Benjamin Melvin versus The Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Merrimack River, 16 Pick. 161

The opinion of the Court was afterwards delivered by Wilde J. In order to determine the general question, whether, upon the facts, in the case, the demandant had any right of entry in 1832, I shall first consider whether Melvin and wife were disseised by the entry of Kittredge and their expulsion in 1796. That they were seised in fee in right of the wife, before and at the time of the entry by Kittredge, cannot, we thij/k, be controverted.

In all real actions, brought by bust ind and wife to recover the wife’s land, their estate is always so stated ; and is so stated because such is the legal nature of their estate. By marriage the husband and wife are regarded in law as one person, the legal existence of the wife being incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband ; and he has the absolute authority to act for her, but not to bind her in all cases. He may dispose of her chattels, real and personal, but cannot alienate her real estate without her consent.

The husband acquires by the marriage a freehold estate, but not the fee, which still remains in the wife. But both together have the whole estate, and therefore in law they are both considered as seised in fee, and must so state their title in pleading. The husband cannot aver, in pleading, that he alone is seised in fee in right of his wife, because the fee is in the wife, and of this he is seised jointly with her.

This is the established form of pleading such a title, and it has been truly and very frequently remarked, that the forms of pleading generally may be relied on as the most accurate test of legal principles. It is laid down by Comyns, (Dig. Baron & Feme, 2 D,) “that if baron and feme are seised, they ought to plead, that they are both seised injure uxoris, and not that the husband is seised and so say all the authorities. In the case of Catlin v.

Milner, 2 Lutw. 1422, which was trespass quare clausum against husband and wife, the plea was that the husband was seised in his demesne as of fee, in right of his wife, that he thereupon demised the premises to the plaintiff, and that he entered to make distress for rent in arrear; on demurrer, this plea was held to be bad, because they were both seised in right of the wife. The same decision was made in the .case of Polyblank v. Hawkins, 1 Dougl. 329.

In that case, which was an action of covenant against the assignee of a lease, by the husband of the heir at law of the original lessor, the plaintiff in the declaration averred, that the reversion descended and came to his wife, whereupon the plaintiff became seised of said reversion in his demesne as of freehold, in right of his wife.

The defendant demurred, because in the declaration the plaintiff’s title was not correctly stated ; for that instead of the averment, that the plaintiff was seised of the reversion in his demesne as of freehold, he ought to have averred that he and his toife were seised in their demesne as of fee. The plaintiff’s counsel in that case admitted that the usual form of declaring was in the manner contended for by the defendant’s counsel, and that the case of Catlin v.

Milner was rightly decided ; but they attempted to make a distinction between cases where it was necessary to set out the whole of the estate, and those in which a part only would be sufficient to maintain the action ; but the court held, that the declaration was bad in point of form, because the exact title was not set out. These cases seem decisive, not only as to the form of pleading, of which there can be no question, but they decide that the form of pleading is in conformity with the exact title which the husband and wife have in the wife’s lands, while they remain seised.

It seems unnecessary to refer to any further authorities on this point; for I apprehend that it is quite clear, that the husband cannot be seised in fee of his wife’s lands, unless she also is seised ; that he acquires no seisin in fee by the marriage ; for he, at most, acquires only a freehold estate, and unless the wife continues seised, the fee would be in abeyance. The husband has a life estate, and the wife has an estate in fee, and by consolidating the two estates, both, in legal contemplation, are considered as seised of the whole estate.

The next question to be considered is, whether Melvin the elder and his wife were disseised by the entry of Kittredge in 1796. And we think it very clear, that they were. They were actually ousted and divested of their seisin and possession, and the seisin and possession of Kittredge was substituted therefor ; and this unquestionably amounted to a disseisin of both, as both at the time of the entry were seised. Co. Lit. 153 ; Clapp v. Bromaghan, 9 Cowen, 552. We think it equally clear, that a right of entry immediately thereupon accrued to both the husband and wife.

It has been argued, that the husband alone had the right of entry, that he bad a life estate in the premises, and that no right of entry accrued to the wife until his death. It is true that if Kittredge had held under the husband, the wife would have had no right to enter, nor could she enter against the will of the husband ; but with his consent, express or implied, or in his absence, she had an unquestionable right to enter. Her right of entry as against Kittredge was perfect, although in the exercise of her right she was subjected to the control of her husband.

There is no doubt, that he had a right to create a particular estate, and so he might discontinue his wife’s estate by feoffment, and by the common law she would have no right to enter on the feoffee, even after her husband’s death, but was driven to her action cut in vita; but in the present case Melvin and his wife were jointly seised and disseised ; and either of them or both might enter on the disseisor.

That she was sub potestate viri does not prevent the right of entry from accruing to her ; otherwise no right of entry could descend or accrue to a feme covert, and the saving clauses in the several statutes of limitation, in favor of femes covert, would be useless and senseless. A feme covert is capable of purchasing, but the husband may disagree, which will avoid the purchase ; but if he neither agrees, nor disagrees, the purchase is good. Co. Lit. 3 a.

And in like manner, a right of entry may descend or accrue to her, and her entry will be lawful, provided the husband does not expressly disagree, for his consent is presumed, it being for his advantage. We are therefore of opinion, that the right to enter on the demanded premises accrued to the demandant’s mother immediately after the entry and ouster by Kittredge. We then come to the general question, whether the demandant had a right of entry at the time he entered, or whether it was not tolled by the tortious entry of Kittredge and lapse of time.

This question depends on the St. 1786, c. 13, taken in connexion with the principles already considered.

By § 4, it is enacted that no person, unless by judgment of law, shall make any entry into any lands, tenements, or hereditaments, but within twenty years next after his r'ght or title first descended or accrued to the same, provided that when any person that is or shall be entitled to make any entry, shall, at the time the said right or title first descended, accrued, or fell, be within the age of twenty-one years, feme covert, non compos, imprisoned, or beyond seas, or without the limits of the United States, that then such person shall and may make such entry at any time within ten years after the expiration of the said twenty years aforesaid, and not afterwards.

We think the language of this statute extremely clear, and that the intention of the legislature cannot, be doubted. It is equivalent to an express provision, that no person under any of the disabilities named in the statute should be allowed to make any entry upon lands, unless the entry should be made within thirty years next after his title descended or accrued to him. This to my mind seems as clear as that twenty and ten make thirty.

The rules of construction, therefore, which may be very important and useful, when the true meaning of a statute may be doubtful, can have no application to the provision in question, the language of which is so plain and unambiguous.

It has been-argued that other statutes in pari materia would explain and control the literal meaning of this ; but we think the construction contended for by the demandant’s counsel derives no aid by any reference to former statutes ; for the language of this statute and the previous statutes on the same subject, are essentially different; and to suppose that the legislature would essentially vary the language of a former statute, so as to convey a different meaning, without intending to make any alteration in the .aw, would be an imputation on the understanding of the Legislature, which cannot be admitted.

It has been said that the statute, according to its literal meaning, is unreasonable, and that it should have a reasonable '■onstruction. But we do not perceive that the statute is unreasonable according, to its literal import; especially as it bars the right of entry only, leaving the party other remedies to recover his estate. In the present case, the demandant would not be barred, if he had declared in another form, and not on his own seisin ; and his remedy would have been equally simple and effectual as in the present form of action.

But if the limitation in the statute were as unreasonable as the plaintiff’s counsel suppose it to be, we must be governed by it, the meaning being clear, and are not at liberty to speculate on its supposed impolicy. Upon the whole, therefore, we are of opinion,, that the demandant never had any right of entry into the demanded premises, that his actual entry on the tenants was tortious, and consequently that he acquired no seisin thereby.

The right of entry accrued to the demandant’s mother in April 1796, and she died in September 1826, (more than thirty years,) without making any entry into the premises, or any. claim thereto, the tenants and those under whom they claim remaining in the undisturbed possession of the same for the whole time. Her right of entry, therefore, was barred and did not descend to the demandant. Whether it would have so descended, if the mother had died within the thirty years, is a question which it is unnecessary to decide.

It is clear, however, that if the demandant would have had a right to enter, as heir in such a case, he must have entered within thirty years from the time the right first accrued to his mother. JV*ew trial granted.