Thompson against M'Gaw, 2 Watts 161

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Sergeant, J. The plea of the statute of limitations to an ordinary action for a legacy is a novelty. It has long been a settled principle, that the statute does not apply in such case, and no decision to the contrary exists. In the ecclesiastical courts, which, in England, have had jurisdiction of personal legacies, a plea of the the statute has not been heard of; nor have the courts of common law interfered to coerce their reception of it.

Chancery, which took cognizance of legacies when charged on land, or where the jurisdiction was incidental to some other species of relief, and has latterly almost engrossed them, adopted the same rule. 1 Vern. 256; 2 Freem. 52; 2 Ves. Jun. 11; Lovelass on Wills 234; 4 Bac. Ab. 473. That the statute did not apply, has always been the rule in Pennsylvania. 2 Yeates 268 ; 1 Watts 507. The case of App v. Dreisbach, 2 Rawle 287, by no means infringes upon this well established doctrine. .

It is true there are some suggestions in the opinion of the court in that case, that perhaps after an account settled by an executor in the orphan’s court, the statute might be considered as beginning to operate; but the decision went on different grounds. The question there was, whether the executor himself owed the estate of the testator a sum of money. In his account, settled more than six years before the commencement of the suit, he mentioned this sum, but refused to charge himself with if, and always denied his liability.

If other persons had been appointed executors, he could undoubtedly have availed himself of the plea in a suit by them against him: and his own appointment as executor did not place him in a worse situation.

He could not in either case be deemed a trustee as to a debt which he had uniformly disputed. “ The demand,” says Judge Huston, who delivered the opinion of the court, “in this case is not for a sum appearing due on a settlement, but denied now, and denied at the settlement; due, if at all, from a man who, though acting as trustee at one time, put off that character openly, by record and according to law, ten years before this suit was brought.” It has been suggested by high authority, that the rule of chancery on this subject might be changed, where

an act of assembly vests in the courts of common law the right to afford a remedy for the recovery of legacies by actions at law; for in that case they might fall within the provisions of the limitation acts; and then, even chancery, possessing only a concurrent jurisdiction, would conform to the same sule. Per Kent, C. J., Kane v. Bloodgood, 7 Johns. Ch. 127, cited in App v. Dreisbach, 2 Rawle 287.

If this doctrine be correct, it would effect a total revolution in the law as heretofore received and acted on in Pennsylvania; because our remedies for the recovery of legacies are altogether in courts of common law, by the provisions of ah act of assembly. On looking however at the provisions of the act, it seems evident that it cannot embrace claims of this description.

The legacy act of 1772 authorizes a legatee to prosecute “ an action on the case, debt, detinue or account-render, as the case may require, in any of the courts for holding pleas.” The act of limitations, passed on the 21st of March 1713, requires actions of detinue, all actions of account and upon the case (other than such as concern the trade of merchandize between merchant and merchant, their factors and servants), all actions' of debt grounded upon any lending or contract without specialty, all actions of debt for arrearages of rent, except the proprietaries’ quit-rents, to be commenced and sued within six years.

Now if the legatee should choose to bring an action of debt for a pecuniary legacy, as he may, it would not be within the words of this act; because an action of debt for a legacy is not grounded on any lending or contract. Chancery has refused to adopt the rule by analogy to the statute, because an executor stands in the situation of a trustee, and, whilst the trust subsists, the statute has not been permitted to run between trustee and cestui que trust in cases either of real or personal estate.

This reason applies as forcibly in a court of law, as of equity; depending not on the forum or the form of proceeding, but on the nature of the case and the relation of the parties. An executor is a trustee, as well by the act of the testator as by the authority of the law: undertaking to administer the effects of others for their benefit, and bound to render accounts of his doings at their instance. There is no personal demand against him for which he needs protection from stale or doubtful claims. The legacies app'ear on the face of the will, which shows what and whom he is to pay.

On the other hand, the legatee may be ignorant of the bequest, or absent in, other states. If acquainted with it, he is not-obliged to demand it within the statutory period, unless the will imposes that condition : he may prefer to wait till the executor shall have collected all the assets and paid, all the debts, rather than incur the chance of being obliged to refund on his bond. The settlement of the executor’s account in the orphan’s court, does not change his character as trustee.

He still holds the assets for the purposes of the will, not adversely toil: and his account is notice that he holds for the legatees, not against them. It is not even a definite ascertainment of the balance in his hands for which he is accountable, because an appeal from the decree may take place, formerly in a year, now within three years: the accounts may undergo revision and alteration, and the liability of the executor and rights of the legatee be materially changed.

The character of executor and trustee for the legatees continues during all this period and afterwards, and with it the accompanying duties and liabilities. The only effect of lapse of time, as ordinarily applied to a legacy, is to raise a presumption of payment; and in this light it has been , considered by the courts. Like the cases of bonds, mortgages and other claims not within the statute, the payment is presumed after a lapse of time, unless repelled by particular circumstances. Even then it is said, if the legatee allege that he knew not of his legacy, the presumption cannot be raised. 1 Fonb.

Eq. 331, note (r). We are, therefore, of opinion that the question decided by the court below, on the sufficiency of the acknowledgement to take the case out of the statute of limitations, did not legally arise, because the plea of the statute to this action was of no avail. 2. After an account settled by the executor in the orphan’s court, by which he is charged with a precise sum of money in his hands, the evidence offered by him in this suit, that part of that sum was afterwards lost by the insolvency of the obligor in one of the bonds to the testator, was rejected by the court below.

The ground upon which this evidence is attempted to be supported is, that in the heading of his account the defendant refers to certain bonds mentioned in his inventory, some of which appeared not to be due, and that there is a memorandum pu t opposite to the balance stated against him in his account—“ part not due.” But he does not, in his account, reserve any part of the sum as uncertain or doubtful. He charges himself with the whole as so much money, and as such it is confirmed.

Pie had a right to treat this as a settled account, and to take advantage of it to preclude an appeal after the year, or a collateral inquiry into its validity; and others interested have the same right. That the decree of the orphan’s court, on matters within its jurisdiction, is binding and conclusive in every collateral inquiry, as well in relation to administration accounts as on other subjects, is now the settled law. M’Fadden v. Geddes, 17 Serg. & Rawle 336 ; App v. Driesback, 2 Rawle 287.

No further operation is, by this rule, given to its proceedings than is yielded to those of all courts acting on matters legally submitted to their decision. The remedy of the party complaining is by appeal, which is now enlarged beyond the former limit: and perhaps that court, in a proper case, might grant a rehearing on a petition for review.

But to permit the decisions of a court of competent jurisdiction to be again controverted, collaterally, in another court, would lead to the utmost uncertainty of right, and to endless, litigation ; while, with due care on the part of those interested, no injury can be sustained. Where cases of hardship have occurred, they have been chiefly owing to the want of due attention to the proceedings of the orphan’s court, by those whose rights are involved in its decisions.

The business of that court, always extensive, has become much more so by recent legislation : it exercises many important branches of chancery jurisdiction: it is clothed with ample powers to investigate and determine controversies, and to enforce its decrees: and its judgments must be deemed to possess the same binding operation as those of other courts, upon matters within its cognizance. Judgment affirmed.