STATE of West Virginia v. Arthur Dale COLLINS, 186 W. Va. 1

MILLER, Justice: The defendant, Arthur Dale Collins, was convicted of first degree murder by a Greenbrier County Circuit Court jury in May, 1987. He was sentenced to life imprisonment without mercy. The defendant assigns four primary errors: (1) the State’s use of prior inconsistent statements by two witnesses, Tim Kelly and Lana Workman; (2) the failure to prove venue of the crime in Greenbrier County; (3) the involuntariness of the defendant’s confession because he was not promptly presented before a magistrate; and (4) prosecutorial misconduct at trial.

We find reversible error was committed in the use of the prior inconsistent statements; therefore, we reverse the defendant’s conviction and remand the case for a new trial. I. FACTS On April 26, 1984, the body of Sarah Marshall was found in a laurel thicket near Mount Vernon Road in Greenbrier County. The body was fully clothed and covered by a quilt. The State Medical Examiner’s office performed an autopsy on the body and determined that the cause of death was strangulation. In addition, the victim’s head had been bludgeoned, which had caused severe fractures of the skull and hemorrhaging of the brain.

In his report, the chief medical examiner, Irvin M. So-pher, M.D., estimated the date of death as April 24,1984, but at trial, he testified that the date of death could have been considerably earlier. After the body was identified, the state police began interviewing acquaintances of the victim. The police interviewed the defendant’s sister, Lana Hudson; Danny Workman; and the defendant’s mother, Nadine Collins. All three witnesses gave statements. The State’s case revealed that Sarah Marshall was originally from Greenbrier County and had moved to the Washington, D.C. area in 1976.

During the end of March, 1984, the victim and Rick Marshall visited Ronceverte, West Virginia, and decided to move back on April 10, 1984. Shortly after returning to Greenbrier County, Sarah became reacquainted with Lana Workman, Danny Workman, and the defendant. Between April 10 and April 14, the victim, Rick, Danny, Lana, and the defendant spent a significant amount of time together partaking of marijuana, PCP, and alcohol. On April 14, 1984, at approximately 7:00 p.m., the victim and the defendant left the victim’s apartment to attempt to purchase some cocaine in Hinton, West Virginia.

At Sarah’s request, Lana stayed with Rick at the apartment to look after the victim’s children. Sarah and the defendant drove to Hinton in Rick Marshall’s 1969 Chevrolet. At trial, the defendant’s statement was introduced. In that statement, the defendant indicated that after he and the victim arrived in Hinton, he went into a bar and asked where he might' be able to buy cocaine. Some patrons in the bar said that there had been two black men in a van in town earlier in the day who were selling cocaine. The defendant then proceeded to another beer garden and was given the same information.

Sarah and the defendant decided to wait in the car to see if the men in the van would return. Approximately fifteen minutes later, a brown van pulled up in front of the second bar. According to the defendant’s statement, after Sarah spoke with the men in the van, she returned to the car and told the defendant that the men had some cocaine to sell in their apartment on the west side of town. Sarah decided to go with the men to their apartment, and the defendant was to wait in the car until Sarah returned.

When Sarah had not returned approximately two hours later, the defendant concluded that he had been abandoned and decided to drive to Virginia Beach, Virginia. In his statement, the defendant said that he arrived at Virginia Beach about daylight and stayed there for two or three hours. While at the beach, the defendant picked up two hitchhikers who wanted to go to District Heights, Maryland, and because he had friends in that area, the defendant agreed to give them a ride. The defendant remained in Maryland until April 23, 1984, when he decided to go to Florida with two hitchhikers he met in Maryland.

The defendant and one of the hitchhikers, Tim Kelly, arrived at Kelly’s sister’s apartment in Tampa, Florida, at approximately 2:00 a.m. on April 25, 1984. II. ADMISSIBILITY OF A PRIOR INCONSISTENT STATEMENT A. 1. Rule 801(d)(1)(

A) of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence In October, 1985, the police questioned Tim Kelly at his home in Elmira, New York, about any information he might have regarding Sarah Marshall’s death. Although Mr. Kelly had been questioned by the police on several occasions in the past, this was the first time he gave any incriminating evidence against the defendant. In a sworn affidavit, Mr. Kelly stated that one evening, while he and the defendant were in Florida, they went to a bar. En route, the defendant told Mr. Kelly that the cops would probably be after him. Later in the evening, Mr.

Kelly asked the defendant if he had killed his girlfriend. After hesitating a few minutes, the defendant admitted that: “Yeah, I killed her. But the only reason I did was before someone else got her.” At trial, Mr. Kelly recanted these earlier statements when called as a State’s witness. He testified that the defendant did not tell him he had killed Sarah Marshall. Mr. Kelly admitted that he had made the prior statement, but he explained that he had lied because the police had put him under extreme pressure. The prosecutor read portions of the prior statement into evidence and extensively questioned Mr.

Kelly about the inconsistencies between it and his trial testimony. Defense counsel neither objected to the admission of the statement into evidence nor requested that the judge give a cautionary instruction to the jury. There are two rules of evidence which apply to the use of a witness’s prior inconsistent statement, i.e., Rule 607 and Rule 801(d)(1)(A). Under Rule 801(d)(1)(A), a prior inconsistent statement is not hearsay and may be used as substantive evidence if it meets certain prerequisites.

First, the statement must have been “given under oath subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition.” Second, the statement must be inconsistent with the witness’s testimony at trial, and the witness must be subject to cross-examination. Prior to the adoption of Rule 801(d)(1)(A), we considered whether a prior inconsistent statement could be used as substantive evidence in State v. Spadafore, 159 W.Va. 236, 220 S.E.2d 655 (1975).

In Spadafore, we acknowledged that we had in the past adhered to the “orthodox rule,” which prohibits the use of prior inconsistent statements as substantive evidence: “The orthodox rule with regard to pri- or inconsistent statements is that such statements cannot be accorded any value as substantive evidence. The reasoning which justifies this rule is that a prior out-of-court statement has not been made in the presence or hearing of the party against whom it is sought to be used and was not elicited under circumstances which permitted exploration of the witness’s perception, memory, or prejudice.

Therefore, under the orthodox rule, the only authorized use of a prior statement is to neutralize contrary testimony at trial. Jaggie v. Davis Colliery Co., 75 W.Va. 370, 84 S.E. 941 (1914); Wilson v. McCoy, 86 W.Va. 103, 103 S.E. 42 (1920); State v. Carduff, [142 W.Va. 18, 93 S.E.2d 502 (1956)].” 159 W.Va. at 246, 220 S.E.2d at 661. We also pointed out in Spadafore that courts have followed the orthodox rule “because of the inherently questionable nature of prior statements, particularly those made to police officers under coercive circumstances.” 159 W.Va. at 246, 220 S.E.2d at 662.

At the time Spadafore was decided, there was substantial criticism of the orthodox rule, and we also recognized the rule’s limitations. Accordingly, we traced the evolution of Rule 801(d)(1)(

A) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, upon which our rule is patterned. This provision permits a witness’s prior out-of-court statement to be offered for the truth of the matter asserted if “[t]he declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement is (

A) inconsistent with the declar-ant’s testimony, and was given under oath subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition[.]” In Spadafore, we decided to abandon the orthodox rule, and, in effect, we adopted Federal Rule 801(d)(1)(

A) in Syllabus Point 1: “In a criminal case prior out-of-court statements made by a witness cannot be admitted into evidence for the truth of the matter asserted unless they were made under oath in a judicial atmosphere during the taking of a deposition or at a former trial and were subject at that time to cross-examination by the opposing party’s counsel.” In 1985, with our ratification of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence, we adopted the federal rule, thus confirming our holding in Spadafore. See State v. McPherson, 179 W.Va. 612, 371 S.E.2d 333 (1988). Our rule, derived as it is from the federal rule, aligns us with the federal courts’

interpretations of Rule 801(d)(1)(A). E.g., United States v. Livingston, 661 F.2d 239 (D.C.Cir.1981); Martin v. United States, 528 F.2d 1157 (4th Cir.1975); United States v. Day, 789 F.2d 1217 (6th Cir.1986); United States v. Micke, 859 F.2d 473 (7th Cir.1988). See generally E. Cleary, McCormick on Evidence § 251 (3d ed. 1984); 4 J. Weinstein & M. Berger, Weinstein’s Evidence § 801(d)(1)(A)[01] at 801-102, et seq. (1988 & Supp.1989). Moreover, a majority of state courts have either adhered to the orthodox rule or have modified it as we have to permit a few limited exceptions. See, e.g., Varner v.

State, 497 So.2d 1135 (Ala.Crim.App.1986); Reynolds v. State, 254 Ark. 1007, 497 S.W.2d 275 (1973); State v. Butler, 207 Conn. 619, 543 A.2d 270 (1988); State v. Drapeau, 97 Idaho 685, 551 P.2d 972 (1976); People v. Gant, 58 Ill.2d 178, 317 N.E.2d 564 (1974); State v. Denis, 384 So.2d 419 (La.1980); State v. Franco, 365 A.2d 807 (Me.1976); Ali v. State, 314 Md. 295, 550 A.2d 925 (1988); Commonwealth v. Daye, 393 Mass. 55, 469 N.E.2d 483 (1984); People v. Hallaway, 389 Mich. 265, 205 N.W.2d 451 (1973); Moffett v. State, 456 So.2d 714 (Miss.1984); State v. Gomes, 116 N.H. 113, 352 A.2d 713 (1976); State v.

Dick, 27 Ohio St.2d 162, 56 O.O.2d 101, 271 N.E.2d 797 (1971); State v. Isaac, 477 A.2d 62 (R.I.1984); State v. O’Brien, 318 N.W.2d 108 (S.D.1982); McFarlin v. State, 214 Tenn. 613, 381 S.W.2d 922 (1964); State v. Dragon, 128 Vt. 568, 268 A.2d 913 (1970); Williams v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 764, 71 S.E.2d 73 (1952). See generally Annot., 30 A.L.R.4th 414 (1984 & Supp. 1989).

The State, while acknowledging this weighty authority, urges us to follow the few jurisdictions that permit a prior inconsistent statement to be used as substantive evidence any time that the witness is available at the trial for cross-examination. These jurisdictions have, in effect, rejected the approach taken in Rule 801(d)(1)(A). In most cases, there are statutes or rules of evidence governing this issue. E.g., State v. Allred, 134 Ariz. 274, 655 P.2d 1326 (1982) (rule of evidence); People v. Mulligan, 193 Colo. 509, 568 P.2d 449 (1977) (statute); Gray v. State, 441 A.2d 209 (Del. 1981) (statute); State v.

Hobson, 234 Kan. 133, 671 P.2d 1365 (1983) (statute); State v. Woods, 203 Mont. 401, 662 P.2d 579 (1983) (rule of evidence). Two states have judicially modified the orthodox rule. Gibbons v. State, 248 Ga. 858, 286 S.E.2d 717 (1982); State v. Copeland, 278 S.C. 572, 300 S.E.2d 63, cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1103, 103 S.Ct. 1802, 76 L.Ed.2d 367 (1983). We decline to accept the State’s position. It would require us to overrule Spadafore and its progeny. It would force us to ignore the plain language of Rule 801(d)(1)(

A) and the federal decisions based upon this provision. Moreover, it would allow a prior inconsistent statement to be used as substantive evidence regardless of the blandishments or inducements that were used to obtain it. 2. Rule 801(d)(1)(

A) Requirements The next question is whether Mr. Kelly’s sworn statement to the police met the requirement under Rule 801(d)(1)(

A) that a statement be “given under oath subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition” to enable it to qualify as substantive evidence. In general, both federal and state courts have held that statements made to investigating officers, even if given under oath, fail to qualify under Rule 801(d)(1)(A), on either of the two grounds prescribed in the rule: First, the statement was not given subject to the penalty of perjury; and, second, the statement was not given at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding or in a deposition. E.g., United States v.

Livingston, supra (sworn statements given to postal inspector); Martin v. United States, supra (co-conspirator’s sworn statement to federal agent); United States v. Day, supra (defendant’s statement given to Internal Revenue Service agent under oath); United States v. Micke, supra (audit investigation by IRS did not qualify as a proceeding under Rule 801(d)(1)(A)); United States v. Dietrich, 854 F.2d 1056 (7th Cir.1988) (witness’s interview under oath to secret service agents); United States v. Ragghianti, 560 F.2d 1376 (9th Cir.1977) (statement to federal agent); Delgado-Santos v.

State, 471 So.2d 74 (Fla.App.1985), aff'd, 497 So.2d 1199 (Fla.1986) (statement given under oath to police); State v. Johnson, 220 Neb. 392, 370 N.W.2d 136 (1985) (transcribed interview with witness in defendant’s attorney’s office). The reason courts are reluctant to include police interrogations within the meaning of “other proceeding” was aptly explained by the Florida court in Delgado-Santos v.

State, 471 So.2d at 78: “Investigative interrogation is neither regulated nor regularized; it contains none of the safeguards involved in an appearance before a grand jury and does not otherwise even remotely resemble that process; and it has no quality of formality and convention which could arguably raise the interrogation to a dignity akin to that of a hearing or trial.” Accordingly, we hold that a prior statement of a witness, even if given under oath, during the course of a police interrogation is not a statement made “subject to the penalty of penury” or during “a trial, hearing, or other proceeding” as required by Rule 801(d)(1)(A).

B. Rule 607 — Impeachment By Prior Inconsistent Statement Rule 607 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence allows a party, including the one who called the witness, to impeach a witness with his prior inconsistent statement. The State argues that impeachment of Tim Kelly was proper under Rule 607. We do not agree. The right to impeach a witness under Rule 607 is not without its limitations. As we recognized in State v. Kopa, 173 W.Va. 43, 54, 311 S.E.2d 412, 423 (1983), Rule 607 broadened our prior rule, which was: “ ‘[0]ne may not impeach his own witness absent entrapment, hostility or surprise.’ State v.

Wayne, [162 W.Va. 41, 44], 245 S.E.2d 838, 841 (1978).” (Citations omitted). However, we cautioned in Kopa “that the adoption of Rule 607 does not free either party to introduce otherwise inadmissible evidence into trial under the guise of impeachment.” 173 W.Va. at 54, 311 S.E.2d at 423. (Citations omitted). See F. Cleckley, Handbook on Evidence for West Virginia Lawyers § 4.3(A) (1985). The admonition in Kopa is echoed throughout federal cases, typical of which is United States v.

Johnson, 802 F.2d 1459, 1466 (D.C.Cir.1986), where the Court of Appeals stated: “Impeachment evidence is to be used solely for the purpose of impeachment, and it may not be ‘employed as a mere subterfuge to get before the jury evidence not otherwise admissible.’ United States v. Morlang, 531 F.2d 183, 190 (4th Cir.1975). Accord United States v. Webster, 734 F.2d 1191, 1192 (7th Cir.1984); United States v. Miller, 664 F.2d 94, 97 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 854, 103 S.Ct. 121, 74 L.Ed.2d 106 (1982); United States v.

DeLillo, 620 F.2d 939, 946 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 835, 101 S.Ct. 108, 66 L.Ed.2d 41 (1980); Whi-tehurst v. Wright, 592 F.2d 834, 839-40 (5th Cir.1979). This type of bootstrapping is impermissible, and it is ‘an abuse of the rule, in a criminal case, for the prosecution to call a witness that it [knows will] not give it useful evidence, just so it [can] introduce hearsay evidence against the defendant_’ United States v.

Webster, supra, 734 F.2d [1191] at 1192 [7th Cir.1984].” There is also general agreement that because impeachment by a prior inconsistent statement may not be employed as a mere subterfuge to get inadmissible evidence in front of the jury, a trial court has a duty to analyze the reason why a party wants to impeach its own witness. E.g., United States v. Johnson, supra; United States v. Frappier, 807 F.2d 257 (1st Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1006, 107 S.Ct. 1629, 95 L.Ed.2d 203 (1987); United States v.

Sebetich, 776 F.2d 412 (3d Cir.1985), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1017, 108 S.Ct. 725, 98 L.Ed.2d 673 (1988); United States v. Morlang, 531 F.2d 183 (4th Cir.1975); United States v. Dye, 508 F.2d 1226 (6th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 974, 95 S.Ct. 1395, 43 L.Ed.2d 653 (1975); United States v. Web ster, 734 F.2d 1191 (7th Cir.1984); United States v. Peterman, 841 F.2d 1474 (10th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1004, 109 S.Ct. 783, 102 L.Ed.2d 774 (1989); Balogh’s of Coral Gables, Inc. v. Getz, 798 F.2d 1356 (11th Cir.1986); State v. Graham, 200 Conn. 9, 509 A.2d 493 (1986); State v.

Hunt, 324 N.C. 343, 378 S.E.2d 754 (1989); State v. Marco, 220 Neb. 96, 368 N.W.2d 470 (1985). A number of courts, both state and federal, have required the balancing test in Rule 403 of the Rules of Evidence to be used to determine whether impeachment evidence should be barred because its prejudicial effect outweighs its impeachment value. E.g., United States v. DeLillo, 620 F.2d 939 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 835, 101 S.Ct. 108, 66 L.Ed.2d 41 (1980); United States v. MacDonald, 688 F.2d 224 (4th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1103, 103 S.Ct. 726, 74 L.Ed.2d 951 (1983); United States v.

Webster, supra; Walker v. Lockhart, 763 F.2d 942 (8th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 478 U.S. 1020, 106 S.Ct. 3332, 92 L.Ed.2d 738 (1986) (applying Arkansas law); Nitz v. State, 720 P.2d 55 (Alaska App.1986); State v. Beck, 151 Ariz. 130, 726 P.2d 227 (1986); Roberts v. State, 278 Ark. 550, 648 S.W.2d 44 (1983); Gross v. State, 8 Ark.App. 241, 650 S.W.2d 603 (1983); State v. Graham, supra; Wright v. United States, 508 A.2d 915 (D.C.App.1986); State v. Robinson, 561 A.2d 492 (Me.1989); State v. Dodge, 397 A.2d 588 (Me.1979); State v. Hunt, supra; State v. Dickenson, 48 Wash.App. 457, 740 P.2d 312 (1987); State v.

Thompson, 142 Wis.2d 821, 419 N.W.2d 564 (App.1987), review denied, 143 Wis.2d 911, 422 N.W.2d 860 (1988). In several cases, we have required the trial court to use the Rule 403 balancing test to prevent unfair prejudice to a defendant through the introduction of evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts. E.g., State v. Hanna, 180 W.Va. 598, 378 S.E.2d 640 (1989) (criminal acts); State v. Banjo-man, 178 W.Va. 311, 359 S.E.2d 331 (1987) (prior misconduct); State v. Dolin, 176 W.Va. 688, 347 S.E.2d 208 (1986) (collateral crimes). Even before the adoption of Rule 403, we recognized its principle in State v.

McGee, 160 W.Va. 1, 230 S.E.2d 832 (1976), overruled on other grounds, State v. McAboy, 160 W.Va. 497, 236 S.E.2d 431 (1977). In McGee, the defendant’s credibility was impeached by evidence of his prior criminal conviction.

In the Syllabus of McGee, we required the trial court to use a balancing test and to instruct the jury sua sponte as to the limited purpose of the evidence, i.e., impeachment: “When the State seeks to cross-examine a defendant in a criminal case regarding previous convictions for the purpose of testing his credibility, the trial court is required to consider the probative value thereof measured against the risk of substantial danger of undue prejudice to the accused and is further required to instruct the jury properly regarding the limited purpose of the question and the limited purpose for which the jury may consider it.” Therefore, where impeachment of a witness is sought by way of a prior inconsistent statement under Rule 607, the trial court should use the balancing test in Rule 403 to determine whether to permit the impeachment.

No such analysis was done in the present case. Moreover, it is apparent from McGee that the trial court has an obligation to instruct the jury that the impeaching testimony may only be considered as bearing on the witness’s credibility and not as substantive evidence. We adopted this rule in an analogous situation in Syllabus Point 3 of State v.

Caudill, 170 W.Va. 74, 289 S.E.2d 748 (1982): “In a criminal trial an accomplice may testify as a witness on behalf of the State to having entered a plea of guilty to the crime charged against a defendant where such testimony is not for the purpose of proving the guilt of the defendant and is relevant to the issue of the witness-accomplice’s credibility. The failure by a trial judge to give a jury instruction so limiting such testimony is, however, reversible error.” See also State v. Mullens, 179 W.Va. 567, 371 S.E.2d 64 (1988).

Other jurisdictions are divided on whether a trial court must sua sponte give an instruction that evidence of a prior out-of-court statement used to impeach the witness’s credibility cannot be considered as substantive evidence. Several courts have agreed with our position that such an instruction should be given by the trial court even in the absence of a request. People v. McClure, 779 P.2d 864 (Colo.1989); People v. Wilson, 43 Ill.App.3d 583, 2 Ill.Dec. 104, 357 N.E.2d 81 (1976); State v. Whitfield, 253 La. 679, 219 So.2d 493 (1969); People v. Welch, 16 A.D.2d 554, 229 N.Y.S.2d 909 (1962); State v.

Vargas, 420 A.2d 809 (R.I.1980). Cf. Channel v. State, 592 P.2d 1145 (Wyo.1979) (failure to give cautionary instruction sua sponte regarding limited purpose of admission of defendant’s prior conviction is reversible error). Other jurisdictions, without discussing the sua sponte rule, have held that the refusal of an offered instruction on this point will constitute reversible error. E.g., Brooks v. United States, 448 A.2d 253 (D.C.App.1982); People v. Dickerson, 30 Mich.App. 447, 186 N.W.2d 850 (1971); State v. Bottoms, 260 S.C. 187, 195 S.E.2d 116 (1973); Hall v.

Commonwealth, 233 Va. 369, 355 S.E.2d 591 (1987); Irby v. State, 60 Wis.2d 811, 210 N.W.2d 755 (1973). Finally, as we explain in the next section, several courts have addressed the question under the plain error doctrine. C. Plain Error A number of courts have considered whether the failure to give a cautionary instruction is so prejudicial as to affect the substantial rights of the defendant. Our general test for “plain error” is in Rule 52(

b) of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure. As we observed in Syllabus Point 4 of State v. England, 180 W.Va. 342, 376 S.E.2d 548 (1988): “The plain error doctrine contained in Rule 30 and Rule 52(

b) of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure is identical. It enables this Court to take notice of error, including instructional error occurring during the proceedings, even though such error was not brought to the attention of the trial court. However, the doctrine is to be used sparingly and only in those circumstances where substantial rights are affected, or the truth-finding process is substantially impaired, or a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.” Similar language can be found in Rule 103(

d) of the Rules of Evidence. In United States v. Sisto, 534 F.2d 616 (5th Cir.1976), the Fifth Circuit addressed a situation similar to the case at bar where a prosecution witness testified about a prior inconsistent statement made by a key defense witness.

After reviewing case law involving circumstances in which a trial court’s failure to give a sua sponte cautionary instruction was plain error, the Fifth Circuit distilled the following general rule: “Plain error appears only when the impeaching testimony is extremely damaging, the need for the instruction is obvious, and the failure to give it is so prejudicial as to affect the substantial rights of the accused.” 534 F.2d at 623, quoting United States v.

Garcia, 530 F.2d 650 (5th Cir.1976). (Citations omitted). “As the question implies, the plain error standard in this situation dictates reversal only if we are in doubt as to what the jury’s verdict would have been had the proper instruction been given.” Sisto, 534 F.2d at 624. Other federal courts of appeals, as well as state courts, adhere to this rule. E.g., United States v. Johnson, supra; Jones v. United States, 385 F.2d 296 (D.C.Cir.1967); United States v. Hogan, 763 F.2d 697 (5th Cir.1985), rev’d on other grounds on reh’g, 779 F.2d 296 (5th Cir.1986); United States v.

Lester, 491 F.2d 680 (6th Cir.1974); United States v. Lipscomb, 425 F.2d 226 (6th Cir.1970); United States v. Ragghianti, supra; United States v. Tavares, 512 F.2d 872 (9th Cir. 1975); Gordon v. United States, 466 A.2d 1226 (D.C.App.1983); People v. Taglia, 113 Ill.App.3d 260, 68 Ill.Dec. 879, 446 N.E.2d 1276 (1983). There is no question that Mr. Kelly’s prior statement that the defendant confessed to the killing was extremely damaging to the defendant’s case. Indeed, the State had no other evidence which directly bore on the defendant’s guilt. This error was further compounded when the prosecutor referred to Mr.

Kelly’s prior inconsistent statements on several occasions during closing argument. In so doing, the prosecutor referred to the prior statements as substantive evidence rather than mere impeachment material. Courts have found this practice compounds the impeachment error. E.g., United States v. Hogan, supra; United States v. Gilliam, 484 F.2d 1093 (D.C.Cir.1973); Everett v. State, 530 So.2d 413 (Fla.App.1988); People v. Robinson, 189 Ill.App.3d 323, 136 Ill.Dec. 744, 545 N.E.2d 268 (1989), appeal denied, 129 Ill.2d 570, 140 Ill.Dec. 678, 550 N.E.2d 563 (1990); Brown v. State, 556 So.2d 338 (Miss.1990); State v.

Gordon, 391 S.W.2d 346 (Mo.1965); People v. Gale, 138 A.D.2d 401, 525 N.Y.S.2d 685 (1988). Without Mr. Kelly’s prior statement, the State’s case was totally circumstantial, and we believe that the admission of it without a limiting instruction substantially impaired the truth-finding process. Even if we did not have a sua sponte rule, we conclude that the trial court committed plain error by not giving a cautionary instruction to the jury. D. The State also sought to impeach another of its witnesses, Lana Workman, with her prior inconsistent statement.

Defense counsel objected when the prosecutor first attempted to impeach Ms. Workman, but the trial court ruled that impeachment was proper under W.Va.R.Evid. 607. The prosecutor impeached Ms. Workman by reading portions of a written statement she had given to the police on April 29, 1984. These portions outlined what her mother had told her about a telephone call the mother had received from the defendant on April 15, 1984. This impeachment was brought about under the guise of claiming that the witness had not fully disclosed the contents of what the defendant had told her in a separate telephone call.

Clearly, this “impeachment” by reading to her the earlier statement as to what her mother told her about a telphone conversation that the mother had had with the defendant was triple hearsay. This impeachment accomplished several prejudicial points against the defendant. First, it indicated that the victim had broken off with the defendant, thus suggesting his motive for murder. Second, it provided the only geographic link of the defendant to the place where the body was found, which was outside of Talcott, West Virginia. This point was emphasized by the prosecutor in his closing argument.

Finally, the defendant argues in his brief that it was also done to inflame two black jurors because the mother’s prior statement referred to black men as “niggers.” As discussed in

Section 11(B), supra, the right to impeach a witness under Rule 607 is not absolute. Impeachment cannot be used as a guise to bring in prejudicial and otherwise inadmissible evidence. Furthermore, before impeachment evidence is admissible, it is subject to the balancing test contained in Rule 403. In this case, the trial court did not balance the prejudicial effects of Ms. Workman’s prior statement against its probative value. A rather analogous situation existed in United States v.

Fay, 668 F.2d 375 (8th Cir.1981), where a witness had told a friend that her daughter made a statement to her that she was going to fight the defendant. This witness was sought to be impeached by calling her friend to repeat the out-of-court statement. This impeaching witness was not permitted to testify, as the court found that her testimony would be hearsay within hearsay. She would be repeating the mother’s hearsay statement which contained the daughter’s hearsay statement. The appeals court held the impeachment was properly rejected. In this case, the hearsay was even more compounded. Ms.

Workman was impeached with her out-of-court statement to the police. The statement detailed a conversation that Ms. Workman had with her mother wherein Ms. Workman’s mother relayed a telephone conversation she had had with the defendant. Included in the defendant’s telephone call was further hearsay statements allegedly made by the victim. A similar pattern was present in United States v.

Crouch, 731 F.2d 621 (9th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1105, 105 S.Ct. 778, 83 L.Ed.2d 773 (1985), where the government impeached its own witness with a prior statement the witness made to an F.B.I. agent, even though the government knew that the witness had repudiated the prior statement. In the prior statement, the witness said she received a telephone call from the defendant in which he implicated himself in the robbery for which he was being tried.

The Ninth Circuit identified the statement as hearsay and, after acknowledging Rule 607, made this observation: “Nevertheless, courts have repeatedly emphasized that the government must not ‘knowingly elicit testimony from a witness in order to impeach him with otherwise inadmissible testimony.’ ” 731 F.2d at 624. (Citations omitted). See also United States v. Webster, supra.

State courts have formulated similar rules and have concluded that when a prosecutor attempts to impeach a witness under Rule 607 as a guise to bring out damaging hearsay testimony, this is reversible error even though a cautionary instruction has been given. E.g., Roberts v. State, supra; State v. Marco, supra. In State v. Hunt, supra, the Supreme Court of North Carolina made an exhaustive review of the law in this area with particular emphasis on federal cases. In Hunt, the prosecutor impeached one of the State’s chief witnesses with a prior statement the witness had given to the policé.

In the prior statement, the witness relayed a conversation she had with the defendant, which implicated the defendant in the murder. The North Carolina court recognized that the balancing test in Rule 403 should be utilized and acknowledged, as we did in Kopa, the almost universal rule that impeachment cannot be done as mere subterfuge for introducing otherwise inadmissible evidence. On this sole ground, the court reversed the defendant’s first degree murder conviction even though a cautionary instruction had been given.

In view of the foregoing, we find that the State’s impeachment of its own witnesses was reversible error. In the case of Lana Workman, it was particularly egregious because of the multiple levels of hearsay. III. OTHER ERRORS A. Prosecutorial Misconduct The defendant further claims that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct during his closing argument when he called four of the witnesses liars. We discussed this issue in some detail in State v. England, supra, where we pointed out that a prosecutor is not a mere partisan.

To the contrary, he “assumes a quasi-judicial role and is required to set a tone of fairness and impartiality^]” 180 W.Va. at 350, 376 S.E.2d at 556, citing Syllabus Point 3, in part, State v. Boyd, 160 W.Va. 234, 233 S.E.2d 710 (1977). We summarized several guidelines in Syllabus Points 7 and 8 of England: “7. A prosecutor may argue all reasonable inferences from the evidence in the record.

It is unprofessional conduct for the prosecutor intentionally to misstate the evidence or mislead the jury as to the inferences it may draw. “8. ‘It is improper for a prosecutor in this State to “assert his personal opinion as to the justness of a cause, as to the credibility of a witness ... or as to the guilt or innocence of the accused....” ABA Code DR 7-106(0(4) in part.’ Syllabus Point 3, State v.

Critzer, 167 W.Va. 655, 280 S.E.2d 288 (1981).” We also observed that “most cases reversed due to prosecutorial comment on credibility involve other categorical assertions that a witness is lying or intimations of the prosecutor’s personal belief or disbelief of particular witnesses.” State v. England, 180 W.Va. at 351 n. 13, 376 S.E.2d at 557 n. 13. (Citations omitted). In this case, the prosecutor, in his closing argument, on numerous occasions either directly stated that the witness was lying or intimated to that effect.

For example, when referring to the testimony of Lana Workman, the prosecutor said: “Here’s a very suspicious woman. Why lying— Lana — Lying Lana said she saw her that morning in this car with her feet upon the ground ...” We also find egregious the prosecutor’s remark that “[y]ou know, Shakespeare once said — and I think he took this out of the Bible. He said, ‘0, what tangled webs we weave when first we practice to deceive.’ Thank God that criminals do that, so that we can tell what tangled webs they’re weaving.

And I am going to tell you right now, I saw at least three (3) people in this case — and probably, four (4) or more — that absolutely thought the oath to tell the truth meant nothing at all.” We need not decide whether such statements amount to plain error because this case is being reversed on other grounds. But see State v. Moss, 180 W.Va. 363, 376 S.E.2d 569 (1988) (prosecutor’s remarks during closing argument so egregious that they constituted plain error). See also Wilson v. People, 743 P.2d 415 (Colo.1987) (prosecutor’s comments that defendant’s wife lied at trial constituted plain error).

Moreover, the fact that a witness may be impeached by a prior inconsistent statement or gives testimony at variance with the State’s witnesses does not give the prosecutor the absolute right to brand the witness a liar in his closing argument. B. Proof of Venue The defendant also asserts that the State failed to prove venue. In Syllabus Point 5, in part, of State v.

Burton, 163 W.Va. 40, 254 S.E.2d 129 (1979), we held that “[t]he State in a criminal case may prove the venue of a crime by a preponderance of the evidence].]” Moreover, venue does not need to be established by direct testimony, but can be proved by circumstantial evidence. Burton, 163 W.Va. at 58, 254 S.E.2d at 140. The evidence at the defendant’s trial sufficiently met this standard. The victim’s body was found in Greenbrier County. The chief medical examiner testified that the cause of death was strangulation by a shoe string.

Located at the scene were the victim’s shoes, one of which had the shoe string missing. The shoe string used to strangle the victim and the shoe string found in the other shoe matched. This evidence, coupled with the medical examiner’s testimony, sufficiently proved that venue was proper in Greenbrier County. C. Prompt Presentment Finally, the defendant claims that the police did not promptly present him before a magistrate following his arrest. As we stated in Syllabus Point 4 of State v.

Humphrey, 177 W.Va. 264, 351 S.E.2d 613 (1986): “Ordinarily the delay in taking an accused who is under arrest to a magistrate [or neutral judicial officer] after a confession has been obtained from him does not vitiate the confession under our prompt presentment rule.” As aptly summarized by the Rhode Island Supreme Court in State v. Johnson, 119 R.I. 749, 756-57, 383 A.2d 1012, 1117 (1978), and quoted with approval in State v.

Humphrey, 177 W.Va. at 270, 351 S.E.2d at 618: “ ‘In short, delay, if it is to render a confession inadmissible, must have been operative in inducing the confession, and obviously only the detention that precedes a confession can have that effect. See United States v. Mitchell, 322 U.S. 65, 70, 64 S.Ct. 896, 898, 88 L.Ed. 1140, 1143 (1944); United States v. Seohnlein, 423 F.2d 1051, 1053 (4th Cir.1970); Bailey v. United States, 117 U.S.App.D.C. 241, 243-45, 328 F.2d 542, 544-46 (1964): State v.

Traub, 151 Conn. 246, 249-50, 196 A.2d 755, 757 (1963).’ ” After arresting the defendant, the police transported him directly to police headquarters. The defendant waived his Miranda rights and then made a statement regarding his use of Rick Marshall’s car, which had been reported stolen. Immediately thereafter, the defendant agreed to discuss the murder of Sarah Marshall. Once again, the defendant waived his Miranda rights and then gave a detailed statement regarding his whereabouts on April 14, 1984. At trial, the defendant testified that his statement was given voluntarily.

Any delay in presenting the defendant before a neutral judicial officer occurred after he had given his statement. In light of the foregoing, we find that any delay in presenting the defendant before a neutral judicial officer was not operative in inducing the defendant’s statement, and, therefore, the trial court did not commit reversible error in refusing to suppress the statement. IV. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Circuit Court of Greenbrier County is reversed, and we remand the case for a new trial. Reversed and remanded. . By the time of the trial, Lana Hudson had married Danny Workman. .

Apparently Rick Marshall is not related to the victim. Mr. Marshall was also known as Rick Lewis and Richard Laird Wheeless. . It appears that the prosecutor knew that Mr. Kelly was going to recant portions of his earlier statement when he testified at trial. . No issue is raised as to W.Va.R.Evid. 613, which relates to the procedure for using a prior statement to impeach a witness. This rule modified the common law foundation rule. See F. Cleckley, Handbook on Evidence for West Virginia Lawyers § 4.2(B) (1985). . W.Va.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(

A) provides: “The following

definitions apply under this article: * * * * * * “(

d) Statements Which are not Hearsay. — A statement is not hearsay if— "

(1) Prior Statement by Witness. — The de-clarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement is (

A) inconsistent with his testimony, and was given under oath subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition^]” . We recognized in State v. Clark, 175 W.Va. 58, 331 S.E.2d 496 (1985), that Spadafore and, by inference, Rule 801(d)(1)(

A) do not apply to a defendant's statement or confession because it is admissible as substantive evidence under W.Va.RJEvid. 801(d)(2)(

A) as soon as its volun-tariness has been established. In Clark, the defendant was impeached by his prior inconsistent statement and claimed that the court should have given, sua sponte, a limiting instruction. We held such an instruction was not required because the information contained in the defendant’s prior statement was admissible as substantive evidence under W.Va.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(A). As a consequence, W.Va.R.Evid. 607 on impeachment was not applicable as it relates to hearsay statements. In this case, we do not deal with a defendant’s prior statement being used against him on the stand.

Here, it is the witness, Mr. Kelly, who is being impeached by his prior statement. . New Jersey has an evidentiary rule which forecloses the party who calls a witness from using the prior inconsistent statement as substantive evidence. It can only be used to impeach the witness if the judge finds the party was "surprised” by the witness’s testimony. State v. Ross, 80 N.J. 239, 403 A.2d 457 (1979). Under this rule, the State could not have even used the prior statement to impeach Mr. Kelly inasmuch as it knew he had recanted the prior statement before he was called as a State’s witness. .

The only case we have found that holds otherwise is United States v. Castro-Ayon, 537 F.2d 1055 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 983, 97 S.Ct. 501, 50 L.Ed.2d 594 (1976), where the Ninth Circuit held that sworn tape-recorded statements given to border patrol police could be used as substantive evidence. The Ninth Circuit did add the caveat that ”[w]e do not hold, as the question is not before us, that every sworn statement given during a police-station interrogation would be admissible.” 537 F.2d at 1058.

Scholars have criticized the holding in Castro-Ayon because it fails to discuss the "subject to the penalty of perjury” requirement in the rule. 4 Weinstein & Berger, supra ¶ 801(d)(1)(A)[01] at 801-105 to 801-107. . W.Va.R.Evid. 607 states: "The credibility of a witness may be attacked and impeached by any party, including the party calling him.” Fed. R.Evid. 607 does not include the words “and impeached." It is clear, however, that the federal courts allow the credibility of a witness to be attacked by impeachment with a prior inconsistent statement. 3 J. Weinstein & M.

Berger, Weinstein’s Evidence ¶ 607[06] (1988). . Courts consider a party’s reason for impeaching its own witness because a prior statement, unless it qualifies as substantive evidence under Rule 801(d)(1)(A), is hearsay under Rule 801(

c) and is inadmissible. . W.Va.R.Evid. 403 is identical to Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence and provides: “Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time.

Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Of course, impeachment testimony is offered to attack the credibility of a witness and is not offered for the truth of the matter asserted; thus, its probative value is not as substantial as that of substantive evidence under the Rule 403 balancing test. .Impeachment of a defendant’s credibility by his prior criminal convictions was severely limited in State v.

McAboy, 160 W.Va. 497, 236 S.E.2d 431 (1977), modified in State v. Clements, 175 W.Va. 463, 334 S.E.2d 600, cert. denied, 474 U.S. 857, 106 S.Ct. 165, 88 L.Ed.2d 137 (1985). See W.Va.R.Evid. 609(a)(1). .This is not inconsistent with State v. Clark, supra, where we held that impeachment of a criminal defendant by a prior inconsistent statement does not require a sua sponte limiting instruction because the prior statement is not hearsay, but is admissible substantive evidence under W.Va.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(A).

Consequently, W.Va.R.Evid. 607, dealing with impeachment through a prior statement which is hearsay, is not applicable, and a limiting instruction is not required. In this case, the witness, Mr. Kelly, and not the defendant, was impeached by his prior statement. . W.Va.R.Crim.P. 52(

b) provides: “Plain Error. Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court." . In State v. England, supra, we made a uniform plain error rule which included Rule 30, which addresses plain error in the refusal to give an instruction, and the general plain error standard in Rule 52(

b) of the Rules of Criminal Procedure. . W.Va.R.Evid. 103(

d) provides: "Plain Error. — Nothing in this rule precludes taking notice of plain errors affecting substantial rights although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” . The State’s evidence against the defendant indicated that he was last seen with the victim in Hinton on April 14, 1984, the night she disappeared. When her body was found, she was wearing the same clothes she wore on that night. The quilt draped over the victim’s body had been seen in the 1969 Chevrolet on April 14.

This car was used by the defendant to drive the victim to Hinton and to leave West Virginia late in the evening of April 14. He called his mother in the early morning hours of April 15 to advise her to get his sister, Lana Workman, out of the victim’s apartment where she was babysitting the victim's children. There was evidence that suggested the victim had ended her relationship with the defendant on the evening of April 14, 1984.

A small amount of blood was found on the door frame, seat belt, and door vent of the 1969 Chevrolet which matched the victim’s blood type, but the serologist testified that the blood could have been six months old. The defendant sold the 1969 Chevrolet to a junk yard after he arrived in Florida. . Defense counsel did not renew his objection, but he is not required to do so under Syllabus Point 7 of State v. Taylor, 130 W.Va. 74, 42 S.E.2d 549 (1947), overruled, on other grounds, State v.

McAboy, 160 W.Va. 497, 236 S.E.2d 431 (1977): "When an objection to evidence is distinctly made and overruled and an exception taken, the objection need not be repeated to the subsequent introduction of the same or similar evidence, unless it appears that such objection has been otherwise waived.” See also Evalt v. United States, 359 F.2d 534 (9th Cir.1966); State v. Kanney, 169 W.Va. 764, 289 S.E.2d 485 (1982). . The relevant portion of the statement as contained in the trial transcript is: “Q Let me read this to you.

This is what you told the police, is it not, that your mother had told you: Stated ‘that [the defendant] was in Hinton and that Sarah had bought a lot of dope, and on their way out of Hinton they went through Talcott where Sarah stopped and picked up about five niggers. She told [the defendant] that he could get out and go wherever he wanted to.’ ‘She stated she was going to do what she wanted to do, with who she wanted to. Sarah also said that she was going back to Maryland and get a pound of green and get in contact with Dexter.’ "Now, is that what he told you when he called in? "A Yes.

"Q Then why did you just get through telling us this other story you told us? "A He — Art had told my Mom, and my Mom had told me. "See, all I know is that they went to Hinton, see. I don't know — I’m just going to say what I knew about this because you know, I don’t know what he told Mom. I wasn’t on the phone when he talked to Mom.” .The defendant’s statement given to the police and introduced by the State in its case-in-chief did not mention that the defendant drove through Talcott. The defendant’s story was that he last saw the victim leaving in the brown van with two black men to obtain cocaine.

At trial, the defendant's mother denied telling Ms. Workman that the defendant told her he had driven through Talcott.