Pitkin Barnes vs. Frederick Peck, 1 Port. 187

By Mr. Justice Thornton :.

This was an action of debt, brought by the plaintiff in error upon a penal bond, executed by the defendants George Sea-' ton and Michael Kinnard, to the plaintiff, for the penal sum of four thousand dollars, which bond contained the following condition, viz : “ Now, the condition of the above obligation is such, that whereas the above bounden Michael Kinnard did, on the 18th September, 1820, make and deliver unto said Pitkin Barnes, a mortgage for the following negroes, (naming them,) which negroes were mortgaged to the said Barnes, for and in consideration of twelve hundred and fifty dollars, and also a mortgage on a negro man named Colonel, for and in consideration of seven hundred and fifty dollars, given on the second of October, 1821 — which were to be paid to the said Barnes on or before the 1st of January, 1822, by the said Kinnard — Now if the said Kin-, nard do well and truly deliver unto the said Barnes, the aforesaid negroes, and also, reasonable wages for the hire of the said negroes, from the first day of January 1823, until the .said mortgages are foreclosed by a bill in equity; provided the said court should decree that the said property or slaves of right belong to the said Barnes.

The said slaves are to remain in the possession of said Kinnard, until the said mortgages are foreclosed by a bill as aforesaid. Now, if the said Kinnard do comply with the decree of said court, then this obligation to be null and void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue — in witness whereof, &c. this 28th May, 1823.” A declaration was filed by the plaintiff, with two (founts ; one upon the bond, for the penalty ; and the other, according, to our statute, alledging two breaches. 1st.

The non-payment of the wages ; and 2d — for failing to comply with the decree of the court, rendered upon the final hearing of the cause, contemplated to be brought as mentioned in the con- , .dition. There were no further pleadings in the case, but certain facts were agreed upon by the parties ; and the question submitted for the determination of the court, was, whether any recovery, under the circumstances, eould be had against the defendant. The court below, decided that there could not; and that question, by writ of error, is now brought up for revision in this court.

A correct decision upon the agreed case, mainly depends upon the construction which ought to be put on the condition of the obligation sued on. I will here remark, that we have no warrant in law, for departing from the plain language of any instrument, in order to arrive at'its meaning. The polar star in the construction of contracts, is the intention of the parties ; but language is the vehicle of thought, and what is plainly expressed by the words employed, must be taken to constitute the intention.

The general principles regulating the construction of writings, are simple — founded in the best good sense, and the wisest policy. They must be tenaciously regarded, or courts of justice will be often betrayed from their legitimate duty of expounding, into the dangerous attitude of making contracts. Wherever the meaning is plain from the words, it must be adopted.

Where it is ambiguous, and that ambiguity arises on the face of the instrument, it is susceptible of no explanation; for, by indulging in conjecture, or even admitting proof alliunde, we incur the hazard of substituting a new and different contract, for that which the parties have themselves deliberately made, and adopted as the solemn and permanent evidence of their own intentions.

When the ambiguity is not in the instrument itself, but is created by the proof of some fact dehors, then the foreign evidence creating the doubt may itself be met by other evidence of the same'nature, and thus the ambiguity be explained. The case commonly put in the English books to exemplify the rule, is, where A. grants to B. Blackacre in the manor of Dale, and it is proved that A. owned two farms of the same name in that manor — here an ambiguity is raised uy this proof; and extraneous evidence will be heard, to identify the land granted to B.

Guided by those principles, let us apply ourselves to the construction of, the condition of the bond before us. It is certainly very inartificially drawn, but to my mind, appears to contain two distinct and substantial stipulations — both pointing with unerring aim at the decree to be pronounced in the chancery suit — one of these stipulations being expressly provisional, and the other absolute. Two mortgages are first recited, as having been executed by Kin-nard to the plaintiff, and to have been forfeited by non-payment of the money secured.

It then proceeds to the first stipulation, which is, that if the decree of the court to be pronounced upon a bill for foreclosure, contemplated to be filed by the plaintiff, should decide the said slaves to belong of right to the said Barnes, then they should be surrendered to him, as also hire from the first of January, 1823, which stipulation, both for the hire and surrender of the slaves, was just and proper — upon the hypothesis of the proviso, that the said property did of right belong to said Barnes.

The second stipulation, is, that Kinnard comply with the future contemplated decree absolutely, be that decree what it might. For aught that I can see to forbid it, it was competent for the parties thus to contract, in reference to the matters between them. It is neither usurious, nor oppressive, nor void for want of consideration ; for a debtor, though a mortgager, to afford the security which this bond supplied, to a mortgagee creditor — being in effect, nothing more than a guaranty for the performance of such things as the tribunals of justice might award.

I can readily suppose that Barnes might have deemed such security essential to the safety of his rights, and that Kinnard might have executed the same without being operated upon by any other influence than a sense of justice and of duty. This being the construction which we feel bound to give to this obligation, the facts agreed, show that-there was no ground of action. The provisional stipulation is ineffective, because the fact is apparent that there was no such decree as was made a condition precedent to its opera-tioii; and tbe absolute stipulation is admitted to have been performed.

It was earnestly contended by the counsel of the plaintiff, that the parties had another object in view, in the execution of this instrument, than its language literally imports. It may possibly have been intended to supply the hire of the negroes, secured by the personal responsibility ©f the defendant and the other joint surety, as an additional fund for the satisfaction of the mortgages — the negroes them-seives, as appears from the proof, being inadequate to discharge the debt due, as ascertained by the decree of the chan-celior.

If so, and either by fraud or mistake, that purpose was omitted or suppressed in its execution, in another forum such grievance may be amply redressed. The judgment of the court below is affirmed. 2 John.Ch. 585.