be appointedExecutrix and take as sole beneficiary under the Will. Ironically, the effect of adopting what Ms. Davies argues is the matrimonial lawcharacterisation / matrimonial domicile rule in the case at Bar, will be to give preference to Dr. Davies’ ex-wife over his present wife,thus defeating the apparent rationale for that rule.

I suggest the rationale for the matrimonial domicile rule (that the law of the domicileof each spouse at the time of the marriage should govern whether the will is revoked by marriage) is to have the now married survivingspouse’s matrimonial property regime jurisdiction also be the jurisdiction whose laws govern whether the deceased’s spouse’s will isrevoked by that marriage. In the case at Bar, that rule deprives Ms. Collins of her rights as a spouse of an intestate in Trinidad solelybecause of the quirk that her marriage to Dr. Davies was a marriage in extremis, and that her domicile was Trinidad while Dr.

Davies’was Nova Scotia Canada. [98] Ms. Davies also notes that if the Will is valid, then the real estate in Trinidad, which would normally be governed by the lex

situs , would in this case coincidentally also be governed by the law of Trinidad if the law of matrimonial domicile (i.e. Trinidad) was the appropriate law to govern whether the Will was revoked or not. I note that that will not be true of the property at Penarth in Wales, succession to which will be governed by laws of the United Kingdom. [ 99 ] Ms.

Davies also argues that “as a matter of logic and also of public policy, as well as reflecting contemporary mores of equality” the approach taken by the courts in British Columbia in the cases Re: The Estate of Covone , and Allison, are persuasive and correct. [ 100 ] In response, Ms.

Collins argues that the mere fact of a “marriage” is what is contemplated by s. 17 of the Nova Scotia Wills Act , and the distinction in Trinidad between an ordinary marriage and an extraordinary marriage such as one “ in extremis ” and in its attendant different consequences upon the validity of a prior Will, are distinctions that ought not to be made in deciding whether Dr. Davies’ Will in Nova Scotia was revoked. Ms.

Collins further notes that the cases cited by the Applicant deal with cases within the Canadian Federation and that those circumstances are sufficiently distinguishable to render those cases of no assistance to the Court in the case at Bar. Although the Ms. Collins concedes Davies v. Davies involved the State of Montana and Alberta, they distinguish it on its facts. [ 101 ] Ms.

Collins also notes that s. 19A of the Wills Act was proclaimed in force as of August 19, 2008, and that the legislation is an indication that the Nova Scotia Legislature wished to avoid the very problem herein: where an individual long ago divorced, who commences a new relationship on a common law basis, but neglects to obtain a new Will, may discover after their re-marriage that the prior Will is still not revoked.

Section 19A of the Wills Act now reads: Notwithstanding ss. 18 and 19, except where a contrary intention appears by the Will or a Separation Agreement or Marriage Contract, where, after the testator makes a Will, the testator’s marriage is terminated by a judgment absolute of divorce or declared a nullity,

a) a devise or bequest of a beneficial interest in property to the testator’s former spouse;

b) an appointment of the testator’s former spouse as executor or trustee; and

c) the conferring of a general of special power of appointment on the testator’s former spouse are revoked and the will shall be construed as if the former spouse had predeceased the testator . [My emphasis added] [ 102 ] It should be noted that Ms. Collins is not arguing that s. 19A should be applied by this Court. [ 103 ] In this case, there were Minutes of Settlement between Dr. Davies and Ms.

Davies which became part of a consent Corollary Relief Judgment and which specifically noted in part: 8. 11 Albany Court, Penarth, United Kingdom The wife shall within 18 days from the date of signing this agreement transfer her interest in the property located at 11 Albany Court, Penarth, United Kindgom, and she shall execute all documents necessary to transfer the said property to the husband. The husband and wife covenant and agree that the wife may remove her personal belongings from the said property at a time convenient to her. 9.

Release of Right to Estate Each of the parties hereby renounce all rights which he or she has the administration of the other’s Estate, and each party hereby releases and discharges the heirs, executors, administrators and assigns of the other’s Estate from any claim which he or she has, can or may have to any share of that Estate, and subject to any disposition made by will, each party covenants and agrees the other’s Estate shall be distributed as if he or she predeceased the other, notwithstanding the provisions of the Testator’s Family Maintenance Act, the Matrimonial Property Act or any other statute now or hereinafter enforced whereby a husband or wife is or may be given, the right or interest in, or with respect to or any claim against, the other’s Estate

(Exhibit C to the May 10, 2010 sworn affidavit of Ms. Davies). [ 104 ] In Re: Thibault Estate 2009 NSSC 4 (2009), 44 E.T.R. (3 rd ) 2009 , 272 N.S.R. (2 nd ) 371 , Justice Duncan undertook a comprehensive examination of whether s. 19A of the Wills Act could operate retroactively or retrospectively and concluded that s. 19A of the Wills Act must be read only as being prospective. Justice Duncan’s reasoning was adopted by Justice Boudreau in Re: Hayword Estate 2010, NSSC 6 , (2010) 291 N.S.R. (2 nd ) 294 . [ 105 ] Ms.

Collins also vigorously argues that the Applicant should be prevented from obtaining relief in this Court because of the doctrine of res judicata . Ms. Collins asserts that the application herein is “seeking an order determining the very question that had already been determined in the Trinidad litigation, namely ‘since the laws of Trinidad and Tobago declare that a marriage in extremis does not revoke a parties’ prior will’, should it be given this effect under the Wills Act , R.S.N.S. 1989, c. 505 s. 17'? [ 106 ] I shall deal with that issue later.

Are the case authorities cited by the Applicant persuasive? [ 107 ] In Re Martin; Loustalan v. Loustalan , [1900] P. 211 (C.A.) is a oft cited authority. Although Loustalan is often referred to as authority for the

summary on the first page of the case which reads: “The rule of English law which makes a woman’s Will null and void on her marriage is part of the matrimonial, and not of the testamentary law”; a closer examination reveals that the two judges who concurred in the result as a majority, yet wrote separate decisions, rested their decision on the factual determination of what was the husband’s domicile at the time of marriage.

Once the domicile of the husband was determined, by operation of law at the time of the marriage the wife adopted his domicile, which was found to be England, and as a consequence all his wife’s moveables (her Estate contained nothing else at her death), were similarly, by operation of law, his property. Moreover, she was left in the position of being unable, by virtue of the marriage, to independently create another Last Will and Testament. [ 108 ] I note that one of the Majority judges, Williams, L.J. stated at p. 240: ...

I think that the rule of English law which makes a woman’s will null and void on her marriage is part of the matrimonial law, and not of the testamentary law, and that probate of this will ought not to be granted ; but as I am not sure that we ought to infer that there was at the time of the marriage agreement that the English law should govern the matrimonial property, I prefer to ground my judgment on the change of the husband’s domicile [to England] at the time of marriage ... [My emphasis added] [ 109 ] More precisely Williams, L.J. had stated at p. 239: If my conclusion is right.....that he adopted an English domicile at the time of the marriage, then at that time his wife’s movables became his property; and I think that his wife’s property in the movables having thereby ceased, it follows quite independently of the 18 th

section of the Wills Act , that this loss of the power of disposition put an end to her will, while it was still ambulatory, and rendered it or no effect, and thus nothing but republication could revive it. [My emphasis added] [ 110 ] Rigby, L. J. in a concurring judgment stated: I see no sufficient reason to differ from the [trial judge’s] conclusion that the mutual rights of the spouses as to movables were to be determined by English law. If it is necessary in order to support this conclusion, to hold that the husband’s domicile at the date of

marriage, or at any rate the matrimonial domicile, was English, I should not hesitate to hold that it was.... I conclude that [the husband] intended English law to apply, and that law gave him, immediately on the marriage, the exclusiveright of all the wife’s movables - that is to say everything that could pass by the holograph will of 1870.

As by the marriage, shewould become incapable of a making another will, the will of 1870 should be revoked. (pgs. 234-235) [My emphasis added] [111] To the extent that in Re Martin is based on English statute and common law that, upon marriage (by operation of law) made awife incapable of making another Will, and transferred all interests she had in any movables to her husband, such authority should bedisregarded in a modern age where such concepts should no longer prevail.

I further note that the Majority decisions, are in essence notbased on this reasoning, though they endorse it generally, but rather are based on a factual finding regarding the husband’s domicile. Thecommentary that “the rule of English law which makes a woman’s Will null and void on her marriage is part of the matrimonial and notthe testamentary law” is obiter dicta and notably the case only involved movables in any event. [112] In similar vien, I am not alone in criticizing the purported ratio decidendi from the Martin case. As noted in para. 11 in Allison v.

Allison, [1998] B.C.J. 2274, (1998) 23 E.T.R. (2nd) 237, Justice Cohen made reference to J.D. Falconbridge, Essays on the Conflict of Laws (2nd edition 1954) where at pages 113- 115 the author was commenting critically on the Martin decision and stated: Notwithstanding that some leading writers in England seem to have accepted, without critical reservations, the opinionsexpressed in the Court of Appeal in the Martin case in favour of the characterization of the rule of law now under discussion asone relating to a question of matrimonial law, it is submitted that this characterization is erroneous...

While it happens that thedecision related to the revocation of the wife’s will, [the trial judge] rightly pointed out that the rule of law now under discussion appliesto the will either of a wife or of a husband, and therefore it is unjustifiable to use in favour of the characterization of the rule as relating tomatrimonial law, the fact that under the old English common law a woman’s will was “revoked” by her marriage, in the sense that herhusband became entitled to the wife’s moveables and her role is therefore rendered inoperative.

Apart from this irrelevant fact, if themodern rule is considered in light of its terms and its context, it would seem clearly to be testamentary in character... Furthermore theCourt of Appeal in the Martin case not only failed to consider the implications of the context in which the rule now underdiscussion occurs, as above indicated, but also failed to consider the consequence of the Court’s characterization of the rule.

These consequences are inconvenient and undesirable insofar as they may involve probable diversity in the distribution of theassets, situated in different countries, belonging to the Estate of decedent, as between England on the one hand and 1) some othercountry as for example France or Scotland, the domestic law of which does not contain a rule that a will is revoked by thesubsequent marriage of the testator, and in the law of which a foreign rule of this kind may be characterized as beingtestamentary and 2) some other country, as, for example a state of the United States of America, the domestic law of whichcontains a rule similar to or identical with the British rule, but in the law of which the rule is characterized as one oftestamentary law. [My emphasis added] [113] The Applicant cites Seifert v.

Seifert (1914) (ON SC), 23 D.L.R. 440 (Ont. S.C.) however Seifert is of limitedassistance in this case, as conceded by the Applicant (p.6 Brief). That is, she concedes that Otto Siefert’s domicile at the time of themarriage was Ontario, whereas his wife’s domicile became Ontario at the date of their marriage. In that case, the question of domicileat the date of marriage was the critical and important question - p. 442.

The judge found that the provision of the Ontario statute bywhich marriage would have revoked the Will, formed part of the matrimonial law, and not of the testamentary law, and operated in thatcase to revoke the Will executed in the Province of Quebec which did not favour his wife’s interests. - p. 446. [114] Moreover to the extent that Seifert relies on In Re Martin, its persuasiveness is diminished. [115] Ms. Davies also relies upon Davies v. Davies (1915) (AB KB), 24 DLR 737 (Alta. S.C.).

[ 116 ] In Davies the husband was born in the United States, married and divorced in Montana (1901) and created a Will in Montana in 1903. He remarried in Montana in October 1903 and divorced in Montana in June 1904. In 1906 he moved to Alberta where he bought real estate and died in 1908. [ 117 ] The question was whether his marriage in Montana revoked the Will in Montana? Justice Stuart found that the law of Montana was the proper law to apply, and that law caused a Will to be revoked by a later marriage, unless the Will was made in contemplation of marriage. Justice Stuart found that Mr.

Davies had in fact made his Will in contemplation of marriage and therefore the Will survived the marriage. [ 118 ] Davies is cited by the Applicant for the following excerpt by Justice Stuart: The majority [in Loustalan v. Loustalan ] on account of the view they took of the question of domicile did not need to take much notice of the distinction between movables and immovables. It would seem to me however, that Dicey is right in the suggestion he makes in the note referring to the case which I quoted.

If the rule as to revocation of a will by marriage is part of the matrimonial law and not of the testamentary law, it is difficult to see why or how there can be any distinction in this respect between movables and immovables . It is true that in a sense the rule is applied to a woman’s will would be looked upon as more peculiarly part of the matrimonial law than as applied to a man’s will because at common law it was only a woman’s will, but not a man’s will which was revoked by marriage. The revocation of a man’s will by marriage is statutory law...

I am bound to say that there would appear to me to be something exceedingly illogical if not fatuous in saying that although a will may continue to be perfectly good after marriage, because at the time of marriage no real estate in this province was possessed by the testator, with the very moment he takes some of his money, his personal property, and turns it into real estate in Alberta, then in respect to that the will was revoked.

Even though the testator living and domiciled in Montana may not have had the slightest intention at the date of marriage of acquiring Alberta real estate, if the Alberta Court must hold that with respect to any property whi

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