READYONE INDUSTRIES, INC., Appellant, v. Maria GUILLEN-CHAVEZ, Appellee, 394 S.W.3d 724

OPINION CHRISTOPHER ANTCLIFF, Justice. In this non-subscriber negligence case, ReadyOne Industries, Inc. brings an interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s order permitting arbitration-related discovery. Because the trial court did not rule on the merits of ReadyOne’s motion to compel arbitration, but rather expressly postponed its ruling on the motion until after the discovery it had ordered was completed, we dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Alleging that she sustained an on-the-job injury, Maria Guillen-Chavez (“Guil-len-Chavez”) sued ReadyOne for negligence.

After filing an answer, ReadyOne moved to compel arbitration pursuant to an agreement requiring claims of on-the-job injuries to be submitted to binding arbitration. In response, Guillen-Chavez moved for limited discovery on the issue of arbitrability to “develop [her] case ... and defend against [ReadyOne’s] contentions that a valid arbitration agreement exists -” Guillen-Chavez also opposed ReadyOne’s motion to compel on several grounds.

Most notably, she argued that her claims against ReadyOne are not arbi-trable because the Franken Amendment prevents federal contractors from enforcing agreements to arbitrate tort claims related to or arising out of negligent hiring, supervision, or retention. She also argued that that her claims are not arbi-trable because she lacked the mental capacity to enter into a valid arbitration agreement and because the circumstances surrounding its execution made it voidable.

After considering these matters, the trial court ordered limited discovery on the applicability of the Franken Amendment, on Guillen-Chavez’s mental capacity, and on the circumstances surrounding the execution of the arbitration agreement. In its order, the trial court made clear that “[it] has not provided a ruling on Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration and will not provide such until the ... discovery [ordered] is complete.” JURISDICTION ReadyOne contends that the trial court’s order is reviewable by interlocutory appeal pursuant to

Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See Tex.Ctv.Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.016 (West Supp.2012). Guillen-Chavez, on the other hand, argues that ReadyOne cannot bring an interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order under

Section 51.016 because the trial court did not rule on the merits of ReadyOne’s motion to compel arbitration. We agree. Standard of Review Appellate courts have jurisdiction over interlocutory orders permitted by statute. See Tex.Civ.Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. §§ 51.012 and 51.014 (West Supp. 2012). We strictly construe such statutes because interlocutory orders are a narrow exception to the general rule that interlocutory orders are not immediately appeal-able. CMH Homes v. Perez, 340 S.W.3d 444, 447-48 (Tex.2011); Nazareth Hall Nursing Ctr. v.

Castro, 374 S.W.3d 590, 593 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2012, no pet.); Lucchese, Inc. v. Solano, 388 S.W.3d 343, 348 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2012, no pet.). The substance and function of the interlocutory order from which an appeal is taken controls our interlocutory jurisdiction. Castro, 374 S.W.3d at 593; Solano, 388 S.W.3d at 349; Texas La Fiesta Auto Sales, LLC v. Belk, 349 S.W.3d 872, 878 (Tex.App.Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.). When a party attempts to appeal a non-appeal-able interlocutory order, we have no jurisdiction except to dismiss the appeal. Cantu Servs., Inc. v.

United Freedom Assoc., Inc., 329 S.W.3d 58, 63 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2010, no pet.) (quotation marks omitted). Applicable Law

Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides that in a matter subject to the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), a party may appeal from an interlocutory order of a district court “under the same circumstances that an appeal from a federal district court’s order ... would be permitted by 9 U.S.C.

Section 16.” Tex. Crv. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.016 (West Supp.2012).

Section 16 of the FAA identifies the types of orders from which an appeal may be taken. Pursuant to

Section 16, an appeal may be taken from: (1) an order— (

A) refusing a stay of any action under

section 3 of this title, (

B) denying a petition under

section 4 of this title to order arbitration to proceed, (

C) denying an application under

section 206 of this title to compel arbitration, (

D) confirming or denying confirmation of an award or partial award, or (

E) modifying, correcting, or vacating an award; (2) an interlocutory order granting, continuing, or modifying an injunction against an arbitration that is subject to this title; or (3) a final decision with respect to an arbitration that is subject to this title. 9 U.S.C.A. § 16(a)(West 2009). Discussion When strictly construed,

Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code does not permit an interlocutory appeal from a trial court’s order deferring ruling on a motion to compel arbitration. As established above,

Section 16 of the FAA refers only to orders denying an application to compel arbitration and not to orders postponing a ruling on a motion to compel arbitration. See 9 U.S.C.A. § 16 (no express provision authorizing appeal from trial court’s postponement of ruling on a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA). Accordingly, an order deferring a ruling on a motion to compel arbitration is not appealable under

Section 16. Because such an order is not appealable under the FAA, it is not an appealable order under

Section 51.016. See TEX.Crv.PRAC. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.016 (in matters subject to the FAA, an appeal is available only under the same circumstances that an appeal from federal district court’s order would be permitted). We therefore conclude that the trial court’s order permitting arbitration-related discovery is not reviewable by interlocutory appeal. ReadyOne argues that

Section 16 “allow[s] an interlocutory appeal from a district court order that postpones a ruling on a motion to compel arbitration pending further discovery.” In support of its argument, ReadyOne points us to several decisions from various intermediate federal appellate courts that stand for the proposition that if the substance of the order effectively denies a motion to compel arbitration, it is an appealable order under

Section 16, even if the order does not determine conclusively whether the dispute should be referred to an arbitrator. Although we may rely on decisions from intermediate federal appellate courts as persuasive authority, we are not persuaded by those relied upon by ReadyOne. See Penrod Drilling Corp. v. Williams, 868 S.W.2d 294, 296 (Tex.1993)(stating that opinions from any federal or state court may be relied on a persuasive authority, but Texas appellate courts are obligated to follow only higher Texas courts and the United States Supreme Court).

Here, unlike in the cases on which Ready-One relies, the substance of the trial court’s order did not effectively deny ReadyOne’s motion to compel arbitration. Moreover, our sister court considered this identical issue in In re F.C. Holdings, Inc. and held that, “[r]egardless of whether arbitration is sought under the [FAA] or the Texas Arbitration Act, appeal is not available when a trial court defers ruling on a motion to compel arbitration.” 349 S.W.3d 811, 815 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2011, orig. proceeding) (citations omitted). We are thus more persuaded by our reasoning and that of our sister court in In re F.C.

Holdings, Inc. than by the reasoning of the federal appeals courts in the cases relied upon by ReadyOne. CONCLUSION Because the trial court’s order permitting arbitration-related discovery and deferring ruling on ReadyOne’s motion to compel arbitration is not an appealable order under

Section 16 of the FAA, and thus, is not an appealable order under

Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, we do not have jurisdiction to consider ReadyOne’s appeal. Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction. . ReadyOne also filed a companion petition for writ of mandamus seeking to compel the trial court to vacate its order. .

Section 8116 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2010 is known as the Franken Amendment because of its author, Senator A1 Franken of "Saturday Night Live" fame. . See, e.g., Madol v. Dan Nelson Auto. Grp., 372 F.3d 997, 998-99 (8th Cir.2004)(concluding that the district court’s order that did not determine conclusively whether the dispute should be referred to an arbitrator, but rather rejected the magistrate judge’s order compelling arbitration, stayed proceedings, and reopened discovery, was an appealable order under

Section 16 because the order refused a stay and directed that the litigation proceed); Boomer v. AT & T Corp., 309 F.3d 404, 411-12 (7th Cir.2002)(concluding that the district court’s order explicitly denying a motion to compel arbitration was immediately appeal-able under

Section 16, notwithstanding the issuance of a subsequent minute order directing the parties to confer and advise it regarding whether a separate trial on arbitrability of the claims was warranted).