Doe on the Demise of Pidgeon v. Richards, 4 Ind. 374

Perkins, J. Ejectment by Doe on the demise of William F. Pidgeon against Thomas J. Richards for a tract of land in Bartholomew county. Judgment below for the defendant. The facts of the case are, that William Richards, then the owner in fee of the land in question, died in 1846, having devised said land to his wife,' Elizabeth Richards, for her life. Subsequently, said Elizabeth leased the land to her son, Thomas J. Richards, the defendant, who was then living upon it with his mother, executing to him an instrument as follows: “

Article of agreement between Thomas J. Richards of the first part, and Elizabeth Richards of the second part, witnesseth, that the said Thomas J. Richards is to occupy the premises that he now occupies, with full privileges to improve at his pleasure, and enjoy all the privileges of ownership, and to occupy so long as he desires; and in consideration therefor, the said party of the first part hereby obligates himself to grant unto the said Elizabeth Richards the privilege of living within his house and enjoying all that is necessary to health and comfort at his expense.

And in case of the death or removal of the party of the first part, the place to revert to the party of the second part. It is further agreed that the said Thomas J. Richards has privilege to sell or dispose of the stock and other appurtenances belonging to the farm, the same as though he was prime owner.” Signed by the parties and sealed, October 25, 1848.

After the execution of this instrument, said Thomas and Elizabeth continued to reside together on the land, he exercising full control, till the spring of 1851, when said Elizabeth left, having deeded the premises to the lessor of the plaintiff, Pidgeon, and given said Thomas notice to quit. This suit was commenced March 19, 1851. The only brief furnished is a very brief one from the plaintiff, informing us that the case turned below upon the effect of the lease or instrument in writing above set out, and that it was there held that it conveyed a life estate-to said Thomas J. Richards.

The substance of that instrument is, that it gives to Richards the right to occupy and improve the land in question for a certain consideration, payable as he occupies, as long as he shall please to do so. It gives him no absolute interest, which he can convey to another on vacating the premises himself. Whenever he removes from them, his right in them ceases. And he is not bound to occupy them and pay the consideration a day longer than he sees fit to do so. He has, in short, under the instrument, an estate in the land at his own will. Such being the character of the instrument, the case is easily disposed of.

Lord Coke, in his first Inst., 55 a, says: “It is regularly true, that every lease at will must in law be at the will of both parties, and, therefore, when the lease is made, to have and to hold at the will of the lessor, the law implyeth it to be at the will of the lessee also; for it cannot be onely at the will of the lessor, but it must be at the will of the lessee also.

And so it is when the lease is made to have and to hold at the will of the lessee, this must be also at the will of the lessor; and so are all the bookes that seeme prima facie to differ, cleerly reconciled.” This law of Lord Coke’s day continues to be the law of the present day.

There was a case in Massachusetts in 1834, in which the congregational society in Sagus, on the petition of certain persons, “ voted that Ezra Brown and others, have liberty to erect a seminary house on the parsonage land within what is hereafter described the seminary yard, with liberty to remove the same at pleasure, and that they have the land from the road over the knoll back to the wall, and from the west end of the house to the barn, inclusive, for a seminary yard, with the exception of a carriage passage-way from the house to the road and to the barn, to be common to the occupier of the house and the seminary building, and that each have a passage-way and the use of the pump.” The building was erected on the parsonage ground by those to whom the privilege was granted, having a cellar, stone foundation, with a “brick furnace in the cellar to warm the whole building through tubes.” The Supreme Court held that the society had power to make the lease—that it was made upon a good and valuable consideration—but that it was but a lease at the will of the lessors as well as of the lessees, and that Brown and his associates might be ejected at any time upon notice to quit.

Cheever et al. v. Pearson et al., 16 Pick. 266. A. A. Hammond and H. O’Neal, for the plaintiff. W. Herod, S. Stansifer, W. Singleton and R. Hill, for the defendant. So, in the case before us, the lease being at will, was determined by notice to quit; and that having been given, the plaintiff should have recovered. Per Curiam. The judgment is reversed with costs. Cause remanded, &c.