ARIEL RUIZ et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. CALIFORNIA STATE AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION INTER-INSURANCE BUREAU et al., Defendants and Respondents; ARIEL RUIZ, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. CALIFORNIA STATE AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION INTER-INSURANCE BUREAU et al., Defendants and Appellants, 222 Cal. App. 4th 596

Opinion RUVOLO, P. J. I. Introduction In this consumer class action, the parties entered into a settlement agreement (Agreement) containing what is often termed a “clear sailing” provision. Such provisions allow counsel for the plaintiff class (class counsel) to seek an award of attorney fees from the trial court, with the assurance that defendant will not oppose the fee application if the amount sought is less than or equal to a specified dollar amount.

The issues raised on appeal in the present case arise from an additional clause in the Agreement, which required class counsel to accept, in full satisfaction of their right to attorney fees, either the maximum specified in the clear sailing provision, or the amount awarded by the trial court, whichever was less. A parallel provision permitted the named plaintiff and class representative (Ariel Ruiz) to seek an incentive payment of up to a certain amount without opposition, but required Ruiz to accept the lesser of the maximum specified in the agreement or the amount awarded by the court.

The trial court approved the Agreement, but entered an order (the fee order) awarding attorney fees and an incentive payment in amounts that were only a fraction of those requested by class counsel and Ruiz (collectively claimants). Claimants indicated that they intended to appeal the fee order. In response to a motion by defendants (collectively CSAA) to enforce the settlement by precluding claimants from filing an appeal, the court interpreted the Agreement not to include a waiver of the right to appeal.

In the published portion of this opinion, we agree with the trial court that the language of the Agreement is not sufficiently clear and explicit to establish a waiver of claimants’ right to appeal the fee order. We also reject CSAA’s contention that claimants’ appeal was improperly taken from a consent judgment. We further hold that under the circumstances of this case, class counsel have standing to appeal the fee order in their own right.

In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we conclude based on the record before us that in determining the amount of attorney fees and incentive payment to award, the trial court appears to have applied legally incorrect standards, thereby abusing its discretion. We therefore reverse the fee order and remand for further proceedings. H. Facts and Procedural Background A. Proceedings Prior to Settlement Because the merits of this case were resolved by settlement, we discuss the underlying factual allegations only to the extent necessary to provide a background for the parties’ contentions on appeal.

Ruiz’s initial complaint, filed on January 16, 2007, pleaded causes of action for unfair business practices (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.), false advertising (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17500 et seq.), breach of contract, fraud and deceit, negligent misrepresentation, and unjust enrichment.

These causes of action were all based on the contention that CSAA falsely stated or suggested to its automobile and homeowners insurance customers who paid their premiums on an installment basis that credit was being extended to them, and improperly billed these customers for “disguised premiums falsely labeled as ‘finance charges.’ ” On February 27, 2009, Ruiz amended his complaint to allege additional causes of action based on the federal Truth in Lending Act (TILA; 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq.); the Unruh Act (Civ.

Code, § 1801 et seq.); various specified provisions of the Insurance Code; and an alleged special duty owed by California insurers to their insureds. The amended complaint was based essentially on the same facts alleged in the initial complaint, though in more detail, and included the causes of action previously pleaded.

The gravamen of the amended complaint was that when CSAA’s insurance customers chose to pay for their CSAA-issued insurance policies on a monthly installment basis, CSAA did not accurately inform them regarding the cost of doing so, and sent them billing statements that included false and misleading information regarding CSAA’s finance charges. At the outset of the case, the parties performed substantial discovery.

With the approval of the trial court, they then stipulated that the issue of class certification would be postponed, and identified specific claims and issues that would be submitted to the trial court to be resolved seriatim in phased nonjury trials. After the first such trial, held on July 30, 2008, the court ruled that neither TILA nor the Unruh Act applied to CSAA’s practice of charging interest on insurance premiums when paid in installments. The parties then attempted mediation, but were not successful in resolving the case.

A second bench trial was held on July 31, 2009, regarding whether various specific provisions of California law required CSAA to disclose to policyholders the dollar amount of the finance charges they would incur if they paid for their policies in installments, and/or to reimburse a portion of finance charges previously paid if the policy was cancelled. Once again, the trial court found in favor of CSAA on these issues. After a second mediation also failed, the parties and the trial court set a date for a third and final bench trial on the remaining issues in the case.

The issues to be resolved in this last phase included (1) the legality of CSAA’s alleged practice of billing policyholders for only 50 percent of the remaining premium in the 12th month of their annual billing cycle, in order to impose a finance charge in the amount carried forward; (2) the accuracy of CSAA’s representations to its policyholders on its billing practices and interest charges, including whether CSAA’s billing plan explanation form was confusing and misleading with respect to policyholders’ right to cancel their policies; and (3) whether CSAA had misled policyholders regarding finance charges in other respects.

After preparing for the final trial phase, however, the parties agreed to undertake a third round of mediation. That round was successful, so the trial was taken off calendar pending trial court approval of the settlement embodied in the Agreement resulting from the mediation. B. Settlement Agreement The Agreement provided that CSAA would make up to $6.5 million available to class members who submitted valid and timely claims. Each such class member would receive 84 cents per policy for each policy year during the class period when the class member paid finance charges to CSAA.

Any settlement funds not claimed would remain the property of CSAA. In addition, the agreement provided CSAA’s insurance customers with various forms of nonmonetary relief. CSAA agreed to make available on its Web site, and publicize to policyholders, “an accurate payment estimator” that would enable policyholders to determine how much their monthly payments and finance charges would be if they chose to pay for their policies in installments. CSAA also agreed to modify its billing documents to address the alleged inadequacies identified in the lawsuit.

The parties estimated the value of this nonmonetary relief to be at least $3 million. CSAA also agreed to pay the costs of giving notice to the class, administering the settlement, and distributing the settlement funds. The Agreement included a provision giving class counsel the right to seek an award of attorney fees from the trial court, with the assurance that CSAA would not oppose the fee application if the amount sought did not exceed $2.32 million.

The Agreement also required class counsel to accept, in full satisfaction of their right to attorney fees, either the maximum specified in the clear sailing provision, or the amount awarded by the trial court, whichever was less. A parallel provision permitted Ruiz to seek an incentive payment of up to $10,000 without opposition, but required Ruiz to accept a lesser amount if so awarded by the court.

The Agreement also provided that class counsel’s compensation would be derived entirely from the court-awarded fees and costs, and that neither defendants nor the plaintiff class members would have any obligation to pay class counsel any additional amounts. C. Subsequent Proceedings in the Trial Court After notice was given to the class members, the trial court approved the settlement terms incorporated into the Agreement. The court then held a hearing on claimants’ written requests for $2.32 million in attorney fees and costs, and an incentive payment of $10,000.

As contemplated by the Agreement, CSAA did not oppose these requests. Nonetheless, the trial court’s fee order awarded attorney fees and an incentive payment in amounts considerably less than class counsel and Ruiz requested: $350,000 for attorney fees (plus $60,670 for costs) and $1,250 for the incentive payment. After the entry of the fee order, claimants indicated informally that they intended to appeal the trial court’s attorney fee and incentive payment awards.

CSAA then filed a motion to enforce the Agreement, requesting that the trial court interpret the Agreement to include a waiver of claimants’ right to appeal. The trial court declined to give the agreement the

interpretation advocated by CSAA. After judgment was entered based on the trial court’s approval of the Agreement, claimants timely appealed from the fee order. CSAA filed a timely separate appeal from the trial court’s order rejecting CSAA’s argument that claimants had waived their rights to appeal. The appeals were consolidated in this court. m. Discussion A. Threshold Procedural Issues 1. Waiver of Right to Appeal Given the absence of any conflicting extrinsic evidence regarding the provisions of the written Agreement, our review of the trial court’s

interpretation is de novo. (Intershop Communications AG v. Superior Court (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 191, 196 [127 Cal.Rptr.2d 847].) The governing law is well established. “The terms of a contract are determined by objective rather than by subjective criteria. The question is what the parties’ objective manifestations of agreement or objective expressions of intent would lead a reasonable person to believe. [Citations.]” (Winograd v. American Broadcasting Co. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 624, 632 [80 Cal.Rptr.2d 378] [applying quoted rule to

interpretation of oral stipulation entered into on the record during court hearing]; accord, Founding Members of the Newport Beach Country Club v. Newport Beach Country Club, Inc. (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 944, 956 [135 Cal.Rptr.2d 505] [“The parties’ undisclosed intent or understanding is irrelevant to contract

interpretation.”]; see generally 1 Witkin,

Summary of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Contracts, §§ 116, 117, pp. 155-157.) CSAA argues that the provision in the Agreement requiring claimants to accept the lesser of the amount specified in the agreement, or the amount awarded by the trial court, constituted an implied waiver of their right to appeal from the trial court’s order. Claimants contend that in order to be effective, a contractual waiver of the right to appeal must be clear and explicit, and that the language of the Agreement in this case does not satisfy those criteria.

The most recent case cited by the parties involving a claimed waiver of the right to appeal is Guseinov v. Burns (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 944 [51 Cal.Rptr.3d 903] (Guseinov), overruled on another ground in Haworth v. Superior Court (2010) 50 Cal.4th 372 [112 Cal.Rptr.3d 853, 235 P.3d 152]. In Guseinov, the parties to litigation arising from a failed business relationship entered into a settlement agreement in which they agreed to submit their dispute to final and binding arbitration.

The agreement provided that “ ‘The Parties waive any right to appeal the arbitral award; to the extent a right to appeal may be lawfully waived. Each Party retains the right to seek judicial assistance: (

i) to compel arbitration; (ii) to obtain interim measures of protection prior to or pending arbitration; (iii) to seek injunctive relief . . . , and (iv) to enforce any decision of the arbitrator, including the final award.’ ” (Guseinov, at p. 948.) The arbitrator entered an award, and the parties filed cross-petitions in the trial court, the plaintiff seeking to confirm the award and the defendant seeking to vacate it. The trial court granted the petition to confirm and denied the petition to vacate, and the defendant appealed.

On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the appeal was precluded by the waiver clause in the settlement agreement. Guseinov held that the agreement did not preclude the appeal.

The court acknowledged that “[i]t is well settled, and defendant correctly concedes, that a party can waive the right to appeal. [Citations.] The Courts of Appeal have held, however, that any waiver of the right to appeal must be clear and express. . . . [Citations.] Moreover, any doubt will be resolved against a waiver of the right to appeal. [Citations.]” (Guseinov; supra, 145 Cal.App.4th at pp. 952-953, italics omitted.) The Guseinov court illustrated how this principle was applied by contrasting two prior cases. The first was Reisman v.

Shahverdian (1984) 153 Cal.App.3d 1074 [201 Cal.Rptr. 194] (Reisman), in which an attorney sued clients for unpaid bills, and they agreed to arbitrate under a statute giving the clients the statutory right to a trial de novo after arbitration.

The arbitration agreement included a provision that “ ‘[n]o appeal or further proceedings will be possible after the arbitration award is made.’ ” (153 Cal.App.3d at p. 1082, italics omitted.) Reisman held that this language waived only the right to a trial de novo, and not the right to appeal from the order confirming the award. “Without greater specificity in the waiver agreement language, we hold it was not effective to waive rights to appeal trial court judicial action which was expressly provided for by [statute.]” (Id. at p. 1089.) The second case discussed in Guseinov was Pratt v.

Gursey, Schneider & Co. (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1105 [95 Cal.Rptr.2d 695] (Pratt). In Pratt, the parties entered into an arbitration agreement providing that “ ‘the right to appeal from the arbitrator’s award or any judgment thereby entered or any order made is expressly waived.’ ” (Pratt, supra, 80 Cal.App.4th at p. 1107.) After the arbitration, the trial court entered a judgment confirming the arbitration award, and the losing party appealed. The appeal was dismissed by the same court that later decided Guseinov, based on the finding that the parties’ agreement included an express waiver of the right to appeal.

The court reasoned that “[t]he broad language utilized by the parties constitutes a waiver of the right to appeal from ‘any judgment’ or ‘any order.’ . . . [T]he right to appeal ‘any judgment’ or ‘any order’ has been expressly waived.” (Pratt, supra, 80 Cal.App.4th at p. 1110.) The Guseinov court concluded that the clause in the case before it was more like the one in Reisman than Pratt.

Although the parties in Guseinov had agreed to waive the right to appeal the arbitration award itself, they had “ ‘retained] the right to seek judicial assistance’ ” in enforcing it. “Therefore, the appeal waiver does not prevent a party from filing a motion or petition to secure a judgment on the arbitration award.

Moreover, the parties clearly contemplated that a petition to vacate or enforce the arbitration award would be permitted.” (Guseinov, supra, 145 Cal.App.4th at p. 954.) The court also noted that in agreeing California law would apply, the parties had carved out an exception for a provision dealing with discovery in arbitration proceedings.

However, the parties did not make a similar exception for the statute providing that a judgment enforcing or declining to enforce an arbitration award is appealable. (Id. at pp. 954-955.) The court concluded that “[ajbsent greater specificity, the arbitration clause cannot be construed to waive an appeal from a judgment entered on an award. [Citations.]’’ (Id. at p. 955.) Guseinov, Reisman, and Pratt are examples of the general principle that waivers of the right to appeal must be clear and explicit, and of the application of that principle in one particular factual context, i.e., purported waivers of the right to appeal a judgment on an arbitration award. (See Reisman, supra, 153 Cal.App.3d 1074; Guseinov, supra, 145 Cal.App.4th at p. 952; Pratt, supra, 80 Cal.App.4th at p. 1110.) None of those cases, however, arose from the settlement of a consumer class action.

McConnell v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. (1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 480 [222 Cal.Rptr. 228] (McConnell) does fall into that category. There, the trial court approved a settlement agreement under which the defendant agreed to create a fund in a specified amount for the payment of claims by the plaintiff class members, as well as attorney fees and costs.

During the settlement approval process, the defendant agreed that if there was money remaining in the settlement fund after the payment of claims, fees, and costs, the trial court would have absolute discretion regarding whether to refund the excess to the defendant, or increase the amounts to be paid to the class members who had filed claims.

The resulting agreement stated that “ ‘the decision of the Court ... to exercise its discretion to increase the amounts to be paid to the class claimants . . . shall not be appealable by any of the parties to this Settlement Agreement.’ ” (Id. at p. 486.) Given this language, it is not surprising that when the defendant later attempted to appeal the trial court’s ruling, the court held that the defendant had waived its right to appeal, and dismissed. (Id. at pp. 488-489.) McConnell, however, involved language far more explicit than the “agree to accept” provision used in the Agreement in the present case, even taking into account the “in full satisfaction” proviso added as to class counsel.

Of all of the cases cited in the briefs or revealed by our research, the one with the contractual language most analogous to that used in the Agreement in this case is Lovett v. Carrasco (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 48 [73 Cal.Rptr.2d 496] (Lovett). In that case, an auto accident victim sued the driver of the truck that rear-ended his vehicle. Four different medical care providers obtained liens on the victim’s recovery in the case.

At a settlement conference at which the medical lienholders were not present, the victim settled for $125,000, contingent on there being $50,000 left over for him after the payment of the medical liens, attorney fees, and costs. The court set a hearing to determine what each lienholder would receive. The lienholders “ ‘agreed to be bound by the decision of [the trial] Court without need of further litigation bringing closure to the entire matter.’ ” (Id. at p. 53.) The victim argued that each lienholder’s claim should be reduced to reflect a pro rata share of his attorney fees and costs.

The trial court agreed, based on the common fund doctrine, and the lienholders appealed. The victim argued that the lienholders had waived their right to appeal. The court held that the agreement to be “ ‘bound by the [trial court’s] decision . . . without need of further litigation’ ” was ambiguous, because it could be interpreted to mean the lienholders were agreeing only that they would not file a separate action to determine their respective rights, as opposed to agreeing not to appeal.

Accordingly, the Court of Appeal found the quoted language insufficient to constitute an express waiver of the right to appeal. (Lovett, supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p. 53.) In our view, the language in the Agreement in the present case is equivalent to that used in Lovett, supra, 63 Cal.App.4th 48, in that it sets forth the parties’ agreement to accept a ruling to be made by the trial court, but does not expressly state that the parties are waiving their right to appeal that ruling.

The cases discussed above, read together, stand for the proposition that if the parties to a contract want their agreement to encompass a waiver of the right to appeal from an anticipated judicial ruling, they must say so explicitly and unambiguously; they cannot leave their intent to be inferred from the language of the agreement.

Accordingly, our independent review of the Agreement here leads us to agree with the trial court that, as a matter of law, it does not establish a waiver of claimants’ right to appeal the trial court’s ruling on the amount of attorney fees and incentive payment warranted in this case. 2. Appeal from Consent Judgment CSAA next argues that claimants’ appeal is improper because it was taken from a consent judgment.

As claimants’ notice of appeal makes crystal clear, however, their appeal was not taken from the judgment, but solely from the fee order, which is a separate document from the judgment, although it is referenced in the judgment and was entered on the same date. CSAA cites City of Gardena v. Rikuo Corp. (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 595 [120 Cal.Rptr.3d 699] (Gardena) for the proposition that an appeal cannot be taken after the entry of a consent judgment, even if that appeal is from an order entered separately from the judgment.

However, the consent judgment in Gardena stated that “it was intended to resolve all of the issues in controversy between the parties . . . .” (Id. at p. 603.) In the present case, in contrast, the Agreement that was incorporated into the consent judgment expressly left open the amounts of the attorney fees and incentive payment, and provided that those amounts would be set by the trial court, up to a specified maximum. In Water Replenishment Dist. of Southern California v.

City of Cerritos (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 1063, 1069-1070 [135 Cal.Rptr.3d 895] (Water Replenishment), the court distinguished Gardena, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th 595 on the point for which CSAA cites it.

Water Replenishment involved a consent judgment that “expressly reserved jurisdiction unto the [trial] court to ‘redetermine’ matters . . . .” (Water Replenishment, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1069-1070.) The court held that an order entered after the consent judgment, in the exercise of the trial court’s reserved jurisdiction, could be appealed even though the original judgment was entered by consent. (Id. at p. 1070.) Similarly, in the present case, where the Agreement expressly contemplated further court proceedings and a separate ruling on the attorney fee and incentive payment issues, Gardena is distinguishable.

Accordingly, we reject CSAA’s argument that the fee order was not appealable because it was part of a consent judgment. 3. Class Counsel’s Standing to Appeal Fee Order Claimants’ notice of appeal names both Ruiz and class counsel as appellants. Code of Civil Procedure

section 902 provides for appeals to be filed only by a “party aggrieved” by the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken. Based on this statutory language, CSAA argues that because counsel are not parties to actions in which they represent a client, class counsel in this case do not have standing to appeal, in their own right, from the trial court’s order setting the amount of the fees to be awarded to them. In support of this contention, CSAA relies primarily on In re Marriage of Tushinsky (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 136 [249 Cal.Rptr. 611] (Tushinsky).

Tushinsky, in turn, relied on two earlier cases, Meadow v. Superior Court (1963) 59 Cal.2d 610 [30 Cal.Rptr. 824, 381 P.2d 648] (Meadow) and Marshank v. Superior Court (1960) 180 Cal.App.2d 602 [4 Cal.Rptr. 593] (Marshank). None of these cases, however, involved the situation presented by the current case, where counsel representing the plaintiffs in a class action seek to appeal an award of attorney fees made under a fee-shifting statute designed to promote the public interest. Our Supreme Court addressed precisely our circumstances in Flannery v.

Prentice (2001) 26 Cal.4th 572 [110 Cal.Rptr.2d 809, 28 P.3d 860] (Flannery). In Flannery, the successful plaintiff in an employment discrimination case contended that she, rather than her counsel, was entitled to the bulk of the attorney fee award made by the trial court under the fee-shifting provision in the Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) (Gov. Code, § 12965). The client contended she had an agreement with her counsel limiting their compensation to a contingency fee of 40 percent of the damages.

The trial court’s statutory fee award amounted to more than the contingency fee would have been, and the client claimed the fee agreement entitled her to retain the excess amount. Counsel denied that their agreement with the client included such a provision.

The Supreme Court granted review to decide “whether a party may receive or keep the proceeds of a fee award when she has neither agreed to pay her attorneys nor obtained from them a waiver of payment.” (26 Cal.4th at pp. 580-581.) In considering that question, the court acknowledged that the statute authorizes fee awards to the prevailing party, but opined that this “language does not unambiguously favor plaintiff. ‘The word “part[y]” is reasonably susceptible to more than one

interpretation.’ [Citation.] ‘In the countless procedural statutes in which the term “party” is used, it is commonly understood to refer to either the actual litigant or the litigant’s attorney of record. [Citations.] Since that is the ordinary import of the term, that is the meaning we must ascribe to it when used in [a statute], unless the Legislature has clearly indicated a contrary intent. . . .’ [Citations.]” (Flannery, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 578, fn. omitted.) More significantly, in deciding whether counsel or the client was entitled to the statutory attorney fee award, Flannery considered the policy behind the FEHA fee-shifting provision.

The court concluded that “were we to interpret [Government Code]

section 12965 as plaintiff urges, vesting ownership of fees awarded thereunder and not disposed of by contract in the litigant, rather than in counsel, we would diminish the certainty that attorneys who undertake FEHA cases will be fully compensated, and to that extent we would dilute

section 12965’s effectiveness at encouraging counsel to undertake FEHA litigation. Such an

interpretation of

section 12965, thus, ultimately would tend to undermine the Legislature’s expressly stated purpose of FEHA ‘to provide effective remedies that will eliminate these discriminatory practices.’ (Gov. Code, § 12920.)” (Flannery; supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 583.) The court also described a number of public policy considerations favoring the attorneys’ position, and concluded that in the absence of a contract expressly providing otherwise, an attorney fee awarded under a public interest fee-shifting statute belongs to counsel, not the client. (Id. at pp. 584-590.) Indeed, the court noted that as early as 1982, it was “ ‘established’ ” that “an attorney fee award under Code of Civil Procedure

section 1021.5, which codifies the ‘private attorney general’ fee doctrine, . . . [is] ‘. . . properly made to plaintiffs’ attorneys rather than to plaintiffs themselves.’ [Citation.]” (Flannery, 26 Cal.4th at p. 582, fn. omitted, quoting Folsom v. Butte County Assn. of Governments (1982) 32 Cal.3d 668, 682 & fn. 26 [186 Cal.Rptr. 589, 652 P.2d 437].) For these reasons, we are not convinced by CSAA’s contention that class counsel’s appeal in the present case is precluded by the use of the word “party” in Code of Civil Procedure

section 902 to describe the persons entitled to file an appeal. In so holding, we recognize that Flannery did not involve the issue of standing to appeal, because the appeal in that case was taken from the judgment in a separate action filed by the client against her counsel. (See Flannery, supra, 26 Cal.4th at pp. 576-577.) Nonetheless, the reasoning and language of the case lead us to reject CSAA’s position that class counsel have no standing to appeal from the fee order. In a later case, Lindelli v.

Town of San Anselmo (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 1499 [43 Cal.Rptr.3d 707] (Lindelli), Division Five of this court took Flannery to the next logical step, holding that counsel seeking an attorney fee award under a public interest fee-shifting statute have standing to intervene. Lindelli involved a challenge under the Elections Code to a town’s handling of its waste management services contract. After the conclusion of the litigation on the merits, the plaintiffs expressly declined to seek an attorney fee award.

The attorneys who had represented the plaintiffs moved to intervene in order to seek a fee award, and the trial court denied the motion. The attorneys’ appeal from the denial of their motion to intervene thus presented the question whether “attorneys acting on their own behalf can intervene in a client’s lawsuit and move for attorney fees . . .” under Code of Civil Procedure

section 1021.5 (section 1021.5), the private attorney general statute. (139 Cal.App.4th at p. 1501.) The Court of Appeal held that the attorneys should have been permitted to intervene, summarizing its reasoning as follows: “Resolution of the issue presented is directed by Flannery v. Prentice [citation]. In Flannery, the California Supreme Court held that, absent an agreement allocating fee awards to the client, fees awarded under the Fair Employment and Housing Act ‘belong to the attorneys who labored to earn them.’ [Citation.] The court departed from federal precedent and construed ‘prevailing party’ in Government Code

section 12965 to refer to either a litigant or its counsel. [Citation.] Following the reasoning of the Flannery decision, we hold that [the attorneys have] standing to move for fees and sufficient interest in an award of attorney fees under

section 1021.5 to support permissive intervention . . . .” (Lindelli, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at p. 1502.) Lindelli also discussed, and distinguished, the two cases relied on in Tushinsky, supra, 203 Cal.App.3d 136, as the basis for its holding that attorneys do not have standing to seek or challenge an order awarding them fees. (Lindelli, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1510-1512.) As the Lindelli court pointed out, both of those cases—Meadow, supra, 59 Cal.2d 610, and Marshank, 180 Cal.App.2d 602 [4 Cal.Rptr. 593]—were marital dissolution matters in which attorneys sought fee awards “under statutory provisions authorizing courts to require a spouse to pay attorney fees necessary to allow the other spouse to maintain divorce or support actions. [Citations.]” (Lindelli, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at p. 1510.) The Lindelli court’s research revealed no published authority in which a California court had relied on the holding of Meadow and Marshank to “deny[] intervention to counsel seeking fees under

section 1021.5, or any other provision providing for fee shifting in cases which vindicate fundamental public policies. [Citation.]” (Lindelli, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at p. 1511.) As Lindelli pointed out, the various fee-shifting statutes applicable to public interest litigation reflect a different legislative intent than the statutory scheme permitting court-ordered fee shifting in marital dissolution cases.

Because “the fee provision in the marital dissolution context is intended for the benefit of the spouses, the attorney’s claim for fees arises from the attorney’s employment relationship and it is the attorney who must enforce any contractual lien on the recovery through an independent action against the client. [Citations.] In contrast, [a public interest attorney’s] interest in the fee award arises from

section 1021.5 itself. Under Flannery [citation], the attorney is entitled to fees awarded unless an agreement specifies otherwise.” (Lindelli, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at p. 1512.) Thus, the Lindelli court reasoned, the policy behind

section 1021.5 is best served by recognizing the attorneys’ right to litigate their right to a fee award on their own behalf. “Were we to interpret

section 1021.5 as precluding intervention and an attorney’s request for fees where the client declines to move for a fee award, we would diminish the certainty that attorneys who undertake public interest cases will receive reasonable compensation and dilute

section 1021.5’s effectiveness at encouraging counsel to undertake litigation enforcing important public policies. [Citation.] Were we to adopt respondents’ position it would also provide a windfall to the wrongdoing defendant, at the expense of the attorneys who labored in the public interest. [Citations.]” (Lindelli, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1512-1513.) We recognize that Lindelli is not controlling here, because of two significant differences in the procedural posture of the two matters. In Lindelli, the underlying claims were litigated to judgment on the merits, not settled.

Indeed, the Lindelli court expressly declined to determine whether it would have reached the same result in the context of a motion to intervene that posed a risk of interfering with a settlement on the merits. (See Lindelli, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at p. 1513, fn. 10.) Moreover, the plaintiffs’ attorneys in Lindelli moved to intervene in the trial court and then appealed from the denial of their motion, rather than seeking to appeal on their own behalf without formally intervening or seeking to do so.

Despite these differences, we are persuaded that the analysis in Lindelli, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th 1499, extending the logic in Flannery, supra, 26 Cal.4th 572, leads inexorably to the conclusion that class counsel have standing, in their own right, to litigate the amount of attorney fees, both in the trial court and on appeal. Accordingly, we shall proceed to address the merits of claimants’ contentions about the inadequacy of the attorney fee award and incentive payment. B., C. IV. Disposition The trial court’s ruling on CSAA’s motion to enforce the Agreement is affirmed.

The order setting the amount of attorney fees awarded to class counsel and the amount of the incentive payment awarded to Ruiz is reversed, and the matter is remanded for further proceedings as to the award of attorney fees and an incentive payment, consistent with the views expressed in this opinion. On remand, the trial court shall have the discretion to include an additional amount, representing attorney fees for this appeal, in the attorney fee award to class counsel. Ruiz shall recover costs on appeal. Reardon, J., and Humes, J., concurred.

The petition of defendants and respondents for review by the Supreme Court was denied April 9, 2014, S215830. See Lealao v. Beneficial California, Inc. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 19, 32 [97 Cal.Rptr.2d 797]; Weinberger v. Great Northern Nekoosa Corp. (1st Cir. 1991) 925 F.2d 518, 520, footnote 1. Defendants named in the complaint were California State Automobile Association Inter-Insurance Bureau and California State Automobile Association. Both defendants changed their corporate names during the pendency of the litigation. For convenience, we will refer to defendants collectively as CSAA.

In the present case, the Agreement expressly provides that neither Ruiz nor the class members are obligated to pay any compensation to class counsel. Thus, class counsel have a direct financial stake in the fee award, whereas the interest of Ruiz and the class members is, at most, an intangible one: the principle of adequate compensation for counsel who represent successful plaintiffs in consumer class actions.

We are somewhat perplexed that, despite the obvious relevance of Flannery, supra, 26 Cal.4th 572, and Lindelli, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th 1499, to the issue of class counsel’s standing to bring the instant appeal, neither of these cases is discussed or even cited in any of the briefs filed in this appeal. In light of these omissions, we notified counsel prior to oral argument that we wished them to be prepared to address these authorities during oral argument.

Because we have concluded that class counsel have standing to appeal on their own behalf in this case, we need not and do not reach the question of whether their client, Ruiz, also has standing to appeal on their behalf. See footnote, ante, page 596.