Whipple against Fuller:, 11 Conn. 582

Church, J. The declaration in the case to be reviewed on this writ of error, contains two counts: One founded upon the statute of this state to prevent vexatious suits, in which the plaintiff demands, under that statute, to recover treble damages ; and the other is a count at common law for the malicious prosecution of a vexatious and malicious civil action. Several objections are urged, by the defendant, against the first count, which are of little importance, and of which we need not speak, any further than to say, that we do not recognise their validity.

But the defendant in the court below, the present plaintiff in error, supposing his objections to the suffi- - ciency of the first count sustainable, next objects to the second count, and claims, that no action will lie at common law, to recover damages sustained in consequence of being maliciously sued and prosecuted in an unfounded civil action, unless the body of the defendant in such action; was arrested, or holden to bail; neither of which was done in the vexatious suit complained of. This objection requires consideration.

It certainly has received plausibility, if not direct countenance, from the remarks of some learned commentators, as well as from the decisions of courts. Lord Coke says : “ And therefore, where it is said, that a man shall not be punished for suing of writs in the King’s courts, be it of right or wrong, it is regularly true ; but it fail-eth in this special case of the writ of replevin.” Co. Litt. 161. a. Mr.

Chitty, in his learned notes to the commentaries of Sir William Blackstone, says : “ It seems, before the statutes entitling the defendant in civil actions to costs, if the suit terminated in his favour, he might support an action against the plaintiff, if the proceeding was malicious and without probable cause.

But since the Stat. 4 Jac. 1. ch. 3., which gives costs to a defendant in all actions, in case of a non-suit or verdict against the plaintiff, and other statutes giving costs to defendants in other stages of the cause, it seems that no action can be supported merely in respect of a civil suit maliciously inst-tuted, except in some cases under particular legislative provisions,” 3 Bla.

Com. 126. (Chitt. ed.) Judge Swift, in his Digest, vol. 1 .p. 492., says: “It is well settled, that at common law, no action will lie against one for bringing a civil suit, however malicious and unfounded, unless the body of the party is imprisoned, or holden to bail; in all other cases, the costs the party recovers, are supposed to be an adequate compensation for the damage he sustains.” And in the case of Purton v. Honnor, 1 Bos. & Pull. 205., it was decided, that no action is sustainable for a vexatious ejectment. 7 Petersd. Abr. 5. 12 Id. 403.

It seems to be conceded, however, that where any thing is done maliciously, besides merely commencing and prosecuting the malicious or vexatious action, a suit for damages sustained by such act, may be maintained. And therefore it is, that an action is sustainable for a malicious arrest, or a holding to bail for too large a sum, and for maliciously suing out and levying a writ of fieri facias. 1 Lev. 275. 2 Wils. 305. Austin v. Debnam, 3 Barn. & Cres. 139. (10 Serg. & Lowb. 37.) 3 Chitt. Bla. 104. 12 Petersd. Abr. 399.

Upon the same principle, an action may be maintained, where the property of a party has been maliciously attached upon mesne process, under all jurisdictions where such attachments are known. Hob. 205. 266. 1 Ld. Raym. 377. Gyfford v. Woodgate, 11 East 297. Wells v. Noyes, 12 Pick. 324. But we wish to place our decision of this question, upon broader principles; principles which we believe have received the sanction of the common law in its earliest ages. Before the statute of Marlbridge, which was passed in the 52nd year of Hen. 3., no costs were recoverable in civil actions.

This statute, and others subsequently enacted, gave costs to successful defendants, as it is said, by way of damages against the plaintiff, pro falso clamore. Whatever might have been true when the several statutes giving costs, were enacted, we cannot, at this day, shut our eyes to the truth known by every body, that taxable costs afford a very partial and inadequate remuneration for the necessary expenses of defending an unfounded suit; and of course, this remedy is not adequate to repair the injury thus received ; and the common law declares, that for every injury there is a remedy.

Before the statutes entitling defendants to costs, existed, they had a remedy at common law, for injuries sustained by reason of suits which were malicious and without probable cause. Co. Litt. 161. a. 3 Lev. 210. 2 Wils. 305. Styles, 379. Hob. 266. 4 Mod. 13. 3 Chilt. Bla. 125. And this principle is, and ought to be, operative still, in all cases where the taxation of costs is not an ample remedy. Saville v. Roberts, 12 Mod. 208. S. C. 1 Salk. 14.

It is upon this principle, in part at least, that actions have ever been sustained for malicious criminal prosecutions, in which no costs are taxed in favour of the accused. 1 Salk. 14. 10 Mod. 148. Smith v. Hixon, 2 Stra. 977. So also, if two or more conspire to vex and harass any person with groundless and malicious civil suits, they were not only punishable crim- inaliter, but liable to a civil action. Staundford P. C. 172. 2 Inst. 562. Co. Litt. 161. a. In Watson v. reeman, Hob. 205., and cited in Esp.

Dig. 527., it is said, that “ if a man sue me in a civil suit, yet if his vol. xr. 74 suit be utterly without ground, and that certainly known to himself, I may have an action against him for the damages he putteth me unto, by his ill practice.” Indeed, the principle upon which the second count in this declaration is sustainable, aside from the averment that the plaintiff’s properly was attached, is the same which sanctions the well known and frequent actions for malicious prosecutions, and furnishes remedies by actions on the case for the abuse of legal process. 2 Saund. Pl. & Ev. 651. Luddington v.

Peck, 2 Conn. Rep. 700. Swift v. Chamberlain, 3 Conn. Rep. 537. Watson v. Watson, 9 Conn. Rep. 141.

And we may say, as applicable to the claim of the plaintiff un- der this count, in the language of a learned writer on the sub- ject : “ Whatever engines of the law malice may employ to compass its evil designs against innocent and unoffending per- sons, whether in the shape of indictment or information, which charge a party with crimes injurious to his fame and reputa- tion, and tend to deprive him of his liberty; or whether such malice is evidenced by malicious arrests, or by exhibiting groundless accusations, merely with a view to occasion expense to the party who is under the necessity of defending himself against them, the action on the case affords an adequate reme- dy to the party injured.” 2 Selw.

N. P. 1054. Or we may say with Bayley, J., in the case of Elsee v. Smith, 2 Chitt. Rep. 304. (18 Serg. & Lowb. 344.) " If a party falsely and maliciously, and without probable cause, put the law in motion, that is properly a subject of an action on the case.” We think, therefore, upon the fundamental principles and analogies of the common law, that the second count in this declaration is good.

But notwithstanding each count in this declaration, separately considered, is good, yet we are of opinion, that these counts could not, by law, be joined in one declaration ; that there is here a misjoinder of actions ; and that for this cause alone, the declaration is insufficient. The general rule on this subject, or the rule controuling the greatest class of cases, probably is, that causes of action, which, at common law, require the same judgment and the same gen- eral issue, may be joined in several counts in one declaration. But to this rule there, are many exceptions.

Therefore, ac- tions of debt on bond, and covenant broken, cannot be joined, joined, although the general issue of non est factum, and the common law judgment of misericordia, are common to both. Neither can actions of account or replevin, or an action on book, in this state, be joined with any other cause of action. And the reason is, that the forms of proceeding in some, as well as the essential nature and forms of the judgment in others of these actions, are different from the forms of proceeding and judgments in all other cases, 1 Chitt. Pl. 196. Gould’s Pl. 215. 216. 12 Petersd. Abr. 646. 649.

The first count in this declaration is founded upon the statute to prevent vexatious suits; and the plaintiff, by virtue of that statute, demands to recover treble damages. And the second count is at common law, on which single damages only are recoverable. If a general verdict be given for the plaintiff, upon this declaration, or a judgment by default be rendered, is the court to assess single, or double damages ? The law requires a judgment upon one of these counts, to be essentially different from the judgment to be rendered upon the other.

This defect is incurably fatal, and would have been so, even after verdict. 1 Chitt. Pl. 206. Gould’s Pl. 219. Brigden v. Parks & al. 2 Bos. & Pull. 424. It was contended, that this defect was cured, by plea and judgment. The plea was the general issue, and the judgment was rendered upon default. It is certain, that if a verdict, in this case, would not have cured this defect, a plea could not. But a plea, to cure a defect in the proceedings, must be such a plea as by legal intendment at least, admits the facts, the omission of which, causes the defects complained of.

But in this case, the general issue admitted nothing ; it denied every thing. 1 Chitt. Pl. 400. 1 Sw. Dig. 778. And a judgment by default, cures no other defects than those of form. Gould's Pl. 505. We therefore advise, that the judgment of the county court, in this case, be reversed. In this opinion the other Judges concurred. Judgment to be reversed.