Emerson Tower v. The Providence & Worcester Railroad Company, 2 R.I. 404

Brayton, J. delivered the opinion of the Court. The first question to be considered is, whether the discretion actually given to the jury in this case was correct in' point of law. It will.be seen, that in the-form in-which it is given, it involves the broad- proposition, that every person is liable for all damages- accruing to another from the want of ordinary skill and care in the use of his own property, without regard to the fact that the party injured is guilty of gross neglect or want of care on his part.

It holds the railroad company to the same care towards one who voluntarily puts his property in the way of danger, as toward one who by his utmost caution is unable to avoid it.

Now we think the authorities do not sustain such a proposition as the charge implies; on the-contrary, the whole current of authorities makes the distinction between those who are lawfully in the place of danger, and have used common care and prudence to avoid the injury, and those who, either by their own carelessness or wilfulness, have put themselves in a place of danger ; and the question in all these cases is, whether the injury was caused by the negligence or want of care of the defendant alone, or whether, on the other hand, the neglect or carelessness or wilfulness of the plaintiff substantially contributed to the injury received.

In the one case the defendant is held liable, in the other, not. Brock v. Copeland, (1 Esp. 203.) Sark v. Blackburn, (4 C. & P. 296.) Blackman v. Simmons, (4 C. & P. 128.) Bush v. Brainard, (1 Cow. 78.) Bosworth v. Swansey, (10 Met. 365,) all support this distinction. In the case of Tonawanda Rail Road Co. v. Munger, (5 Den. 255,) all the English cases are reviewed. This case was like the one before us. The action was brought by the plaintiff, for an injury alleged to be done to the cattle by the carelessness of the company’s servants, in conducting their train of cars.

The defence was, that the plaintiff’s cattle strayed from his own enclosure upon the track of the railroad.

The Court held, that there could be no recovery, and upon this ground, that in permitting the cattle to stray into a place of danger, where they had no right to be, the plaintiff was guilty of negligence, which was itself one cause of the injury ; and the Court say, that the doctrine is well settled, that such action cannot be maintained, if the wrongful act of the plaintiff co-operated with the misconduct of the defendant or his servant, to produce the damage sustained, and that it is not necessary that the plaintiff’s conduct should be wrong in intention, if it be wrongful in law.

To the same point is the case of The New York & Erie Railway v. Skinner, (1 Am. Law Register, 97.) Legally speaking, negligence is the want of that care which the law requires us to exercise, which it exacts as a duty. This care may be due to one individual, and not to another, and therefore negligence in fact is not always negligence in law, for unless a party can show that some duty to him is violated, he shows no legal negligence. This is exemplified in the case of Blyth v. Topham. The defendant dug a pit on his own land and left it open, whereby cattle were exposed to injury.

This he had a right to do, although his own cattle were thereby killed. So far it was a violation of no duty of whigh any one c.onld complain. But there were commoners who had a right to feed their cattle upon the land and to have the common safe. He owed them a legal duty; He was bound to do no act which should in any way disturb or interrupt the exercise of the right of common. But when we come to the plaintiff in that case, who had no such right to have his cattle upon the land, all duty ceased. He comes as a trespasser and must look to the consequences and has no right to claim that he shall be cared for.

So far as mere neglect goes there is no violation of duty. This, of course, does not extend to wilful acts whereby the person or property of any one may be injured. For wilful or intentional injuries, the person guilty would be liable. If then there were any evidence of negligence or want of care on the part of the plaintiff which might contribute to the injury of which the plaintiff complains, the' jury should have been directed to weigh and consider it, and, if they found the existence of such negligence, to consider also, whether it substantially contributed to the injury.

If there were no such evidence for the jury to consider, it might not have been necessary to vary the direction to meet any hypothetical case or to instruct the jury what the law would be in such case. On the case stated was there evidence of negligence in the plaintiff which might have contributed to the injury ? By the common law, every person was bound to keep his cattle upon his own lands and not. suffer them to stray upon his neighbor’s and, if they so strayed, he was liable for the damage they committed. No one was bound by law to fence against them.

The statute so far altered the common law, as to require adjoining owners to build the partition fence in common, and provided for a division, so that each should maintain his proper portion and made the delinquent party liable for all damages suffered from the neglect to maintain a lawful fence. In such case, if cattle lawfully in the adjoining land pass through the plaintiff’s defective fence into his land, he has no remedy. This, however, may be governed and controlled by the agreement of the parties concerned, so that the whole may be maintained by one alone or the right to have it fenced waived altogether.

Such is the present case. The parties here have agreed that no partition fence shall be maintained. The Railroad Company, by their agreement with the owners of the land depastured by the plaintiff, are released from all obligation or duty to maintain any fence upon the dividing line. The parties are left therefore as at common law. The charter of the Railroad Company imposes the duty to fence the road against adjoining owners, only when they shall be required to do so. It is here not required but expressly waived.

The plaintiff then stands, as at common law, bound to keep his cattle within his own enclosure and liable for all damages done by them, if they stray upon the adjoining land. He is in fault if he suffers them to stray. If they were upon the land of the Railroad Company, they were there without right. They were there in fact through the wrongful conduct of the plaintiff, as were the cattle of the plaintiff in the case of Blyth v. Topham, upon the common ; the only d ifference being, that the cattle were killed in one instance by being run over, and in the other, by falling into the pit made by the defendant.

The only case to which we have been referred by the defendant’s counsel, is that of Robinson v. Cole, (3 Law Rep. 444.) The plaintiff in that case was a mere child, who was at the time of the injury coasting down the hill, and the defendant, through want of care, drove his team against him and fractured his leg. The defence was that there was a want of care on the part of' the boy, which contributed to the injury produced.

And the Court say, without infringing the general rule contained in the other cases, that the plaintiff was held to no more care than he was capable of, that he was incapable of the same degree of care as an adult would have been, and they held that he could not be charged with negligence while he exercised that degree of care, which might reasonably be expected, from a boy of his tender years. This case re-cognises the general rule in its fullest extent.

The counsel for the plaintiff seeks to apply the principle of that case to the facts of the present, and claims that, the animal being incapable of care, there could be no neglect on the part of the plaintiff. But the care required is in the party and not in his property. His neglect is that he permitted the animal, which, of course, could not be supposed to exercise care, to go into a place of danger where it had no right to be, and it is on this point alone that the owner is chargeable for all damages, which animals commit when they are suffered to stray away.

The plaintiff’s counsel urged in the argument, that the Railroad Company did not fall within the principle of these cases, that their business was in its nature dangerous, calling for the exercise of a much greater degree of care and caution, and that in this respect there was a distinction to be made between such companies and individuals engaged in other modes of travel.

Now, we easily see that as to their passengers, as to those for whom they are transporting merchandise and, indeed, as to all those to whom they owe a duty, in view of the extent of damage which might ensue from want of proper caution, they would feel bound to exercise the utmost care and caution to see that the cars and engines were in the most perfect order and that their servants conducted themselves with the utmost care.

But it is not so easy to perceive upon what principle they are to be held to more care towards those to whom they owe none, or how the plaintiff should be excused from all care, when from the conceded danger it would be reasonable to expect the greater caution. The plaintiff knew the extent of the danger, yet he took no care whatever to avoid it. He suffered his cow to stray where in all probability she would be killed. He chose to run the hazard and must abide the consequences. The same reasons which render the charge given erroneous, required the charge asked for by the defendant’s counsel.

The exceptions therefore must be sustained, and as, from the facts appearing in the cause, the plaintiff could not recover, and judgment should have been for the defendant in the Court below, we must, order judgment here for the defendant for -his cost, in conformity with the agreement of the parties;