In re Louis A. GENCARELLI, Sr., Debtor. UPS CAPITAL BUSINESS CREDIT, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Louis A. Gencarelli, Sr., Defendant, Appellee, 501 F.3d 1

SELYA, Senior Circuit Judge. This bankruptcy dispute presents a question of first impression in this circuit concerning a commercial lender’s right to receive a bargained-for prepayment penalty from a solvent debtor. The lender’s best argument was not presented very clearly in the lower courts, but the parties have vigorously contested the point in this court. Because the issue was at least arguably preserved and because its resolution has significant ramifications for the due administration of the Bankruptcy Code (the Code), we decide it.

That decision leads us to reverse the lower courts’ rulings, vacate their orders, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The facts are not seriously disputed. On February 14, 2002, Bess Eaton Donut Flour Co. and its sole shareholder, Louis A. Gencarelli, Sr., entered into a pair of commercial loan agreements with UPS Capital Business Credit. One loan, involving roughly $5,000,000, was for a thirty-year term; the other, involving nearly $2,000,000, was for a twenty-year term.

Each was governed by Rhode Island law, secured by interests in real property and other business assets owned by Bess Eaton, and bore interest at a floating rate pegged to 1.25% over prime. Pertinently, each loan agreement allowed the borrowers to repay at any time, subject, however, to a prepayment penalty provision. That provision, common to each loan agreement, stated in substance that, should repayment occur within the first five years of the loan term, the borrowers would pay a fee equal to a percentage of the amount prepaid.

That percentage would vary depending upon the date of prepayment (generally speaking, the earlier the prepayment, the higher the percentage). On March 1, 2004, Bess Eaton filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy under

Chapter 11. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 301, 1101-1174. Gencarelli followed suit within the next few days. The bankruptcy court consolidated the cases. In due course, the bankruptcy court arranged for, and oversaw, the sale of Bess Eaton’s operating assets. See id. § 363(b). The auction, skillfully managed by the bankruptcy judge, inspired unbridled enthusiasm, which translated into hard cash. As a result, the sale fetched a far higher price than had been anticipated — so much higher that the bankruptcy estates wound up with funds sufficient to pay all creditors in full (including interest).

Even so, a multimillion dollar surplus remained for Gencarelli. Along the way, UPS submitted timely proofs of claim to the bankruptcy court in which it asserted a right to the unpaid principal balances of the two loans, plus accrued interest, plus the prepayment penalties. Because full repayment was to be made in the third year of the loans, the loan agreements called for penalties equal to 3% of the outstanding principal balances. This amounted to aggregate prepayment penalties of some $200,000.

The debtors conceded liability for the loan balances (including accrued interest); those balances have been paid in full and are not at issue in this appeal. Withal, the debtors balked at paying the prepayment penalties. As a practical matter, the dispute over the prepayment penalties narrowed to one between Gencarelli and UPS. Gencarelli filed an objection to those portions of the claims that sought prepayment penalties. He averred that, under the Code, an ov-ersecured creditor is entitled to recover such costs only to the extent that they are “reasonable.” Id. § 506(b).

He posited that the prepayment penalties demanded by UPS were unreasonable because they bore no rational relationship to the added expense that prepayment might inflict on the lender. Accordingly, the claims should be disallowed. UPS countered, albeit without citation to any specific Code provision, that the prepayment penalties were valid under controlling state law and, therefore, were enforceable in bankruptcy. In the alternative, it asserted that the penalties were reasonable. Following a hearing, the bankruptcy court held that

section 506(

b) of the Code governed, displacing state law and creating a uniform federal standard of reasonableness that served as a substantive limitation on the fees, costs, and other charges that a secured creditor could recoup. In re Bess Eaton Donut Flour Co., 2004 WL 2609266, Nos. 04-10630, 04-10682 (Bankr.D.R.I. Oct. 8, 2004). Ergo, the prepayment penalties coveted by UPS were enforceable only to the extent that they were reasonable, regardless of their status under Rhode Island law. Id. at *1. The bankruptcy court subsequently took evidence to determine the reasonableness of the prepayment penalties.

Thereafter, the court found the penalties unreasonable in amount and disallowed UPS’s claims for them in their entirety. In re Bess Eaton Donut Flour Co., Nos. 04-10630, 04-10682, 2005 WL 1367306, at *3 (Bankr.D.R.I. Jan.19, 2005). UPS appealed this ruling to the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island. In the proceedings that followed, most of the briefing was devoted to the question of whether the prepayment penalties were reasonable. But UPS also argued that “a finding that fees, costs, or charges are unreasonable under § 506(

b) means only that they cannot be allowed as a secured claim, and instead must be treated as an unsecured claim.” While UPS again neglected to cite the relevant Code provisions, it did offer pertinent case citations in support of this argument. Although its analysis diverged somewhat from that of the bankruptcy court, the district court agreed that

section 506(

b) governed and that an oversecured creditor can recover charges, such as prepayment penalties, only if they are reasonable. See UPS Capital Bus. Credit v. Gencarelli, No. 1:05-cv-00039, 2006 WL 3198944, at *3 (D.R.I. Nov.3, 2006). In affirming the bankruptcy court’s order, the district court did not address the possibility that unreasonable prepayment penalties might qualify as unsecured claims. This timely appeal ensued. In it, UPS argues that

section 506(b)’s reasonableness standard is not relevant to the question of whether an oversecured creditor is entitled to collect a contractually-based prepayment penalty from a solvent debtor. It directs us to

section 502 of the Code and to a wealth of case law holding that if fees, costs, or other charges are deemed unreasonable, an oversecured creditor nonetheless may collect them as unsecured debt (subject to the provisions of

section 502). In the alternative, it argues that the lower courts’ models of reasonableness are unsuited to the realities of modern commercial lending. Gencarelli counters on several levels. First, he asserts that UPS has forfeited the statutory argument. Second, even if this argument is properly before us, he dismisses it as incorrect. Third, he indiscriminately defends the reasonableness analyses conducted by the lower courts (glossing over the fact that the district court and the bankruptcy court did not see eye to eye as to how reasonableness should be measured in this context). We begin our inquiry by examining the merits of UPS’s statutory

interpretation argument. This argument turns on the interrelationship between sections 502 and 506(

b) of the Code.

Section 502 is entitled “[allowance of claims or interests.” Subject to other provisions not relevant here, it instructs that a bankruptcy court “shall allow” claims made against the debtor, valued “as of the date of the filing of the petition,” with nine categorical exceptions. See 11 U.S.C. § 502(b). Only one of these is arguably implicated here. That category calls for the disallowance of claims that are unenforceable under “applicable law.” Id. § 502(b)(1).

UPS maintains that Rhode Island law governs the loan agreements at issue here and that the prepayment penalty provisions contained in these agreements are enforceable under that “applicable” state law. The bankruptcy court disallowed UPS’s claims for prepayment penalties not because they were unenforceable under Rhode Island law but, rather, because it deemed a different Code provision controlling.

That provision states: To the extent that an allowed secured claim is secured by property the value of which ... is greater than the amount of such claim, there shall be allowed to the holder of such claim, interest on such claim, and any reasonable fees, costs, or charges provided for under the agreement or State statute under which such claim arose. Id. § 506(b) (emphasis supplied). The bankruptcy court found that UPS was an oversecured creditor that had failed to show the prepayment penalties were reasonable. UPS disputes the bankruptcy court’s

interpretation of

section 506(b). It submits that

section 506(

b) speaks only to whether an oversecured creditor may enjoy special priority over other creditors with respect to ancillary claims for various kinds of fees, costs, and other charges. The statute accomplishes this objective by classifying certain claims as secured and charging them against the creditor’s security cushion (that is, the margin by which the value of the security held exceeds the value of the base claim). This priority-driven triage, it says, has no bearing on whether those fees, costs, or other charges, reasonable or not, comprise allowable claims.

Normally, priority is of tremendous importance in bankruptcy cases. It is irrelevant, however, where the debtor is solvent and can afford to pay all claims (secured and unsecured) in full. This is such a “solvent debtor” case. Accordingly, UPS argues that even if the prepayment penalties are unreasonable (and, therefore, not entitled to priority as secured claims), they are nonetheless allowable as unsecured claims under

section 502. We are persuaded that UPS’s view of the interrelationship between sections 502 and 506(

b) is correct. As a matter of bankruptcy law, the lower courts should not have disallowed the claims for prepayment penalties in toto based solely upon a finding that they were not entitled to priority under

section 506(b).

Section 502, not

section 506(b), affords the ultimate test for allowability, and any claim satisfying that test is, at the very worst, collectible as an unsecured claim. Leading commentators, case law from other circuits, and common sense all conduce to this result. There is universal agreement that whereas

section 506 furnishes a series of useful rules for determining whether and to what extent a claim is secured (and, therefore, entitled to priority), it does not answer the materially different question of whether the claim itself should be allowed or disallowed. See 4 Lawrence P. King et al., Collier on Bankruptcy § 506.01, at 506-6 (15th ed.2007). Rather, the general rules that govern the allowance or disal-lowance of claims are set out in

section 502. See id. It follows that: If a creditor is generally entitled to add postpetition ... fees to its secured claim because of the existence of an oversecurity, and the claim for ... fees is valid under the agreement and applicable state law, but is disallowed by the bankruptcy court for want of reasonableness, the amount so disallowed should be treated as an unsecured claim against the estate. Id. § 506.04[3][a], at 506-120 to 506-121; see Daniel R. Cowans, Bankruptcy Law & Practice § 17.22, at 305 (7th ed.1999) (noting that the “limits of § 506(

b) are applicable to the secured nature of the claim and any excess under the contract may be filed as an unsecured claim”). The opinions of other courts comport with this understanding. The Eleventh Circuit has held that

section 502 controls the overall question of whether an overse-cured creditor’s bargained-for right to fees will be allowed or disallowed. Welzel v. Advocate Realty Inv., LLC (In re Welzel), 275 F.3d 1308, 1318 (11th Cir.2001) (en banc). The court added that once a claim for fees is found to be allowable under

section 502, it then must be assessed for reasonableness under

section 506 in order to determine its priority. Id. To the extent that the contract between the parties calls for unreasonable fees, the fees should be bifurcated and the unreasonable portion should be treated as an unsecured claim. Id. Welzel is squarely in the mainstream of the case law. The Ninth Circuit has reached much the same conclusion. See Jospeh F. Sanson Inv. Co. v. 268 Ltd. (In re 268 Ltd.), 789 F.2d 674, 678 (9th Cir.1986). The Second Circuit, albeit by implication, marches to the same beat. See United Merchs. & Mfrs., Inc. v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y (In re United Merchs. & Mfrs., Inc.), 674 F.2d 134, 138 (2d Cir.1982) (emphasizing, in dictum, that

section 506 speaks only to whether costs can be treated as secured claims). We add that disallowing claims in their entirety based on

section 506(

b) defies common sense. It is apodictic that “unsecured creditors may recover their attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses from the estate of a solvent debtor where they are permitted to do so by the terms of their contract and applicable non-bankruptcy law.” Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors v. Dow Corning Corp. (In re Dow Corning Corp.), 456 F.3d 668, 683 (6th Cir.2006). Thus, under the statutory scheme envisioned by the debtor (and adopted by the lower courts), unsecured creditors would be permitted to reap the full benefit of their contractual bargains through the medium of

section 502, while oversecured creditors would be uniquely singled out for unfavorable treatment by the operation of

section 506(b). There is no conceivable explanation as to why Congress might have wanted oversecured creditors to be treated in so draconian a fashion. Creating that sort of uneven playing field would be antithetic to the general policy of the Code, which strongly favors oversecured creditors. See Welzel, 275 F.3d at 1319. It seems equally improbable that Congress would have intended to allow debtors “to avoid otherwise valid contractual obligations under state law,” including “prepayment penalties,” by “filing voluntary bankruptcy petitions” and invoking

section 506(b)’s reasonableness requirement. Id. By way of contrast, UPS’s reading of the interaction between sections 502 and 506(

b) makes good policy sense.

Section 506(

b) is designed to protect general creditors from the inequities that would occur if secured creditors were able to cloak unreasonable fees and charges with first-priority status. See In re A.J. Lane & Co., 113 B.R. 821, 824 (Bankr.D.Mass.1990) (explaining that

section 506(

b) promotes a “policy favoring a fair distribution to creditors”). Seen in this light, it makes sense that oversecured creditors should not be allowed to prioritize unreasonable fees, costs, and charges; it does not make sense that oversecured creditors should be penalized by disallowing those fees, costs, and charges altogether — especially when unsecured creditors can collect them. Let us be perfectly clear.

This is a solvent debtor case and, as such, the equities strongly favor holding the debtor to his contractual obligations as long as those obligations are legally enforceable under applicable non-bankruptcy law. When the debtor is solvent, “the bankruptcy rule is that where there is a contractual provision, valid under state law, ... the bankruptcy court will enforce the contractual provision.” Debentureholders Protective Comm. of Cont’l Inv. Corp. v. Cont’l Inv.

Corp., 679 F.2d 264, 269 (1st Cir. 1982); see Dow Coming, 456 F.3d at 679 (noting that in solvent debtor cases, “courts have generally confined themselves to determining and enforcing whatever pre-petition rights a given creditor has against the debtor”); In re Chi, Milw., St. Paul & Pac. R.R. Co., 791 F.2d 524, 528 (7th Cir.1986) (observing that “if the bankrupt is solvent the task for the bankruptcy court is simply to enforce creditors’ rights according to the tenor of the contracts that created those rights”).

The short of the matter is that both precedent and policy militate in favor of allowing UPS’s claims for prepayment penalties as unsecured claims, even if the penalties are deemed unreasonable, so long as they are valid under

section 502. But there is a rub: it is unclear whether UPS adequately presented this statutory

interpretation issue to the bankruptcy court. This is not a mere technicality; it is a general rule — and a salutary one — that appellate courts ordinarily ought not to consider issues that were not adequately presented below. See, e.g., Evergreen Credit Union v. Woodman (In re Woodman), 379 F.3d 1, 2-3 (1st Cir.2004); Higgins v. New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc., 194 F.3d 252, 259-60 (1st Cir.1999). UPS insists that it sufficiently preserved the statutory

interpretation issue for appellate review. It emphasizes that it argued to the bankruptcy court that it should be allowed to recoup the prepayment penalties because those penalties were valid and enforceable under Rhode Island law. Even though this issue was raised without any explicit reference to

section 502, the very act of asserting a claim under state law, UPS says, necessarily implicated

section 502. It adds that the proof of the pudding is that Gencarelli’s counsel referred to

section 502 during oral argument before the bankruptcy court. We have held that it is the making of an argument, not the mechanical citation to a particular authority, that preserves the argument for further appellate review. See Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l v. Guilford Trans. Indus., Inc., 399 F.3d 89, 100 n. 7 (1st Cir.2005). Even on this understanding, however, UPS’s references to state law make out a borderline case for preservation of the issue. These references lacked the directness and sophistication that characterize the issue as UPS has framed it here.

To that extent, we can hardly fault the bankruptcy court for not focusing on the precise contours of the problem. In the end, we need not definitively resolve the close question of whether UPS adequately preserved this issue for appeal. It is clear that we retain the discretionary authority, to be used sparingly and in exceptional cases, to relieve a party of a forfeiture. See, e.g., Chestnut v. City of Lowell, 305 F.3d 18, 21 (1st Cir.2002) (en banc) (per curiam); United States v. La Guardia, 902 F.2d 1010, 1012-13 (1st Cir.1990).

Although the instances in which we have shown a willingness to relax our preservation rules have been “few and far between,” Nat’l Ass’n of Soc. Workers v. Harwood, 69 F.3d 622, 627 (1st Cir.1995), the claim of error here fits within these narrow confines. The statutory

interpretation issue was at least arguably preserved; no possible strategic advantage could have inured to UPS from obscuring it; additional factual development would shed no light on its resolution; and the issue is an important one. Moreover, were we to deem the issue procedurally defaulted, we would be forced to address, without any real necessity for doing so, the preserved question of how

section 506(b)’s reasonableness requirement applies to prepayment penalty provisions in commercial loans. This is a difficult question that has significant ramifications for the commercial lending industry. It has no clear-cut answer, and we think that it would be imprudent to venture needlessly into that arena. We therefore deem the statutory

interpretation issue preserved and find it disposi-tive here. We summarize succinctly. We entertain UPS’s argument about the interrelationship between sections 502 and 506(b). That argument boils down to the proposition that, regardless of reasonableness, an oversecured creditor may be entitled to collect bargained-for prepayment penalties as the functional equivalent of unsecured debt. We accept that proposition. As applied in this case, that proposition is decisive.

Because Gencarelli is solvent and the bankruptcy estate possesses funds sufficient to pay all claims (secured and unsecured) in full, no useful purpose would be served by inquiring into whether the prepayment penalties are reasonable (and, thus, deserving of priority) within the contemplation of

section 506(b). What matters is that the Code does not relieve Gencarelli, as a solvent debtor, of this obligation unless one of the

section 502 exceptions applies. Consequently, we must reverse the decisions of the lower courts. There is one loose end: the tagalong question of whether the prepayment penalties are enforceable under

section 502. To resolve that aspect of the matter, we remand the case to the district court with instructions to remand it, in turn, to the bankruptcy court. That court should determine whether the prepayment penalties are enforceable under Rhode Island law. For our part, we need go no further. Reversed and remanded. Costs shall be taxed in favor of the appellant. . While these passages discuss claims for attorneys’ fees, there is no principled basis for treating attorneys’ fees differently from prepayment penalties in this context.

See, e.g., 4 Collier on Bankruptcy, supra § 506.04[3], at 506-113 (implying that the discussion applies to “[fjees, [c]osts, and [c]harges”). . Although both parties discuss at length the Supreme Court’s decision in United Sav. Ass’n of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Assocs., Ltd., 484 U.S. 365, 108 S.Ct. 626, 98 L.Ed.2d 740 (1988), we regard that decision as inap-posite. The case dealt with claims for post-petition interest, which — unlike the prepayment penalties at issue here — are made unavailable as unsecured claims by an explicit statutory provision.

Id. at 372-73, 108 S.Ct. 626; see 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(2). . We recognize that bankruptcy courts are courts of equity, see Thinking Machs. Corp. v. Mellon Finan. Servs. Corp. (In re Thinking Machs. Corp.), 67 F.3d 1021, 1028 (1st Cir.1995), and that the balance of the equities may be different if unsecured creditors are at risk of collateral damage. For that reason, this opinion should not be construed as speaking to the different question of whether an unsecured creditor can enforce a contractual right to post-petition fees against the estate of an insolvent debtor under

section 502. See Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., - U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 1199, 1207, 167 L.Ed.2d 178 (2007) (reserving this question). . In addition to contending that UPS failed to preserve the statutory

interpretation issue in the bankruptcy court, Gencarelli contends that UPS failed to preserve that issue in the district court. There, however, UPS explicitly argued that it should be allowed to recover as an unsecured creditor if its claim was disallowed in whole or in part under

section 506(b). Although it did not cite

section 502, it did cite Welz&l, a case directly on point. No more was exigible to preserve the issue for further appellate review.