STATE of Ohio, Plaintiff-Appellee v. Joshua K. WERTZ, Defendant-Appellant, 89 N.E.3d 667

DONOVAN, J. {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Joshua K. Wertz appeals his conviction and sentence for one count of receiving stolen property (MV), in violation of R.C. 2913.51(A), a felony of the fourth degree. Wertz filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on December 12, 2016, arguing that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to suppress.

We hereby reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. {¶ 2} The incident which forms the basis of the instant appeal occurred on April 4, 2015, when Trotwood Police Officer Robert Lingo was dispatched to 5225 Rucks Road on an anonymous report of a "suspicious circumstance." The caller described the suspect as a white male named "Josh" who was wearing glasses, a black jacket, and jean shorts.

The caller also stated that the suspect, later identified as Wertz, was pushing a dirt bike down the street and behind the Rucks address. {¶ 3} Upon arriving at the residence located at 5225 Rucks Road, Officer Lingo exited his cruiser and walked to the side of the house. From that vantage point, Officer Lingo observed Wertz, who matched the description provided in the dispatch, attempting to push a motorized dirt bike through a gap in the fence surrounding the backyard of the residence.

The following exchange occurred at the July 1, 2016 hearing on Wertz's motion to suppress: Q. * * *And what happens at that point? A. I call for him to stop and had him come over to me. Q. Does he? A. Yes. Q. * * * What happens next? A. He comes over to me. I ID him. He provides a photo ID, and I copied down the identification number. And I also checked the vehicle identification number on the bike, and I called into LEADS-to dispatch to be checked on LEADS to see if it's stolen.

It comes back as not stolen so I went ahead and logged the information about the bike and the subject in my dispatch log, and I also did a field interview card on it. * * * Q. And why did you conduct a field interview? A. Well, because the nature of the call was suspicious circumstances, and leading up to it he matched the description of the call and, it being suspicious enough, I was concerned that the bike might be stolen. So I wanted to record the information in case it should turn up to be-that should turn up to be the case. Q. So, sir, it's fair to say that you were investigating at that point? A.

Yes, sir. * * * Q. * * * So, sir, after you had the field interview with Mr. Wertz, what happened next? A. Once it was done, I let him go because I had no further cause to keep him. * * * Q. And when you were speaking with Mr. Wertz, where was he located? A. He came over to where I was to the side of the house in the yard with the bike. * * * A. I spoke with him there. {¶ 4} On cross examination, the following exchange occurred: Q. And you didn't immediately see any criminal activity when you arrived to the back yard, correct? A. Correct. * * * Q. And you said you called out to Josh to come to you? A.

Yes. * * * Q. * * * And he-you said that he brought the dirt bike to you when he-you called out to him to come. A. Yes. Q. * * * And it was still actually in the back yard when you came and took the vin number off it, correct? A. I was-we were more around the front of the house. Q. You had him bring it all the way to the front of the house? A. To the front or the side. More towards the front. * * * Q. Where did you find the VIN number on the bike? A. I don't recall the exact location. I looked for it until I found it. Q. And you had to flip the bike around and look all over the engine area? Is that accurate? A.

It wasn't hard to find it I remember. Q. * * * Did you have to like flip the bike up and-A. I didn't have to like-you mean turn it upside down? Q. No, just kind of stand it up and look at it all around? A. Yes, with it standing I looked around until I found it. * * * Lingo stated that the residence at 5225 Rucks Road belonged to Wertz. {¶ 5} The record reflects that approximately one year after his encounter with Wertz, Officer Lingo was promoted to detective. Detective Lingo was then assigned to investigate a breaking and entering at a garage located on Rucks Road.

During his investigation, Lingo discovered that a dirt bike reported as stolen matched the VIN number that he recorded from the bike that Wertz was in possession of in April of 2015. Thereafter, Detective Lingo arrested Wertz for receiving stolen property. {¶ 6} On May 23, 2016, Wertz was indicted for one count of receiving stolen property. At his arraignment on June 1, 2016, Wertz stood mute, and the trial court entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf.

In his June 15, 2016 motion to suppress, Wertz argued that Detective Lingo trespassed onto his property and detained him unlawfully with no reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Wertz also argued that the dirt bike was unlawfully seized and the VIN number obtained without a search warrant. Thus, Wertz concluded that any physical evidence and/or statements should be suppressed. {¶ 7} On October 27, 2016, the trial court issued a decision overruling Wertz's motion to suppress.

In its decision, the trial court found as follows: * * * There is absolutely no evidence even suggesting that Lingo's earlier encounter with Defendant was anything but consensual. While Lingo did not inform Defendant that he could leave at any time, Lingo neither displayed [n]or exerted any force or authority compelling Defendant to cooperate or otherwise engage with the officer. Lingo did not draw his weapon, place his hands on Defendant, or indicate in any fashion that Defendant was not free to leave.

Lingo clearly revealed the purpose of his visit to Defendant's home and Defendant's interaction with Lingo was completely voluntary. At no time did Defendant attempt to terminate the exchange or to leave his property. And because the totality of these circumstances could never meet any reasonable definition of "seizure" as described in [ United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544, 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) ], Defendant's Fourth Amendment rights were not implicated and Miranda was not triggered IV. Conclusion Off. Lingo acted appropriately toward Defendant every step of the way.

For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's Motion is hereby OVERRULED . {¶ 8} On November 10, 2016, Wertz pled no contest to one count of receiving stolen property. The trial court found him guilty and sentenced him to community control. It is from this judgment that Wertz now appeals. {¶ 9} Wertz's sole assignment of error is as follows: THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE APPELLANT WHEN IT IMPROPERLY DENIED THE DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE OBTAINED IN VIOLATION OF THE RIGHTS CONFERRED BY

ARTICLE I,

SECTION XIV OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION AND THE FOURTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION. {¶ 10} Wertz argues that the trial court incorrectly found that the encounter between Officer Lingo and Wertz on April 4, 2015, was consensual. {¶ 11} "Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and fact." State v. Burnside , 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. At a suppression hearing, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and, as such, is in the best position to evaluate the evidence and the credibility of witnesses. Id. See also State v.

Carter , 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 552, 651 N.E.2d 965 (1995). When reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, deference is given to the trial court's findings of fact so long as they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Burnside at ¶ 8, citing State v. Fanning , 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). With respect to the trial court's conclusions of law, however, our standard of review is de novo; therefore, we must decide whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. Id. , citing State v.

McNamara , 124 Ohio App.3d 706, 710, 707 N.E.2d 539 (4th Dist.1997). {¶ 12} "The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures." Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). Not all interactions between citizens and the police, however, implicate the protections of the Fourth Amendment. State v. Garrison, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24857, 2012-Ohio-3846, 2012 WL 3637380, ¶ 15. {¶ 13} The law recognizes three types of police-citizen interactions: 1) a consensual encounter, 2) a brief investigatory stop or detention, and 3) an arrest. State v. Jones, 188 Ohio App.3d 628, 2010-Ohio-2854, 936 N.E.2d 529, ¶ 13 (10th Dist.). {¶ 14} "Encounters are consensual where the police merely approach a person in a public place, engage the person in conversation, request information, and the person is free not to answer and walk away." State v. Smith , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20165, 2004-Ohio-1171, 2004 WL 473367, ¶ 11.

During a consensual encounter, the officer and citizen can engage in conversation, and a person's voluntary statements may be used against him or her, as long as that the person knows that he or she is free to walk away and the police have not conveyed a message that compliance with their requests is required. State v. Barton, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21815, 2007-Ohio-2348, 2007 WL 1429625, ¶ 14-15. {¶ 15} A search is valid and does not violate the Fourth Amendment when it is consensual, so long as the consent is freely and voluntarily given. Schneckloth v.

Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973). The burden of proof is on the State to show, under the totality of the circumstances, by clear and convincing evidence that the consent was voluntary. State v. Connors-Camp, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20850, 2006-Ohio-409, 2006 WL 235046, ¶ 27. {¶ 16} Investigatory detention, often referred to as a Terry stop, allows an officer to briefly stop and temporarily detain individuals in order to investigate possible criminal activity. State v. Strozier, 172 Ohio App.3d 780, 2007-Ohio-4575, 876 N.E.2d 1304 (2d Dist.), citing Terry v. Ohio.

An investigatory stop does not constitute an arrest or place the suspect in custody. Jones at ¶ 16. It is well established that "[a]n individual is subject to an investigatory detention when, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, by means of physical force or show of authority, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave or is compelled to respond to questions." State v. Love, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 23902, 2011-Ohio-1287, 2011 WL 941416, ¶ 18, quoting In re D.W., 184 Ohio App.3d 627, 2009-Ohio-5406, 921 N.E.2d 1114, ¶ 13-15 (2d Dist.). {¶ 17} Upon review, we conclude that the trial court erred when it overruled Wertz's motion to suppress.

Specifically, we conclude that the encounter between Lingo and Wertz was a not a consensual encounter, and that the trial court erred in concluding that there was "absolutely no evidence even suggesting that Lingo's earlier encounter with Defendant was anything but consensual." Based upon the information provided in the dispatch, Lingo approached the residence located at 5225 Rucks Road and walked to the side of the house where he observed Wertz, in his own backyard and not in a public place, trying to push a dirt bike through a gap in the fence into an open field, a place where dirt bikes are often ridden.

Lingo commanded Wertz to stop pushing the bike and come over to where Lingo stood and speak to him. Lingo testified that he may have walked into Wertz's backyard "a couple of steps," and that he did not observe any criminal activity or indicia of illegality at the time.

He testified that he was concerned that the bike might be stolen, and that he was conducting an investigation based upon Wertz's appearance matching the description provided by the anonymous caller, which Lingo termed "suspicious enough." Lingo testified that he asked Wertz several questions and checked his identification, and he testified that Wertz was cooperative during the interview. Lingo further recorded the VIN number of the bike in the course of his investigation, after searching the bike "until I found it." Lingo testified that he learned the bike had not been reported as stolen.

Based upon these facts, we cannot conclude that a reasonable person in Wertz's position would have believed that he was free to go; Wertz, on his own property, was ordered to stop moving a dirt bike, an activity which exhibited at the time no evidence of illegality, and to come to Lingo. Wertz was asked several questions, and the VIN number of the bike was searched for and recorded. Lingo stated that after the interview, he "let [Wertz] go because I had no further cause to keep him ." Since Lingo's encounter with Wertz was not consensual, Wertz's assigned error is sustained.

The judgment of the trial court is reversed, and the matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. FROELICH, J., concurs.