Benjamin Richardson vs. Isaac York & als., 14 Me. 216

After a continuance, for advisement, the opinion of the Court was drawn up by Emery J. The great question in this case is, whether the logs replevied are the property of the plaintiff, so as to draw to him the right of maintaining the action. For it is certain, he could not rightfully have entered to cut them himself without the assent of Isaac York, one of the defendants. In the language of Heath J., in Attersoll v.

Stevens, 1 Taunt. 183, at p. 198, it is stated, as common learning, that every lessee of land, whether for life or years, is liable in an action of waste to his lessor, for all waste done on the land in lease, by whomsoever it may be committed. If a general or a partial permission be given to the lessee in the instrument creating the estate, to commit waste, he is so far a tenant without impeachment of waste. Such a permission vests the property of what is the subject of waste, in the lessee, so that he avails himself of it during the continuance of his interest. It is so with respect to trees and minerals.

From the statement of facts we learn, that the land conveyed by Isaac York to Joseph York, on which the trees were cut, consisted of about thirty-five acres, from fifteen to twenty acres of which is partially wooded, the residue consists of mowing and pasture, about five acres of that mowing is interval, and of a good quality ; and the income of die land is insufficient for the support of said Isaac; and that said Isaac has not sufficient income from every source for his comfortable support; that he intended to apply the proceeds of the sale of the logs to his own support, and that if so applied, it would not have been more than a comfortable provision diereunto; that the house occupied by said Isaac was, and is, greatly out of repair as well as the fences ; that the said Isaac is very poor, nearly 80 years of age, and very decrepid.

In no part of the statement of facts, or in the deeds, is it made known whether this was an arrangement made by father and son for the support and maintenance of the father, though it is strongly to be suspected.

The deed of Isaac York, dated the 14th Oct. 1831, conveys to Joseph York “ the north-west half of the homestead farm, whereon I now live, reserving to myself the use and control of the above described lands, during my natural life.” The deed of Joseph York to the plaintiff, dated 24th November, 1834, for $175, sells and conveys to him all the pine trees and hemlock trees standing growing, and being on the northwest half of the homestead farm on which Isaac York, now of Standish, in the County of Cumberland,, lives, with license to go on and cut and carry away the same; the said north-west half, being the same land described in a deed of Isaac York to Joseph York, dated October 14th, 1831, reserving so much of said trees and timber for the benefit of Isaac York, who has a life estate in the premises, as shall be necessary, convenient, and indispensable to the enjoyment of the premises aforesaid during his lifetime, the quantity reserved and to be left as aforesaid, to be ascertained and designated by Isaac Spring.

In Paget’s case, 5 Coke’s Hep. 77, it was resolved that when trees are cut down by tenant for life, the property thereof belongeth to him in remainder in fee. Afterward, and contrary to the adjudication in Herlakenden’s case, 4 Coke’s Rep. 62, it was adjudged by all the Judges in the King’s Bench, 11 Coke’s Rep. 79, in Lewis Bowles’ case, which was trover and conversion, that the lessee without impeachment of waste shall have trees which he cuts, for without impeachment of waste, is as much as without demand for waste done; otherwise, it is, if it be without impeachment, &c., by writ of waste.

It was also resolved, that if trees are blown down with the -wind, the lessee, without impeachment of waste, shall have them. After this determination, it was a necessary consequence, that in general, unless on particular circumstances, the lessee for life, without impeachment of waste, was not to be restrained in equity. But it is said, that the clause was never extended to allow the destruction of the estate itself, and would not give leave to fell or cut down trees ornamental or sheltering of a house; much less to destroy or demolish a house. Packington v. Packington, 3 Atk. 215.

In that case, the Lord Chancellor declared, that Courts of Equity had in this respect established rules much more restrictive than those of the common law, which gave tenant for life without impeachment of waste, as large a power over the timber, as tenant in fee simple, that timber might.be had for public use. 7 Bac. Abr. Waste, 289.

It was malicious, extravagant, humorous waste, which the Courts of Equity would restrain. „ The parties here have disregarded the provision of our own statute, passed Feb. 28th, 1821, ch. 34, which provides, “ that any person seised of a freehold estate, or of a remainder or reversion in fee simple or fee tail in a lot of woodland or timberland in this State, whereon the trees shall have come to an age and growth fit to be cut, may petition to this Court to have them felled and sold, and the proceeds invested for the use of those interested in such woodlands.” It is not to be questioned, that conformably to the strict construction adopted in Massachusetts, that for a tenant in dower to cut timber for sale would be waste, and produce a forfeiture of the place wasted.

And so in this State. But upon the deeds and facts agreed, is the defendant, Isaac YorJc, to be subjected to the unmitigated consequences of his acts, as if he was a mere tenant for life without any excuse ? Almost the whole of the cases have arisen under leases, or devises, &c. Here he was original owner, conveying the land in fee, reserving to himself the use and control of the lands during his natural life. It may well be doubted whether this alone would protect him, though the terms are very broad.

But though the second deed, under which the plaintiff claims, as purchaser of the trees, might seem to extend to defendant a greater latitude, yet the terms use and control of the land, do not necessarily include destruction of the timber. In Davis v. Uphill, 1 Swanston, 129, an estate had been limited to Am Uphill for life, remainder .to her children, by her deceased husband, as she should appoint; in default of that appointment, to the children in common. They agreed with her, that on her joining in a recovery, the first use should be to her for life, without impeachment of waste.

Some difficulty occurred in the conveyance. She commenced cutting, and an injunction was obtained. But the Court refused to continue it to restrain her from cutting timber, unless security was given to her for the full value of all she might cut in her lifetime. This was in 1818.

The expressions in the deed of Joseph York to the plaintiff, reserving so much of said trees and timber for the benefit of Isaac York as shall be necessary, convenient, and indispensable to the enjoyment of the premises during his natural life, might possibly have misled the defendants to a supposition that they were equivalent to the expressions, without impeachment of waste. But besides this, they may have supposed that the plaintiff has no exclusive property in the trees and timber, till what should be left was ascertained and designated by Isaac Spring.

It does not appear, but what the trees cut were of suitable growth, and fit to be cut. See 8 Term Rep. 145, Martin v. Knowlys. It is not stated, that they were intended to be applied to the repairs of the fences, or buildings, but the poverty and age of the defendant shows that the supply would be convenient, if not necessary for his enjoyment of the premises. In Virginia it is held, by Roane J., Findley v. Smith, 6 Munf. 134, that in considering waste in this country, the common law, by which it is regulated, adapts itself in this, as in other cases, to the varied situations and circumstances of the country.

That cannot be waste, for example, in an entire woodland country, which would be so in a cleared one. The contrary doctrine would starve a widow, for example, who could not subsist without cultivating her dower land, nor cultivate it without felling the timber. A clearing of the land in such circumstances, would not be a lasting damage to the inheritance, nor a disherison of him in remainder, which is the true definition of waste. Here the widow is not dowable of wild lands, and so is not put in temptation to fell the trees.

In the case under consideration, it is not among the facts agreed, that what was done was to the prejudice of the plaintiff’s inheritance. The whole is left on the allegation of a cutting of pine and hemlock timber. We must gather the intention of the parties from their deeds, as well as we can on the words in the deed.

And though we may conjecture, that the grantor, Isaac, intended not to be limited by the terms use and control to any thing, but the employment of the property during his life as he did before ; and though this conjecture is strengthened by Joseph’s explanation or enlargement in his deed to the plaintiff; and though it does not appear, but there is a sufficiency 'of such timber left for the remainder man, yet upon the facts agreed, the plaintiff, according to the rules of law, upon the severance by the defendants of the pine and hemlock timber from the freehold, became the owner of it.

We may lament the carelessness with which parties have instruments drawn relating to the relative rights of tenant for life and persons in reversion or remainder. But in this case, in the opinion of the Court, the defendant, Isaac York, by his reservation, remained liable to impeachment of waste ; and therefore the defendant must be defaulted.