Tuttle vs. Cook and others, 15 Wend. 274

By the Court, Nelson, J. The proposition of law is a familiar one, that the bail of a deputy sheriff being considered in the light of sureties, are only responsible for his official acts, as a general deputy ; and further, that he is not accountable to his principal in that character, when acting under his special direction and authority, in a given case. The ground of irresponsibility in the former instance turns upon the contract of the bail; in the latter, upon the necessary exclusion of all discretion on the part of the deputy in the performance of the particular act. It would be unreasonable to hold him accountable to the sheriff for the consequences of

an act explicitly directed by the sheriff. It should, however, very clearly appear* whenever such defence is interposed, that in giving the directions, the sheriff or his general agent intended to debar the defendant from the exercise of that judgment and discretion in the matter which belonged to him, as a general deputy, and that he so understood it. If the communication was mere information or advice, the better to enable him to discharge his duty, this would not alter the relation to his principal.

Notwithstanding such information and advice, he would be expected to act upon his own responsibility, after ascertaining the true facts in respect to the title of property to be levied upon, and levy or not, or take an indemnity, as his judgment would dictate. Now, I am not satisfied, from a review of the evidence in this case, that the letter enclosing the execution by Mall was intended to convey, or did in fact convey instructions to levy upon the sloop, at all events ; or that the defendant was justfied in so understanding it.

I am also of opinion the question, un¿¡er circumstances, was not one of law, but of fact, and should have been submitted to the jury. The letter was not produced, and the witness who testified to its contents did not pretend to remember its whole purport. He says, “the letter directed Cook to levy on the sloop Eliza; and he does not now remember what further the letter stated.” How could the witness swear that the instructions were peremptory, unless he remembered the whole of the contents ?

But recollecting that the defendant Cook was a general deputy, whose business it was to serve executions, is it an inference of law, from the expressions testified to by the witness, that it was intended to divest him of his general character and the discretion and responsibility belonging to it, and substitute that of a special deputy for the particular service ? Especially, is such an inference warranted, upon a mere detached part of the letter, and which it does not appear was given in the words of it ?

Undoubtedly instructions may be so full and explicit as to leave no question about the effect of them, and to change the character of the officer, as matter of law; but in this case they are attempted to be drawn from loose and insulated expressions, which may or may not have been so intended.

From the relations the sheriff holds to his deputies, and the frequent communications between them, in respect to official business; and particularly his obligation to communicate to them all the information he may possess, to aid in the execution of their duties, it would be unreasonable and unjust to construe any thing short of very particular and positive instructions in a given case, as changing the character and responsibility of the deputies. There is nothing severe in this rule because it is always an easy matter for them to act upon their own judgment, unless thus explicitly directed otherwise.

New trial granted.