Inocencia Herrera TAVERAS, acting on behalf of an infant child, L.A.H., Petitioner-Appellant, v. Jose Alonzo MORALES, Respondent-Appellee, 604 F. App'x 55

SUMMARY ORDER Petitioner-appellant Inocencia Herrera Taveras appeals from a May 16, 2014 order of the district court denying her petition for return of her minor child, L.A.H., to Spain pursuant to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, Oct. 25, 1980, T.I.A.S. No. 11,670, 1343 U.N.T.S. 89 (the “Hague Convention”), and its implementing statute, the International Child Abduction Remedies Act, 22 U.S.C. §§ 9001 et seq. (“ICARA”). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and the procedural history of the case.

Taveras argues that the district court erred in determining that she had filed her petition more than a year after L.A.H. was first wrongfully retained in the United States by her father, respondent-appellee Jose Alonzo Morales. The significance of that determination is that under the Hague Convention, if Taveras petitioned for the return of L.A.H. within a year after the wrongful retention of L.A.H. began, the district court was mandated to return the child to Spain in the absence of certain narrow affirmative defenses.

If the petition was not filed within that period, and if L.A.H. was “now settled” in the United States, the district court had discretion whether to order her return. See Hague Convention, art. 12. The district court ruled that Taveras’s petition was filed more than a year after the wrongful retention of L.A.H. began, that L.A.H. was “now settled” in the United States, and that it was in the best interests of L.A.H. that she be allowed to remain here, and therefore declined to order that L.A.H. be returned to Spain.

Taveras does not challenge on appeal the district court’s finding that L.A.H. was settled in the United States, or its exercise of its discretion not to return her to Spain; she argues only that the district court erred in determining when L.A.H. was first wrongfully retained, that she filed her petition within a year of the correct date, and that the “now settled” defense was therefore not available to Morales. We review the district court’s

interpretation of the Hague Convention de novo, and its factual determinations under a deferential “clearly erroneous” standard, accepting the district court’s findings of fact “unless we have a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Souratgar v. Lee, 720 F.3d 96, 103 (2d Cir.2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Taveras' argues that the district court applied the wrong legal standard in determining when the wrongful retention began, because it should have required a “clear and unequivocal” communication by Taver-as to Morales that she did not consent to L.A.H.’s continued stay in the United States as a prerequisite to finding that Morales’s retention of L.A.H. had become wrongful. See Appellant’s Br. 14. We need not decide here whether the formulation urged by Taveras is in fact the correct standard for determining when wrongful retention begins.

Assuming ar-guendo that such a standard applies, the district court determined that it was met here, finding that Taveras had “made her demand [for the return of L.A.H.] sufficiently clear to [Morales]” by the end of summer 2012, and that Morales’s retention of L.A.H. beyond that period was therefore wrongful. Taveras v. Morales, 22 F.Supp.3d 219, 235 (S.D.N.Y.2014).

Acknowledging that where “one parent fails to inform the other parent that she does not consent to the child’s stay beyond a particular date, it would be difficult to say that retention beyond that date is wrongful,” the district court distinguished the situation at bar as “not such a case.” Id. Cf. Karkkainen v. Kovalchuk, 445 F.3d 280, 290-91 (3d Cir.2006) (holding that district court had clearly erred in finding that petitioner had not made an unequivocal demand for the child to be returned, while declining to decide whether such a demand is required for wrongful retention to begin under the Convention).

That finding was far from clearly erroneous. To the contrary, the court based it on:

(1) Taveras’s testimony that she spoke to Morales “[m]any a time during the months of August and September [2012],” Joint App’x 222, and (2) her “unequivocal! ]” testimony, Taveras, 22 F.Supp.3d at 235, that she did not consent to L.A.H.’s stay beyond the end of summer 2012, Joint App’x 317-318. The court also referenced Morales’s testimony that, during that same period, Taveras “continued insisting” that he send L.A.H. back to her. Joint App’x 676; see Taveras, 22 F.Supp.3d at 235 n. 17. We see no reason to disturb the court’s finding in the face of that evidence.

We have considered Taveras’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the order of the district court.