UTAHNS FOR BETTER TRANSPORTATION; Ross C. "Rocky" Anderson, in his official capacity as Mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah; Paul C. Hunter; Rosemarie M. Hunter, Plaintiffs, and Sierra Club, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION; Norman Mine-ta, Secretary, United States Department of Transportation; Federal Highway Administration; Mary E. Peters, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration; David Gibbs, Division Administrator of the Utah Division of the Federal Highway Administration; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Michael J. Conrad, Colonel, District Engineer of the Sacramento District; Brooks Carter, Chief of the Intermountain Regulatory Section; Federal Transit Administration; Jennifer L. Dorn, Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration; Lee Waddleton, Regional Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration and his successor, Defendants-Appellees. State of Utah; Utah Department of Transportation, Intervenors. Utahns For Better Transportation, Plaintiff-Appellant, and Ross C. "Rocky" Anderson, in his official capacity as Mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah; Sierra Club; Paul C. Hunter; Rosemarie M. Hunter, Plaintiffs, v. United States Department of Transportation; Federal Highway Administration; Mary E. Peters, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration; David Gibbs, Division Administrator of the Utah Division of the Federal Highway Administration; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Michael J. Conrad, Colonel, District Engineer of the Sacramento District; Brooks Carter, Chief of the Intermountain Regulatory Section; Norman Mineta, Secretary of the United States Department of Transportation; Federal Transit Administration; Jennifer L. Dorn, Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration; Lee Waddleton, Regional Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration and his successor, Defendants-Appellees. State of Utah; Utah Department of Transportation, Intervenor. Utahns for Better Transportation; Sierra Club; Paul C. Hunter; Rosemarie M. Hunter, Plaintiffs, and Ross C. "Rocky" Anderson, in his official capacity as Mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. United States Department of Transportation; Norman Mineta, Secretary, United States Department of Transportation; Federal Highway Administration; Mary E. Peters, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration; David Gibbs, Division Administrator of the Utah Division of the Federal Highway Administration; U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers; Michael J. Conrad, Colonel, District Engineer of the Sacramento District; Brooks Carter, Chief of the Intermountain Regulatory Section; Federal Transit Administration; Jennifer L. Dorn, Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration; Lee Waddleton, Regional Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration and his successor, Defendants-Appellees, State of Utah; Utah Department of Transportation, Intervenors, 305 F.3d 1152

PAUL KELLY, Jr., Circuit Judge. This appeal arises from the district court’s order denying the Appellants’ request that the Records of Decision issued by the Federal Highway Administration and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (collectively the “Agencies”) concerning the Legacy Parkway project be vacated and that the Legacy Parkway Final Environmental Impact Statement be remanded for further agency action. The district court’s jurisdiction was based upon the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701-06.

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and review the district court’s decision de novo. New Mexico Cattle Groivers Ass’n v. United, States Fish & Wildlife Serv., 248 F.3d 1277, 1281 (10th Cir.2001). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand. Background The Great Salt Lake (“GSL”) and the wetlands surrounding its shoreline serve as an important habitat for a variety of birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals, some of which are endangered. The wetlands of the GSL account for 75 percent of all wetlands in the State of Utah, whose total land area consists of only 1.5 percent wetlands.

The shores of the GSL are internationally important because they are a link of the Pacific Flyway for migratory waterfowl and a link of the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network (“WHSRN”). Some two to five million birds use the GSL yearly and 90 percent of that use is concentrated in the eastern shore. II Aplt.App. at 639. By the year 2020, population and travel demand in the five counties along the eastern shore of the GSL is anticipated to increase by 60 percent and 69 percent, respectively.

To prepare the transportation infrastructure to meet this future demand, Utah’s state, local, and regional officials have developed a three-part plan collectively called “Shared Solution.” The plan calls for improving and expanding Interstate 15, expanding transit, and constructing the Legacy Parkway. The Leg-' acy Parkway is to be a four-lane, divided, limited access, state-funded highway. As currently proposed, it is to be 330 feet wide consisting of four lanes, a 65.6-foot median, a 59-foot berm and utility corridor, and a 13.1-foot pedestrian/equestrian/bike trail.

It is to start near Salt Lake City (“SLC”), run north along the eastern portion of the GSL, and end fourteen miles later by connecting with U.S. 89. See II Aplee. App. 710(map). Because the Legacy Parkway will connect to the interstate highway system and will require filling in 114 acres of wetland, it must receive approval from the Federal Highway Administration (“FHWA”) and a § 404(

b) permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (“COE”). Because both the approval and the permit qualify as major federal actions, an Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) is required. The Utah Department of Transportation (“UDOT”) and its private contractors began preparing a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (“DEIS”) shortly after plans for a new highway were announced by Utah’s governor in July 1996. The FHWA and the COE adopted UDOT’s DEIS and issued it for public comment in September 1998. The Final Environmental Impact Statement (“FEIS”) was released for public comment in June 2000.

In December 2000, UDOT awarded the contract for construction of the Legacy-Parkway. On January 9, 2001, the COE released its Record of Decision (“ROD”) issuing the § 404(

b) permit to UDOT; and, on October 31, 2000, the FHWA issued its ROD approving UDOT’s request for additions and modifications of access points to the interstate highway system. The Appellants, whose complaints were consolidated by the district court, filed an appeal pursuant to the APA from the RODs as final agency actions. The Appellants asked the district court to vacate the FHWA’s and COE’s RODs that approved construction of the Legacy Parkway, and to order the preparation of a new EIS for the Legacy Parkway. The district court denied the Appellants’ request.

After the district court decision was certified as an appealable order, the Appellants appealed to this court and sought an Emergency Motion for Injunction Pending Appeal. On a preliminary record, we granted the motion requiring a $50,000.00 bond. On appeal, Appellants contend that the COE violated the CWA in issuing a permit for the Legacy Parkway where less environmentally damaging “practicable alternatives” existed to the configuration and alignment of the highway.

They contend that both the CWA and NEPA were violated when various project impacts were not evaluated correctly and other NEPA requirements were ignored. The Appellants summarize their argument as urging the court to order the Agencies to prepare a new or supplemental EIS and to process a new CWA permit application that adequately addresses the following factors: (1) mass transit alternatives, (2) alternative land use scenarios, (3) land use and growth impacts, (4) impacts on Salt Lake City, (5) wetlands and wildlife impacts, and (6) air quality impacts. Aplt. Br. at 7, 16-17.

Statutory Overview The National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) requires federal agencies to prepare an EIS prior to taking major federal action. 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321-4370d. The issuing of either approval of, or a permit for a specific project, when that project’s effects are major and are potentially subject to federal control and responsibility, qualifies as major federal action pursuant to 40 C.F.R. § 1508.18(b)(4).

The purpose of NEPA is to require agencies to consider environmentally significant aspects of a proposed action, and, in so doing, let the public know that the agency’s decisionmaking process includes environmental concerns. Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 462 U.S. 87, 97, 103 S.Ct. 2246, 76 L.Ed.2d 437 (1983); Sierra Club v. United States Dep’t of Energy, 287 F.3d 1256, 1262 (10th Cir.2002). NEPA prescribes the necessary process, but does not mandate particular results. Robertson v.

Methow Valley Citizens Council, 490 U.S. 332, 350-51, 109 S.Ct. 1835, 104 L.Ed.2d 351 (1989) (As long as the procedural requirements were met, the Forest Service would not have violated NEPA if it decided that the benefits of downhill skiing justified issuance of a special use permit, notwithstanding even 100 percent loss of the mule deer herd.); Wyoming Farm Bureau Fed’n v. Babbitt, 199 F.3d 1224, 1240 (10th Cir.2000). Accordingly, agencies are not required to elevate environmental concerns over other valid concerns. Baltimore Gas & Elec., 462 U.S. at 97, 103 S.Ct. 2246.

So long as the record demonstrates that the agencies in question followed the NEPA procedures, which require agencies to take a “hard look” at the environmental consequences of the proposed action, the court will not second-guess the wisdom of the ultimate decision. Robertson, 490 U.S. at 350, 109 S.Ct. 1835. “The role of the courts in reviewing compliance with NEPA ‘is simply to ensure that the agency has adequately considered and disclosed the environmental impact of its actions and that its decision is not arbitrary and capricious.’” Utah Shared Access Alliance v.

United States Forest Serv., 288 F.3d 1205, 1208 (10th Cir.2002) (quoting Baltimore Gas, 462 U.S. at 97-98, 103 S.Ct. 2246). We apply a rule of reason standard (essentially an abuse of discretion standard) in deciding whether claimed deficiencies in a FEIS are merely flyspecks, or are significant enough to defeat the goals of informed decisionmaking and informed public comment. Custer County Action Assoc. v. Garvey, 256 F.3d 1024, 1036, 1040 (10th Cir.2001); see also Marsh v. Oregon Nat.

Resources Council, 490 U.S. 360, 377 n. 23, 109 S.Ct. 1851, 104 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989) (noting similarity between the “reasonableness” and “arbitrary and capricious” standards).

Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (“CWA”), 33 U.S.C. § 1344, prohibits the filling or dredging of wetlands without first receiving a § 404(

b) permit from the COE. 33 U.S.C. § 1344(a), (d). A permit may not be issued if (

i) there is a practicable alternative which would have less adverse impact and does not have other significant adverse environmental consequences, (ii) the discharge will result in significant degradation, (iii) the discharge does not include all appropriate and practicable measures to minimize potential harm, or (iv) there does not exist sufficient information to make a reasonable judgment as to whether the proposed discharge will comply with the COE’s Guidelines for permit issuance. 40 C.F.R. § 230.12(a)(3)(i-iv).

For non-water dependent projects, it is presumed that a practicable alternative exists and the burden to clearly demonstrate otherwise is on the applicant. Id. § 230.10(a)(3); Resource Inv’s, Inc. v.

United States Army Corps of Eng’rs, 151 F.3d 1162, 1167 (9th Cir. 1998). “Practicable” is defined at 40 C.F.R. § 230.10(a)(2) as “available and capable of being done after taking into consideration cost, existing technology, and logistics in light of overall project purposes.” The presumption for a non-water dependent project that a practicable alternative exists is not an automatic bar on issuance of a permit, but it does require that an applicant make a persuasive showing concerning the lack of alternatives. Sylvester v.

United States Army Corps of Eng’rs, 882 F.2d 407, 409 (9th Cir.1989) (intérnal citation omitted). Finally, a permit may not be issued “unless appropriate and practicable steps have been taken which will minimize potential adverse impacts of the discharge on the aquatic ecosystem.” 40 C.F.R. § 230.10(d). For actions subject to NEPA, the analysis of alternatives required for the NEPA environmental documents will in most cases provide the information for the evaluation of alternatives under the CWA Guidelines. See Holy Cross Wilderness Fund v. Madigan, 960 F.2d 1515, 1526 n. 17 (10th Cir.1992).

If, however, the NEPA documents do not consider the alternatives in sufficient detail to respond to the requirements of the Guidelines, it may be necessary to supplement NEPA documents with additional information. 40 C.F.R. § 230.10(a)(4). The Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) makes final agency action for which there is no other adequate remedy in a court subject to judicial review. 5 U.S.C. § 704.

The APA empowers a reviewing court to hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). In making its determinations, the court shall review the whole record or those parts cited by a party. 5 U.S.C. § 706.

If the record before the agency does not support the agency action, if the agency has not considered all relevant factors, or if the reviewing court simply cannot evaluate the challenged agency action on the basis of the record before it, the proper course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional investigation or explanation. [Sierra Club v. Hodel,] 848 F.2d 1068, 1093 (10th Cir.1988) (emphasis added, quotation omitted), overruled on other grounds, Vill. of Los Ranchos de Albuquerque v. Marsh, 956 F.2d 970, 972 (10th Cir.1992) (en banc). Middle Rio Grande Conservancy Dist. v.

Norton, 294 F.3d 1220, 1226 (10th Cir.2002) (NEPA). In this case, both parties have filed appendices, 10th Cir. ft. 30, and we decide the case on the basis of the parties’ record submissions. On appeal, this court applies the same standard of review to the record as did the district court. Fund for Animals, Inc. v. Rice, 85 F.3d 535, 541 (11th Cir.1996) (CWA). The APA’s arbitrary and capricious standard is a deferential one; administrative determinations may be set aside only for substantial procedural or substantive reasons, and the court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the agency. Id. (CWA).

The Appellants raise issues under both NEPA, which we address first, and CWA, which we address second. Infra II. Analysis I. NEPA A. D & RG Alignment The Appellants contend that at least three practicable alternatives to the Legacy Parkway exist including (

i) a different highway alignment, (ii) a narrower highway configuration, and (iii) a mass transit alternative. They urge that these alternatives are far less environmentally damaging and would have reduced significantly the wetlands impact from the project. We begin with the argument that NEPA was violated by the elimination of the Denver & Rio Grande (“D & RG”) Regional Alignment as an alternative in the FEIS. The FEIS’s

chapter on alternatives states that the D & RG Regional Alignment was not selected for further study because of its high cost and high impact on existing development relative to the GSL Regional Alignment. I Aplee. App. at 290. The Appellees assert that, in addition to high cost and high impact, the D & RG was also eliminated because the railroad right of way was under active consideration for future light rail and mass transit. Aplee. Br. at 32. Although the FEIS does mention in its

summary of corridor and local planning studies that various organizations have recommended the preservation of the D & RG right of way for future commuter rail use, I Aplee. App. at 228-29, the FEIS does not identify this as a reason for eliminating the D & RG Regional Alignment. We can only affirm agency action, if at all, on grounds articulated by the agency itself. Olenhouse v. Commodity Credit Corp., 42 F.3d 1560, 1565 (10th Cir.1994). Therefore, we consider this to be a post-hoc rationalization and do not consider it.

The Appellants contend that the D & RG Regional Alignment was eliminated in violation of NEPA because the Agencies failed to verify the cost estimates supplied by the Applicant UDOT and failed to respond to comments filed by the Appellants raising this issue. See II Aplt.App. 683-84, III Aplt.App. 950 (comments by Sierra and Utahns questioning the cost estimates used to eliminate D & RG and to select GSL). Both NEPA and the COE regulations for implementing NEPA require that the agency verify the accuracy of information supplied by an applicant, 40 C.F.R. § 1506.5(a); 33 C.F.R.

Part 325, App. B § 8(f)(2), and respond to substantive issues raised in comments, 40 C.F.R. § 1503.4(a); 33 C.F.R.

Part 325, App. B § 13; Van Abbema v. Fornell, 807 F.2d 633, 639-40 (7th Cir.1986). The record does not reveal, and the Appellees do not assert, that they either verified the cost estimates supplied by the Applicant or responded to the comments submitted by the Appellants on this issue. See IV Aplt.App. at 1243 (letter from COE’s Office of Counsel stating that the COE has no records relating to the estimated cost of the D & RG Regional Alignment or the Legacy Parkway Project). The Agencies, therefore, failed to follow then- own regulations.

Agencies are under an obligation to follow their own regulations, procedures, and precedents, or provide a rational explanation for their departure. Big Horn Coal Co. v. Temple, 793 F.2d 1165, 1169 (10th Cir.1986) (citation omitted). No rational explanation has been given. This is more than a technical requirement when it comes to the cost of the project and alternatives. The FEIS rejected the D & RG Regional Alignment in part on the basis of comparative costs — a $300 million estimate for the Legacy Parkway and a $460 million estimate for the D & RG Regional Alignment. Ill Aplee. App. 931.2-31.3.

Appellants suggest that shortly after the COE permit decision, the estimated cost for the Legacy Parkway was $451 million, significantly closer to the initial $460 million estimate for the DR & G Regional Alignment. They suggest that the COE also relied upon the outdated cost estimates. Appellees counter that had the D & RG Regional Alignment cost estimate been updated, there would have been a proportional increase, and thus, the relative cost relationships would have remained the same. Aplee. Br. at 34-35.

This is pure speculation because there is no cost methodology applicable to the D & RG Regional Alignment contained in the record. It also demonstrates why the FEIS is inadequate to meet the NEPA goals of informed decisionmaking and public comment. The second reason for eliminating the D & RG Regional Alignment given in the FEIS was high impact to existing development. Although there is some support that the D & RG Regional Alignment would have a high impact on existing development, we conclude in II.A that the record is insufficiently developed for purposes of rejecting it as impracticable under the CWA.

Thus, we do not decide whether the high impact rationale is adequately explored and sufficiently discussed to comply with NEPA. B. Narrower Right of Way The Appellants claim that NEPA was violated by the Agencies’ failure to consider a narrower right of way (“ROW”) for the Legacy Parkway as a reasonable alternative in the FEIS. While the Legacy’s ROW could have been as narrow as 110 feet, I Aplt.App. at 114, the Legacy ROW, at almost 330 feet, will be the widest four lane highway in Utah. Aplt. Br. at 29. The median is to be 65.6 feet wide.

The lanes, shoulders, maintenance strips, and fill slopes are collectively to be 176 feet. I Aplee. App. at 112. Additionally, there is to be a berm, utility corridor, and trail system within the ROW. The Appellants adduce that the berm and utility corridor will expand the ROW by 65 to 75 feet, and that the trail system will expand the ROW by about 100 feet. Aplt.

Reply Br. at 8 (citing IV ApltApp. at 1373 (letter dated 1997 from Weber Basin Water Conservation District asking UDOT for 65-75 feet in the Legacy ROW for Beaver Pipeline); IV ApltApp. at 1315 (article from newspaper saying ROW was being increased by 35 yards to accommodate trails)). Contrary to the measurements provided by the Appellants in their Reply, Figure 2-9 of the Legacy Parkway June 2000 FEIS allocates only 13.1 feet for trails, 25.9 feet for a future utility corridor, and 33.1 feet for the berm. II ApltApp. at 625; I Aplee. App. at 507 (trails).

NEPA requires that the Agencies “[rigorously explore and objectively evaluate all reasonable alternatives, and for alternatives which were eliminated from detailed study, briefly discuss the reasons for their having been eliminated.” 40 C.F.R. § 1502.14(a). The range of alternatives that the agency must consider is not infinite, of course, but it does include all reasonable alternatives to the proposed action. The APA’s reasonableness standard applies both to which alternatives the agency discusses and the extent to which it discusses them. City of Grapevine v.

De partment of Transp., 17 F.3d 1502, 1506 (D.C.Cir.1994) (citation omitted). 1.Median Width The Appellants argue that the Applicant chose the wide median so that the Legacy Parkway could be expanded in the future from four to six lanes, and that the Agencies have failed to consider whether a narrower median is a reasonable alternative in the FEIS. While acknowledging that there is “ample space” for two additional lanes within the current median, I Aplee. App. at 287 (FEIS), the Appellees insist that the 65.6-foot median is necessary for both water quality and safety. Aplee. Br. at 36-37.

While the safety justification does not appear to be discussed in the FEIS, the water quality justification is elaborated on as follows: The median ... would serve as a vegetated buffer to filter runoff and minimize concentrated discharges. These vegetated medians would have to be maintained to satisfy water quality certification requirements. If replacing these vegetated medians with additional highway lanes is ever proposed, environmental clearances would be necessary and replacement of the water quality functions of the vegetated medians would be required. I Aplee. App. at 287 (FEIS § 2.2.1). See also I Aplee.

App. at 611-12 (FEIS, table 4^40); II Aplee. App. at 811 (FEIS, App. Q). Although none of the cited materials explain exactly how large a vegetated median is necessary to filter pollutants out of the runoff, the FEIS demonstrates that the Agencies concluded that a narrower median would require a substitute water quality control facility. We hold that the Agencies gave a reasonable explanation for selecting the median width and, therefore, satisfied the requirements of NEPA’s 40 C.F.R. § 1502.14(a).

As we discuss in II.B, infra, the explanation is insufficient for CWA purposes, given the different standards involved. 2. Trail System The Appellants allege that the trail system was added to the ROW to gain public support for the Legacy Parkway. Aplt. Br. at 31 (citing to I Aplt.App. at 303 (1997 meeting minutes)). The Appellants have not provided any authority to support the premise that it is a violation of NEPA to consider what will receive public support in designing a project; and, the FEIS discusses the trail system in detail in

Chapter 4: Environmental Consequences, I Aplee. App. at 506-10. 3. Berm and Future Utility Corridor The Appellants charge that the berm and the future utility corridor are actually the Beaver River Pipeline in disguise. The Appellees explain that the berm and utility corridor are to serve multiple purposes including protecting the trails and neighborhoods from highway noise and view, and providing a future joint utility corridor. Aplee. Br. at 37; I Aplee. App. at 286, 506-07.

Furthermore, the Agencies gave a detailed and reasonable response to comments alleging the intentional concealment of the Beaver River Pipeline’s relationship to the Legacy Parkway. IV Aplee. App. at 1323-24. The Agencies have satisfied the requirements of NEPA as to the berm and future utility corridor components of the Legacy ROW. C. “Maximum Transit” Alternative Appellants assert that the Agencies violated NEPA by inadequately evaluating whether mass transit was a reasonable alternative to the Legacy Parkway.

Appellants have raised a host of contentions under this issue. 1.Failure to Respond to Recommendations and Criticism of an FHWA Headquarter’s Expert that No Alternative Analysis had been done on Aggressive Transit Appellants protest that the FHWA approved the Legacy Parkway without responding to the recommendations and stinging criticism of the transit analysis from a leading expert from headquarters. Aplt. Br. at 34. The Appellants identify this headquarters expert as Dr. Bruce Spear, and point out that the Appel-lees have cited to nothing in the record indicating that they made any effort to undertake Dr.

Spear’s recommendations or to explain why they rejected them. The Appellants conclude that “[a] decision is arbitrary and capricious if an agency ignores the uncontradicted advice of any expert, let alone its own.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 14 (citing Northern Spotted Owl v. Hodel, 716 F.Supp. 479, 483 (W.D.Wash.1988)). To support their argument, the Appellants cite to a five-page document entitled “Comments on the Sierra Club Critique of the Travel Demand Models for the Legacy Parkway FEIS and WFRC Response.” Ill Aplt.App. at 1137-41. No date or name appears on the document. The Appellants also cite to Dr.

Spear’s curriculum vitae which appears at IV Aplt.App. at 1249. While this does establish that Dr. Spear works for the United States Department of Transportation, it does not establish a date or author for the five-page “Comments” document. Consequently, the Appellants have established only that the author of the “Comments” document had a difference of opinion on whether aggressive transit had been adequately considered as a reasonable alternative. The author’s opinion was clearly not “un-contradicted.” I Aplee. App. at 267-80.

Even assuming that the author of the “Comments” document was an expert, it is well established that agencies are entitled to rely on their own experts so long as their decisions are not arbitrary and capricious. Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1036. Therefore, the Appellants have failed to establish a violation of NEPA as to this document. 2. Unexplained Failure of Agencies to Perform a More Complete Alternative Transit Analysis Appellants assert that the Agencies violated NEPA by not requiring the more complete alternative transit analysis recommended by the Applicant’s contractor. Aplt. Br. at 34-35.

NEPA requires that an agency “[rigorously explore and objectively evaluate all reasonable alternatives.” 40 C.F.R. § 1502.14(a). However, there is nothing in NEPA to suggest that the transit alternative could not be rigorously explored and objectively evaluated absent the alternative transit analysis recommended by an Applicant’s contractor. The FEIS contains four independent methods of analysis to determine what contribution transit could make in serving transportation demand. I Aplee. App. at 275-79.

The Appellants have failed to establish that the Agencies acted improperly in not performing the analysis recommended by the contractor. 3. Use of Erroneous Ridership Projections The Appellants next take issue with the light rail ridership estimates. The Agencies assumed only 14,000 daily riders by the year 2010. Yet actual daily ridership of UTA’s new commercial light rail system has been approximately 19,000 since operations commenced in December 2000. The Appellees rebut that while daily ridership has been higher than predicted, the peak-hour ridership has been nearly equal to predictions. I Aplee.

App. at 278. The FEIS ridership projections are for peak-hour ridership, not daily ridership. This argument is without merit. 4.Use of Outdated Survey Results The Appellants attest that the Agencies relied on outdated and questionable “household survey” results to determine the public’s interest in using mass transit.

As support, the Appellants cite to a document prepared for the Sierra Club by a Ph.D. student and a professor at the University of California, Davis, in September of 1998, reviewing the WFRC’s Travel Forecasting Model, I ApltApp. at 398, and what appears to be a flyer for Envision Utah, III ApltApp. at 985. Due to the poor quality of the copy, the court was unable to read a large portion of the flyer. However, Appellants tell us that it states that a recent survey indicated that 86 percent of residents favor the expansion of transit. Aplt. Br. at 35.

The Appellees point out that the Travel Demand Model Peer Review found the household survey to be adequate. Ill Aplee. App. at 1054. The Agencies are entitled to rely on their own experts. Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1036. Additionally, the surveys with which the Appellants take issue were only used in two of four independent methods of projecting transit demand. I Aplee. App. at 275-77 (FEIS). The FEIS relied on the higher projection that was generated by the Financial Constraint Method which did not take into consideration the household survey. I Aplee. App. at 277, 279.

We conclude that the attack on the home surveys is unavailing. 5. Failure to Consider both Commuter Rail and Light Rail Appellants’ entire argument on this issue consists only of the statement that “[t]he EIS transit analysis underestimated the potential for mass transit to meet future travel demand by failing to consider implementation of both community light rail and regional commuter rail.” Aplt. Br. at 35. The Appellants cite only to a document entitled “Inter Regional Corridor Alternative Analysis: Preliminary Alternative Screening,” which is dated March 1, 2001, and consists of two maps.

I ApltApp. at 205-07. The Appellants fail to explain how maps from March 2001, establish that the Agencies were arbitrary and capricious in not including both community light rail and regional commuter rail as a reasonable alternative in the June 2000 FEIS. We, therefore, deem this argument waived for failure to brief. Phillips v. Calhoun, 956 F.2d 949, 954 (10th Cir. 1992). 6.

Failure to Consider Alternative Sequencing of the “Shared Solution” The Appellants claim that an alternative sequencing of the “Shared Solution,” such that public transit is expanded before the Legacy Parkway is built, is a reasonable alternative and the FEIS is inadequate under NEPA because it failed to explore rigorously and evaluate objectively this alternative. The Shared Solution includes: (1) improving and expanding 1-15, (2) an extraordinary expansion of the public transit system, and (3) constructing the Legacy Parkway. I Aplee. App. at 285.

Appendix G of the FEIS contains a detailed discussion of why the Legacy Parkway should be built before 1-15 is improved and expanded. II Aplee. App. at 729-47. However, no mention is made in Appendix G as to when the “extraordinary expansion of the public transit system” should occur relative to the Legacy and 1-15 projects. The Appellants have provided expert opinion and comments submitted to the Agencies on the importance of expanding public transit prior to constructing new roads. Ill Aplt.App. at 924, 914-15, 917, 895-96, 933, 1128.

The Appellees respond that the implementation of rail transit is five to fifteen years behind the Legacy Parkway, IV Aplee. App. 1315, and argue that Utah has not begun to meet the requirements for federal rail funding. Aplee. Br. at 23. They conclude that “[rjegional transit choices that may be made in the future are not reasonable alternatives to off-set [sic] the need for new roadway construction now.” Aplee. Br. at 23. There are three problems with Appel-lees’ response. First, the expansion of public transit under consideration is broader than just rail transit.

Second, the regional transit choices that are at issue here are not ones “that may be made in the future,” but are being made. The FEIS is relying on public transit to meet 12 percent of the 2020 demand and maybe the additional 10 percent of demand that will not be met under the Shared Solution. A WFRC study on the best modes of mass transit was expected to be completed in 2001. IV Aplee. App. at 1315. There is no question as to whether a regional transit choice will be made.

Third, while the project may address a “need for new road construction now,” the decided focus of the FEIS and its evaluation of alternatives “is to provide a solution to meet the 2020 transportation needs of the North Corridor.” Aplee. App. 261. The estimated time to construct the Legacy Parkway and reconstruct 1-15 is seven years. II Aplee. App. at 730.

Delaying the Legacy Parkway and 1-15 project until after all or part of the public transit expansion is in place is an alternative that could be reasonable and one the Agencies did not include in the FEIS, thus rendering it inadequate. ■ Appellees rely upon North Blockhead Civic Ass’n v. Skinner, 903 F.2d 1533, 1541-43 (11th Cir.1990), holding that while an agency must consider realistic possibilities, it need not consider unreasonable, speculative possibilities.

In that case, however, the panel held that a detailed discussion of a contended-for alternative (heavy rail transit) was unnecessary because nothing suggested it would have a less severe environmental impact, and it would not solve the problem at hand— surface street congestion. Id. at 1543.

Here, the Agencies were not faced with an unreasonable or speculative alternative; indeed, the Agencies relied upon public transit to meet part of the demand in 2020, and simply did not take a hard look at whether public transit could alleviate the immediacy of the need for the 1-15 expansion or Legacy Parkway construction. 7.

Failure to Consider Integration of the Legacy Parkway and Transit In an argument closely related to an alternative sequencing, the Appellants assert that NEPA was violated by a failure to consider integrating the construction of the Legacy Parkway with the expansion of public transit as a reasonable alternative. As discussed in I.C.6, no mention is made in Appendix G of when public transit should be expanded relative to the Legacy Project.

Appellants have cited comments by the FTA and comments submitted to the Agencies discussing the significant savings to be gained by building the Legacy Parkway and expanding public transit simultaneously. I ApltApp. at 227. Appel-lees’ only response is to cite to comments in the COE’s ROD, COE, and FHWA comments made after the FEIS, and a January 2001 letter from the COE to the EPA. Aplee. Br. at 28 (citing I Aplee. App. at 61; IV Aplee. App. at 1315,1428).

All of these came after the June 2000 FEIS; none of them demonstrate that integration was considered; and none of them explain why integrating the Legacy Parkway with the expansion of public transit is not a reasonable alternative. We, therefore, conclude that omitting integration as a reasonable alternative in the FEIS renders it inadequate. 8. Failure to Consider Expanding 1-15 and Transit First Appellants argue that the Agencies failed to consider whether 1-15 could be expanded without the Legacy Parkway. Appendix G of the FEIS contains a detailed discussion of options for the construction sequence. II Aplee.

App. at 72ÍM7. The FEIS concludes that it would be safer, cheaper, and better for the environment to construct the Legacy Parkway prior to expanding 1-15. II Aplee. App. at 736. Although “[documentation in the administrative record indicates that 1-15 could be expanded without the Legacy Parkway,” Aplt. Br. at 36, it also demonstrates the reasonableness of the Agencies’ conclusion that it would be better to build the Legacy Parkway before reconstructing 1-15. II Aplee. App. at 729-47.

As we have noted before, it is well established that agencies are entitled to rely on their own experts so long as their decisions are not arbitrary and capricious. Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1036. 9. Failure to Give Basis for Financial Constraints Estimates on Transit Expansion Appellants suggest that NEPA was violated because the FEIS limited the amount of transit capacity that could be developed based on assumptions of the likely future financial resources of the Utah Transit Authority (“UTA”) without setting forth those assumptions in either the FEIS or the record. Aplt. Br. at 37-38.

As discussed at I.A., NEPA regulations require the agency to verify the accuracy of information supplied by an applicant. 40 C.F.R. § 1506.5(a). However, UDOT, not UTA, is the Applicant in this case. Additionally, the FEIS states and the record supports that the information used in the FEIS for projecting UTA’s future financial resources was developed by the Agencies “in consultation with the UTA,” not merely supplied by the UTA without verification by the Agencies. I Aplee. App. at 277. See also III Aplee.

App. at 931 (statement made in 1998 by representative of UTA that UTA has reached the limit of its resources), 1110 (letter written in February 2000 from UTA to UDOT stating that it is confident it can meet the 10 percent of 2020 demand allocated to it “if sufficient resources can be found”); II Aplee. App. at 750 (document apparently included in the appendix to the FEIS which gives estimates of the cost and capacity of different forms of transit and citing to the Long Range Transit Analysis done by WFRC); I Aplee.

App. at 268 (Table 2-1 of FEIS giving estimates of cost per mile for rail transit based on the North Front Range Transportation Alternative Feasibility Study of 1999). The fact that Appellants disagree with the financial projections that UTA and the Agencies made does not by itself make those projections inadequate. The Appellants also charge that “[t]he Federal Agencies failed to anticipate the hundreds of millions of dollars of additional revenue from the sales tax for transit projects passed by referendum in November 2000.” Aplt. Br. at 38 n. 13.

However, Appellants have failed to explain how a FEIS from June 2000 violated NEPA by not anticipating a sales tax that was passed in November 2000, especially when voters had previously rejected a tax increase to support transit. Ill ApltApp. at 1019. D. Reducing Travel Demand and Alternative Land Use Scenario Alternative The Appellants contend that NEPA was violated by the FEIS’s failure to consider reducing travel demand through alternative land use scenarios in combination with mass transit as a reasonable alternative. Aplt. Br. at 40.

As has been stated before, NEPA requires the rigorous exploration and objective evaluation of reasonable alternatives. 40 C.F.R. § 1502.14(a). The Agencies argue that reducing travel demand through alternative land use scenarios alone or in combination with mass transit was not a reasonable alternative. To be a reasonable alternative, it must be non-speculative, Colorado Envtl. Coalition v. Dombeck, 185 F.3d 1162, 1174 (10th Cir.1999); North Buckhead, 903 F.2d at 1541, and bounded by some notion of feasibility. Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Res. Def.

Council, 435 U.S. 519, 551, 98 S.Ct. 1197, 55 L.Ed.2d 460 (1978).

In finding that a FEIS adequately considered energy conservation as an alternative, the Supreme Court noted that There is reason for concluding that NEPA was not meant to require detailed discussion of the environmental effects of “alternatives” put forward in comments when these effects cannot be readily ascertained and the alternatives are deemed only remote and speculative possibilities, in view of basic changes required in statutes and policies of other agencies — making them available, if at all, only after protracted debate and litigation not meaningfully compatible with the time-frame of the needs to which the underlying proposal is addressed.

Vermont Yankee, 435 U.S. at 551, 98 S.Ct. 1197 (quoting Natural Res. Def. Council v. Morton, 458 F.2d 827, 837-38 (D.C.Cir.1972)). Land use is a local and regional matter. The North Corridor includes all or parts of SLC, Salt Lake County, North Salt Lake, Woods Cross, Bountiful, West Bountiful, Centerville, Farmington, Kaysville, and Davis County. I Aplee. App. at 221-22. There are, therefore, a number of local and regional governmental entities whose cooperation would be necessary to make an alternative land use scenario a reality.

The Appellees replied to comments made after the FEIS that “[t]o date, [the state, regional and local entities with responsibility for land use planning] have resoundingly declined to alter their plans based upon such comments.” Aplee. Br. at 31 (citing IV Aplee. App. at 1335). We, therefore, conclude that the Agencies’ treatment of the alternative land use was adequate. E.

Cumulative Effects of Six Lanes The Appellants allege that NEPA was violated by the FEIS’s failure to consider the cumulative impact of a future expansion of the Legacy Parkway from four lanes to six. “An environmental impact statement must analyze not only the direct impacts of a proposed action, but also the indirect and cumulative impacts.” Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1035 .(internal quotation omitted). See also 40 C.F.R. § 1508.25(a)(2) (scope of EIS is influenced by cumulative actions and impact).

Cumulative impact is defined as: the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non-Federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.7.

The Tenth Circuit has “expressed the test for whether particular actions could be considered cumulative impacts of the proposed action as whether the actions were so interdependent that it would be unwise or irrational to complete one without the others.” Airport Neighbors Alliance, Inc. v. United States, 90 F.3d 426, 430 (10th Cir.1996) (internal quotation omitted). In Airport Neighbors, the City of Albuquerque had a master plan for the city’s airport which set forth a construction

schedule in three phases over 20 years. The plan included upgrading one runway to accommodate commercial jet traffic, reconstructing another runway, expanding the terminal facility, constructing a second parking structure, building a new cargo services building, expanding surface access roads, and relocating rental car facilities. Id. at 428. The appellants challenged an environmental assessment covering only the runway upgrade as being inadequate under NEPA because it failed to consider the cumulative impacts of the other components of the plan.

The appellees responded that the runway upgrade was independent from the plan and that the other components of the plan were merely elements that might be complemented over a twenty-year period. Id. The court found that the record suggested that the city would upgrade the runway even if the other components of the master plan were not implemented. Id. at 431. The court concluded that the components of the plan were not so interdependent that it would be unwise or irrational to complete the runway upgrade without them. Id.

According to the court, requiring a cumulative EIS to analyze possible future actions in a twenty-year master plan would result in a misallocation of resources, and would undercut NEPA’s objective of useful environmental analysis regarding major federal actions. Id. In this case, the Appellants assert that it is reasonably foreseeable that the Legacy Parkway will be expanded to six lanes because of the “Note” in the Evaluation Report that the wide median is necessary for the possible addition of two lanes, I Aplee.

App. at 111, the fact that the FEIS points out that there is ample room in the median for two additional lanes, I Aplee. App. at 287, the suggestion that the Legacy Parkway be expanded to six lanes by 2015 in the WTC MIS, ApltApp. at 880, and the fact that the Shared Solutions Plan will only meet 90 percent of the demand projected for the year 2020, I Aplee. App. at 623.

The Agencies argue that they reasonably concluded that the FEIS did not need to consider the potential impacts of an expansion to six lanes because the Legacy Parkway has been defined as a four-lane highway in the FEIS, I ApleeApp. at 167, the FHWA’s ROD, I Aplee. App. at 2, the COE’s ROD, I Aplee. App. at 39, the § 404(b)

(1) Evaluation Report, I Aplee. App. at 111, and the COE’s Permit, I Aplee. App. at 124. The only place that six lanes were proposed was in the Western Transportation Corridor (“WTC”) MIS. Additionally, the record shows that the Agencies considered whether the cumulative impacts of adding two lanes needed to be included in the FEIS and determined that it did not. IV Aplee. App. at 1191,1253. Under the arbitrary and capricious standard of review, this court must give the Agencies’ decision substantial deference.

After an examination of the authority cited by the parties, we conclude that the Legacy Parkway as currently planned and the possible addition of two lanes are not so interdependent that it would be unwise or irrational to complete one without the other. Airport Neighbors, 90 F.3d at 430. Therefore, it was unnecessary to include the cumulative impact of any potential expansion to six lanes in the EIS. F.

Failure to Consider Land Use Impacts An EIS must analyze not only the direct impacts of a proposed action, but also the indirect impacts of past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency or person undertakes such other actions. See Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1035. Indirect impacts are defined by the NEPA regulations as being “caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable .... [They] may include growth inducing effects.... ” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.8(b).

Appellants consider the FEIS to be inadequate under NEPA because it does not consider the land use impacts that the Legacy Parkway will have on the North Corridor. Aplt. Br. at 47. “In reviewing the adequacy of a final environmental impact statement we merely examine whether there is a reasonable, good faith, objective presentation of the topics [NEPA] requires an [EIS] to cover.” Colorado Envtl. Coalition, 185 F.3d at 1172 (internal quotations omitted).

The FEIS states that: Consultations with local planners indicate that ultimate growth patterns and planned land uses would not change as a result of building the Legacy Parkway. However, the type of development that would occur around the area of the Legacy Parkway interchanges (at 500 South and at Parrish Lane) would likely be different than the type of development that would occur without the Parkway. ... [Therefore, the development would occur sooner with the Parkway than without it.” I Aplee. App. at 443. See also I Aplee. App. at 451-52.

The Appellants argue that the FEIS’s conclusion that there would be no land use impacts attributable to the Legacy Parkway is circular and illogical “because municipal planners had already modified their land use plans to accommodate the sprawl development that will be caused by construction of the Legacy Parkway.” Aplt. Br. at 47-48. The Legacy Parkway has been under consideration in some form or another since 1996 and most if not all of the local governments in the North Corridor have revised their land use plans in the intervening six years. We reject Appellants’ challenge.

First, there is some authority for allowing agencies to rely on local planning documents in an EIS to establish that a proposed highway will not result in further growth. Laguna Greenbelt, Inc. v. United States Dep’t of Transp., 42 F.3d 517, 524 n. 6 (9th Cir.1994). Such reliance may readily show that land use impacts may be nil because the surrounding land at issue is already developed or is otherwise committed to uses that were not contingent on the project under consideration. City of Carmel-by-the-Sea v. United States Dep’t of Transp., 123 F.3d 1142, 1162 (9th Cir.1997).

Second, the FEIS states that the Agencies consulted with local planners, not local plans. Appellees’ citations to local plans that reflect the Legacy Parkway does not prove that the local planners were not able to advise the Agencies of what land use would occur without the Legacy Parkway. Appellants additionally note that the FEIS’s finding of no land use impacts was criticized by other agencies. However, NEPA requires agencies preparing an EIS to consider and respond to the comments of other agencies, not to agree with them. Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1038 (citing 40 C.F.R. § 1503.4).

The record indicates that the Agencies considered and responded to the comments of other agencies. Many of the criticisms cited by the Appellants in their brief were made early in the NEPA process and do not reflect the agencies’ final positions on this issue. IV Aplee. App. at 1255. The FEIS’s conclusion that the Legacy Parkway would not impact land use does not render the EIS inadequate. G. Failure to Consider Impacts to SLC Appellants assert that the FEIS is inadequate under NEPA because it did not consider the impact construction of the Legacy Parkway will have on SLC.

Appellants’ brief contains a list of twelve alleged impacts to SLC that the FEIS failed to consider. Aplt. Br. at 55. As noted above, issues will be deemed waived if they are not adequately briefed. Phillips, 956 F.2d at 954. We do not consider merely including an issue within a list to be adequate briefing.

Therefore, we will consider only those impacts Appellants briefed which include (1) the FEIS’s failure to consider whether the' proposed Legacy Parkway is consistent with the SLC Transportation Master Plan, (2) the FEIS’s failure to analyze the impact increased auto congestion will have on SLC, and (3) the FEIS’s failure to consider the social and economic impacts that increased congestion will have on SLC.

The Agencies responded on at least one occasion to comments expressing concern about impacts on SLC from the construction of the Legacy Parkway by stating that the purpose of the Legacy Parkway was not to bring more cars to SLC. IV Aplee. App. at 1314.1. As the Appellants point out in their brief, purpose and intent respecting a project’s impacts are irrelevant. Agencies must evaluate all reasonably foreseeable project impacts regardless of whether they are intentional. Aplt. Br. at 57. See also 40 C.F.R. §§ 1502.16(b), 1508.8(b). 1.

Consistency with the SLC Transportation Master Plan NEPA regulations require that: To better integrate environmental impact statements into State or local planning processes, statements shall discuss any inconsistency of a proposed action with any approved State or local plan and laws ... [w]here an inconsistency exists, the statement should describe the extent to which the agency would reconcile its proposed action with the plan or law. 40 C.F.R. § 1506.2(d).

The Appellants charge that the Agencies did not discuss the inconsistency between the SLC Transportation Master Plan and the Legacy Parkway and did not describe the extent to which the Agencies would reconcile the proposed action with the plan. See III ApltApp. 829. The Appellants based their assertion of inconsistency on the fact that the SLC Transportation Master Plan indicated that the City had shifted priorities to mass transit and multiple forms of transportation and away from increasing road capacity and meeting the needs of the single-occupant automobile. Aplt. Br. at 56.

The Agencies reviewed and the FEIS describes eight different SLC transportation plans, including the SLC Transportation Master Plan of 1996. I Aplee. App. at 229; see also I Aplee. App. 451. Many of these plans anticipate an increase in travel demand in SLC, and some specifically recommend construction of a new north-south highway. Aplee. App. at 231. Furthermore, a map from the SLC Transportation Master Plan of 1996 shows a proposed West Davis Highway running north from SLC and located west of 1-15. IV Aplee. App. at 1555.

The Appellants have not cited any place in the SLC Transportation Master Plan where all new road construction was opposed. Shifting priorities and opposing any and all new construction are different things. Therefore, the EIS is not inadequate on this basis. We find that the FEIS’s apparent conclusion that the Legacy Parkway project was not inconsistent with SLC’s plans does not render the FEIS inadequate. 2.

Impact Increased Auto Congestion will have on SLC Appellants assert that the FEIS failed to discuss the impact increased auto congestion caused by construction of the Legacy Parkway will have on parking, arterial and side streets, and pedestrian and bicycle safety in SLC. The Agencies only have a duty to discuss in the FEIS impacts that are reasonably foreseeable.

Even as to impacts that are sufficiently likely to occur such that they are reasonably foreseeable and merit inclusion, the FEIS need only furnish such information as appears to be reasonably necessary under the circumstances for evaluation of the project. Sierra Club v. Marsh, 976 F.2d 763, 767 (1st Cir.1992). See also Izaak Walton League of Am. v. Marsh, 655 F.2d 346, 377 (D.C.Cir.1981) (“NEPA does not require federal agencies to examine every possible environmental consequence. Detailed analysis is required only where impacts are likely.”).

Both the Agencies’ comments and the FEIS note that with or without the Legacy Parkway there will be a substantial increase in travel demand in SLC by 2020. The FEIS calculated the percentage of the total demand in 2020 that will be caused by the construction of the Legacy Parkway at 3.3 percent or less. I Aplee. App. at 258-59. The 3.3 percent estimate includes all traffic in both directions.

When adjusted for the directional split, the fact is that while a portion of the traffic is headed in the peak direction, the other portion is traveling in the off-peak direction, and only 1.98 percent of the travel demand going to SLC in 2020 will be caused by the construction of the Legacy Parkway. While the Appellants still consider this to be a significant amount, the Agencies reasonably concluded that this amount was too small for its inclusion in the FEIS to be reasonably necessary under the circumstances for evaluation of the project. Sierra Club, 976 F.2d at 767. 3.

Social and Economic Impacts that Increased Congestion will have on SLC. As discussed above, the Agencies reasonably concluded that construction of the Legacy Parkway would not increase congestion in SLC sufficiently to merit inclusions in the FEIS. Therefore, the failure to consider the social and economic impacts of this insignificant increase does not render the EIS inadequate. H.

Failure to Consider Growth and Land Use Impacts on Areas North of the Legacy Parkway Appellants take issue with the FEIS’s failure to consider the growth and land use impacts construction of the Legacy Parkway will have on the areas north of the project area. To show that this omission was unreasonable and in violation of NEPA, they quote from an undated, untitled, anonymous document which states “It is more likely that the [Legacy Parkway and 1-15] projects will influence growth and property build-out in areas further north of the projects [than in the project corridor].” Ill ApltApp. at 1118.

In contrast, the FEIS states that “it is expected that growth patterns and planned land use north of the Legacy Parkway would not change as a result of building the Legacy Parkway.” I Aplee. App. at 443. Additionally, the Appellants note that, according to the minutes of the April 26, 2000 Federal Agency Meeting to Review FEIS Comments, while discussing Issue 12: land use discussion between the build and no-build scenarios, the EPA expressed more concern about growth and land use impacts caused by the construction on the area north of the project than on the project area. Ill ApltApp. at 1048.

First, Appellants’ document shows only that at some unknown point in the process an unknown participant felt that the Legacy and 1-15 projects were more likely to cause growth and land use impacts north of the project area than within the project area. Differences of opinion during the process between some participants does not by itself make the final conclusion of the Agencies unreasonable. Second, the NEPA requires Agencies to consider and respond to the comments of other agencies, not agree with them. Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1038 (citing 40 C.F.R. § 1503.4).

The Appellees counter that at an April 27, 2000 meeting, while discussing Issue 12: discussion of land use impacts between the no-build and build scenarios, the timing of development for lands north of the study area was discussed and revisions to the FEIS were made. IV Aplee. App. at 1194,1205. Additionally, at a June 8, 2000 meeting which the EPA attended, Issue 12 was again discussed and the issue was resolved. IV Aplee. App. at 1255. The FEIS is not inadequate on this basis. I. Impacts to Wetlands An EIS must analyze the indirect impacts of a proposed action. Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1035.

Indirect impacts are defined as being caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance but still reasonably foreseeable. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.8(b). The Appellants allege that the Agencies violated NEPA by their inadequate analysis of impacts on wetlands. After reviewing the FEIS, especially chapters three and four, we find that the indirect impact on wetlands analysis is not inadequate to the point of being arbitrary and capricious. I Aplee. App. at 325-441; 442-617.

The Appellants also contend that NEPA was violated because the Agencies: (1) failed to classify the wetlands into subcategories, (2) failed to take actual field data, (3) assumed that land use changes within 1000 feet of a wetland perimeter adequately predicted the wetlands’ level of functionality, and (4) used the Everglades HGM Regional Guidebook. 1.

Failed to classify wetlands into subcategories as required by HGM protocols The Appellants argue that the Appellees acted arbitrarily and capriciously by violating the hydrogeomorphic methodology (“HGM”) protocols by only classifying the wetlands into the general categories of groundwater slope, basin de-pressional, and lacustrine fringe without providing an explanation in the record. Aplt. Br. at 64 (citing 62 Fed.Reg. 33,609-10 (“NAP”)).

The Appellees assert that the Legacy HGM was merely guided rather than limited by the NAP and point out that early analyses that included sub-classifications did not increase the accuracy of the model over the use of the basic classifications. The Appellants’ contention that the subcategories were omitted without explanation in the record is simply inaccurate. The FEIS states that: Initially, the wetlands were characterized by HGM category and then each category was subdivided into subclasses, based upon the primary wetland vegetative community. These subclasses were used in the development of various HGM models.

Many of these vegetative communities were mapped separately, but are part of a larger depression or basin. After the HGM model was initially developed, it was found that using these subclasses of smaller vegetative communities produced results that do not accurately reflect the way these wetlands are performing their functions. Consequently, subdivision into vegetative subclasses was eliminated and the wetlands functional models are now based on the more general HGM categories (lacustrine fringe, groundwater slope and basin depressional wetlands). I Aplee. App. at 390-91.

It is arbitrary and capricious not to follow a protocol without giving a rational explanation. Big Horn Coal Co., 793 F.2d at 1169 (citations omitted) (“Agencies are under an obligation to follow their own regulations, procedures, and precedents, or provide a rational explanation for their departures.”). See also Midwestern Transp., Inc. v. Interstate Commerce Comm’n, 635 F.2d 771, 777 (10th Cir.1980) (“[T]he court must require the agency to adhere to its own pronouncements or explain its departure from them;....”); Squaiu Transit Co. v. United States, 574 F.2d 492, 496 (10th Cir.1978) (same).

Here, however, even accepting the contention that protocols were not followed, a rational explanation was given. I Aplee. App. at 390. The Appellants respond in their reply brief that “[i]f Agencies’ initial subclassifi-cation was inadequate, the appropriate response was to improve, not abandon the necessary work.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 25. It is well established that agencies are entitled to rely on their own experts so long as them decision is not arbitrary and capricious. Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1036.

The fact that the Appellants consider the experts’ decision to be an inappropriate response does not render the FEIS inadequate. 2. Failed to take actual field data for developing the functional profile. The Appellants contend that NEPA was violated by the Agencies’ failure to develop functional profiles for each wetlands subclass within the affected region and to identify and collect field data on measurable ecological attributes. Aplt. Br. at 65. As discussed immediately above, the Agencies gave a rational explanation for not classifying the wetlands into subcategories.

It would not be rational to require the Agencies to develop functional profiles for each subclass when they were not required to identify subclasses. See supra I.I.l. The Appellants’ claim that the Agencies failed to identify and collect field data on measurable ecological attributes is contradicted by the record. IV Aplee. App. at 1378, 1379, 1380, 1557; III Aplee. App. at 1122.4.

Additionally, we find it significant that the NAP states, “The functional profile is based on the experience and expertise of the A-team [assessment team] and information collected from reference wetlands.” 62 Fed.Reg. 33,607, 33,610 (June 20, 1997). 3. Assumed land use changes within 1000 feet predicted the wetlands’ level of functionality.

The Appellants allege that the Agencies violated the HGM protocols by treating all three types of wetlands as having the same functions and associated indicators based on the assumption that land use changes within 1000 feet of the wetlands’ perimeter adequately explains variations in the wetlands’ function. Aplt. Br. at 66.

Appellants cite to a 1993 Wetlands Research Program Technical Report that states, “Each population of wetland types or classes would be identified with a unique list of functions and associated indicators. (If the list is not unique in some way for the wetland type, then it is probably not adequate for assessment. In other words, the classification was not specific enough and the functional profile was not adequately prepared.)” I Aplt.App. at 82 (Mark Brinson, “A Hydrogeomorphic Classification for Wetlands”).

The NAP instructs that “[t]he functional profile is based on the experience and expertise of the A-team and information collected from reference wetlands.” 62 Fed.Reg. at 33,610. Based on their experience and expertise, the A-team concluded that the amount and degree of anthropogenic influences either within or surrounding a wetland serve as an indicator of the level of wetland functionality. This assumption was based on several regional guidebooks developed in Florida and research completed in Canada. Ill Aplee. App. at 1122.2.

Additionally, information was collected from reference wetlands that verified the model. IV Aplee. App. at 1379, 1380. Consequently, this court is unable to say that this decision of the Agencies’ experts renders the EIS inadequate. See Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1036. 4.

Use of the Everglades HGM Regional Guidebook The Appellants contend that use of the Everglades HGM Regional Guidebook by the A-team conducting the Legacy HGM was arbitrary and capricious because the Guidebook “state[s] that it is a guidebook designed to apply to only certain types of depressional wetlands in Florida, that using the guidebook for other types of wetlands even in Florida was inappropriate, and that other guidebooks will be developed for assessing the functions of other types of Florida depressional wetlands.” Aplt.

Br. at 68 (citing to II ApltApp. 698A which is from a 1997 Field Test Draft of the Everglades HGM Regional Guidebook). However, no such statement appears on the page cited by Appellants. Additionally, the record shows that the A-team considered other documents before deciding to use the Everglades HGM Regional Guidebook. Ill Aplee. App. at 1122.2-22.3. J.

Failure to Consider Impacts to Wildlife The Appellants charge that the FEIS is inadequate and violates NEPA regulations because: (1) only wildlife impacts within 1000 feet of the ROW were considered, (2) the FEIS contains inadequate wildlife impact analysis; (3) the Agencies failed to adequately consider noise impacts on wildlife; and (4) wildlife impact and success of mitigation were not considered in light of the dynamic cycle of the GSL.

Because we find that the wildlife impact analysis is inadequate under NEPA because the 1000 foot radius excluded consideration of impacts on migratory birds, it is not necessary to reach (2)-(4). 1. Only considered impacts to wildlife within 1000 feet of project Appellants contend that the FEIS violated NEPA by only considering impacts on wildlife habitat within an arbitrary 1000 foot distance from the right of way. I Aplee. App. 558, 565.

This was done even though the FWS presented evidence to the Federal Agencies that roads can cause significant adverse effects to bird populations as far as 1.24 miles from roadways, especially in open terrain like that adjacent to the proposed Legacy Parkway. Aplt. Br. at 69.

In response to a comment that was submitted alleging that the 1000-foot distance was chosen arbitrarily, the Federal Agencies made the following response: The HGM model used 1000 feet because the data we collected for land use (which extended to 1 mile from the edge of the wetland) did not result in any statistical difference from the data collected at 1000 feet. Aplee.App. at 1322 (Response to Comments, October 26, 2000).

However, by only evaluating impacts to habitat structure within 1000 feet of the roadway, the Applicant and Agencies effectively limited any assessment of wildlife use and value to smaller, less mobile species and ignored the primary concern of many public and private entities: impacts to the GSL ecosystem and its ability to continue as a nationally and internationally significant wildlife use area, particularly for migratory birds. I ApltApp. at 355 (April 2000 letter from FWS to UDOT).

The record repeatedly and without contradiction indicates that the 1000-foot limit used in the FEIS does not allow for consideration of impacts on migratory birds. I Aplee. App. at 401 (FEIS) (noting that because birds have a migratory range up to miles they are beyond the scope of the assessment model); IY Aplee. App. at 1267 (July 2000 Wetland QC Report Legacy Parkway) (same); I ApltApp. at 223 (December 1999 Meeting Minutes) (“UDWR and FWS comment that the barrier variable does not take into account the impact to avian species. Response: That information cannot be included in the HGM model, it’s too specific.

It will have to be assessed elsewhere.”); ApltApp. at 339 (June 2000 letter from FWS to FHWA) (“[T]he extent of many potential impacts to wildlife had not been quantified by HGM or any other approach.”). While we recognize that the failure “to employ a particular method of analysis” in an EIS does not render it inadequate, Utah Shared Access Alliance, 288 F.3d at 1212, here the FEIS simply is inadequate to address the impact on migratory birds.

The Appellees respond that they fully explained the rationale for their decision to study indirect wildlife impacts in a 1000 foot zone on each side of the Parkway right-of-way, Aplee. Br. at 58. However, their only citation in support of this statement is a response to a comment from October 2000 that does not address their own admission that birds were beyond the scope of the HGM. IV Aplee. App. at 1322; I Aplee. App. at 401. Further, this response regarding statistical differences in “land use” is so unclear as to make us question whether it even relates to the effects on wildlife.

The Appellees also reply that 317 acres of land preservation were added to the mitigation package because of the criticisms. Aplee. Br. at 57. Increasing the mitigation package, however, does not resolve the inadequacy of the FEIS’s wildlife impact analysis. Given that some two to five million birds use the GSL each year, a large portion of which are migratory birds, we find that limiting the wildlife impact analysis so that migratory birds are beyond its scope renders the FEIS inadequate.

K.Air Quality Impacts In response to comments on the DEIS, the FEIS increased by two million its estimate of Vehicle Miles Traveled (“VMT”) per day in 2020 under both the no-build and build scenarios. Compare II ApltApp. at 529 (DEIS estimating VMT in 2020 at 46 million), with II ApltApp. at 775 (FEIS estimating VMT in 2020 at 48 million). Additionally, the FEIS attributed 3.3 percent of the total project demand for 2020 to latent demand. II Aplt. App. at 562. Appellants assert that the FEIS is inadequate because the air pollution analysis was not adjusted to reflect the increase in VMT or the latent demand.

Aplt. Br. at 76. The FEIS did not recalculate the impact on air pollution, compare III ApltApp. at 526, with III ApltApp. at 603. This was because of the addition of a fourth county to the revised model, was explained in the FEIS, and does not make the FEIS inadequate. Ill ApltApp. at 603. As explained in the FEIS, latent demand is the portion of total demand that is influenced by the presence of impediments to travel. Ill ApltApp. at 559. It does not represent an increase in total demand.

Therefore, not adjusting the air pollution impact analysis because some of the total demand was attributed to latent demand does not make the FEIS unscientific or inadequate. The Appellants also argue that some of the comments requested that the FEIS include a hot spot analysis and that its absence is a violation of FHWA guidance documents and agency practice in other parts of the country. Aplt. Br. at 78. However, the Appellants failed to provide any support for this claim in their opening brief.

The FEIS explained that because all intersections were anticipated to perform at a service level of C or higher, no hot spot analysis was required. II Aplt. App. at 604. The FEIS is not inadequate on this basis. L. Failure to Disclose Unresolved Issues Relying upon 42 U.S.C. § 4332 and 23 C.F.R. § 771.125(a)(2), Appellants contend that the FEIS is inadequate for failing to disclose unresolved issues, specifically where the Agencies’ own experts and consultants may have expressed disagreement. Aplt. Br. at 79.

We believe that this issue has already been adequately addressed in the context of Appellants’ various challenges and does not warrant discussion, particularly because Appellants have failed to identify exactly which issues remain unresolved and have failed to brief the issue adequately. M. Failure to Insure Accuracy of the FEIS Appellants argue that the Federal Agencies involved abandoned their obligation under NEPA to evaluate submitted information independently and insure the accuracy of the FEIS. 40 C.F.R. § 1506.5(a); 23 C.F.R. 771.109(c)(1).

They rely upon the lack of any independent evaluation of project costs submitted by UDOT. Aplt. Br. at 81. This issue has already been adequately addressed above and does not warrant additional analysis. See supra LA. and IIA N. Failure to Insure Professional and Scientific Integrity of the EIS NEPA imposes an affirmative duty on federal agencies to “insure the professional integrity, including scientific integrity, of the discussions and analyses in the environmental impact statements.” 40 C.F.R. § 1502.24.

The Appellants advance that the Federal Agencies violated this duty as to the HGM model, the travel demand model (“TDM”), and by using different versions of the VMT model. Aplt. Br. at 82-85. Because we have addressed Appellants’ arguments about the HGM model and use of different versions of the VMT model above, we now consider only the TDM. See supra I.I and I.K. The WFRC’s daily TDM predicts that building the Legacy Parkway will result in congestion speeds being reduced from 11.4 mph to 6.9 mph but an increase in VMT. I Aplee. App. at 62 (correcting FEIS chart in II Aplee. App. at 780).

The Appellants conclude that this result is illogical and inconsistent with the stated goals for the FEIS. The Appellees explain that “this result is tied to a change in the parameters used in the no-build and the ... build alternatives. WFRC made a rational judgment to change the parameter so that the model could more accurately reflect the public’s likely response to extreme congestion,” that response being that some travelers will take a more circuitous route to avoid congestion. Aplee. Br. at 74. See also IV Aplee.

App. at 1333 (Response to comment on decreased congestion speed under build alternatives), 1334. The Appellees also indicate that only the daily TDM predicts lower congestion speeds under the build alternatives while the AM and PM TDMs predict higher congestion speeds under the build alternatives. Applying the rule of reason and overlooking minor technical deficiencies, the TDM does not render the FEIS inadequate. See Swanson v. United States Forest Serv., 87 F.3d 339, 343-44 (9th Cir. 1996). O.

Segmentation of Transportation Projects Travel demand projections for the North Corridor indicate that by 2020 a range of multi-modal transportation solutions will be needed to accommodate the safe and efficient movement of people and goods. The Legacy Parkway will provide a portion of the transportation facilities needed as one element of the “Shared Solution” transportation plan. The Shared Solution also includes reconstruction and expansion of 1-15 to ten lanes, and expansion of the public transit system. II Aplt. App. at 567.

According to the FEIS, the 1-15 project “is being proposed concurrently with the Legacy Parkway,” but the results of this evaluation are being reported in a separate EIS. II ApltApp. at 551. The FEIS for the 1-15 project was scheduled to be completed by mid 2000 with construction to begin in 2008 after completion of the Legacy Parkway. II ApltApp. at 620A, 570 (FEIS).

If the Legacy Parkway is not constructed, the FEIS indicates that it would not be reasonable to proceed with the 1-15 project because of the “unlikely chance that any advantages whatsoever would develop compared to the extreme cost to travelers.” II ApltApp. at 570. NEPA instructs that significant cumulative impacts are not to be made to appear insignificant by breaking a project down into small component parts. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.27(b)(7).

NEPA’s description of the proper scope of an EIS in 40 C.F.R. § 1508.25 instructs that (1) connected actions should be discussed in the same EIS, and (2) similar actions should be discussed in the same EIS when the best way to assess adequately the combined impacts of the similar actions or reasonable alternatives to such actions is to treat them in a single impact statement. 40 C.F.R. §§ 1508.25(a)(1), (3). A connected action is defined as being closely related to other actions and is identified based on three factors: (

i) Automatically trigger other actions which may require environmental impact statements. (ii) Cannot or will not proceed unless other actions are taken previously or simultaneously. (iii) Are interdependent parts of a larger action and depend on the larger action for their justification. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.25(a)(1).

Similar actions are actions that “when viewed with other reasonably foreseeable or proposed agency actions, have similarities that provide a basis for evaluating their environmental consequences together, such as common timing or geography.” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.25(a)(3). “Generally [under NEPA], segmentation of highway projects is improper for the purpose of preparing environmental documentation.” Ross v. Federal Highway Admin., 162 F.3d 1046, 1049 n. 3 (10th Cir.1998) (citing Village of Los Ranchos de Albuquerque v. Barnhart, 906 F.2d 1477, 1483 (10th Cir.1990)).

However, the rule against segmentation is not required to be applied in every situation. To determine the appropriate scope for an EIS, courts have considered such factors as whether the proposed segment (1) has logical termini, (2) has substantial independent utility, (3) does not foreclose the opportunity to consider alternatives, and (4) does not irretrievably commit federal funds for closely related projects. Piedmont Heights Civic Club, Inc. v.

Moreland, 637 F.2d 430, 439 (5th Cir.1981) (citing cases from the 7th Cir., 9th Cir., and 8th Cir.); Ross, 162 F.3d at 1049 n. 3 (applying same test to portion of a highway project that was segmented in an attempt to avoid NEPA requirements as to that portion); Village, 906 F.2d at 1483 (applying same test to local bridge in determining that it was not segmented improperly from a federal project). This test seems to come in part from 23 C.F.R. § 771.111(f). See also Coalition on Sensible Transp., Inc. v. Dole, 826 F.2d 60, 68 (D.C.Cir.1987).

In Custer County, 256 F.3d at 1037, we noted that projects that have “independent utility” are not “connected actions” under 40 C.F.R. § 1508.25(a)(l)(ni). An inquiry into independent utility reveals whether the project is indeed a separate project, justifying the consideration of the environmental effects of that project alone. Piedmont, 637 F.2d at 440. The Appellants assert that NEPA requires that a single EIS be prepared for the Legacy Parkway, the 1-15 project, and the expansion of the public transit. Aplt. Br. at 86.

They characterize all three projects as connected and similar actions and as interdependent parts such that the “best way” to assess adequately the combined impacts of the three components and reasonable alternatives both to and among the components is “without doubt” a single EIS. Id. at 88-89. Appellants rely upon the FEIS: It is not reasonable to include construction of 1-15 North in the No Build Alternative because of the unlikely chance that any advantages whatsoever would develop compared to the extreme cost to travelers.

In fact, the entire cost of Legacy Parkway is economically justified, based on its value as an alternative route during reconstruction of 1-15. The Legacy Parkway is part of the Shared Solution of transportation systems management, transit, and roadways proposed for the North Corridor. The 2020 capacity needs in the North Corridor would not be met without both the Legacy Parkway and the 1-15 North Improvements, even with aggressively enhanced transit.

Moreover, the North Corridor transportation needs for safety and an alternate north-south route, as well as engineering and construction constraints, compel a reasonable sequencing of construction under which the 1-15 North Improvements would occur after completion of the Legacy Parkway. II Aplt.App. 570. What this tells us is that the 1-15 reconstruction will not proceed without the Legacy Parkway, and that Legacy Parkway’s utility as an alternate route during that reconstruction alone would justify the Legacy Parkway’s cost.

Applying the test contained in the regulation, 40 C.F.R. § 1508.25(a)(l)(i)-(iii), the Legacy Parkway does not “automatically trigger” the reconstruction of 1-15, or the transit expansion. The Legacy Parkway may proceed without the reconstruction of 1-15; the regulation views actions as connected if they “cannot or will not proceed unless other actions are taken previously or simultaneously.” Here, the 1-15 project will occur, if at all, subsequently. The Appellants argue that the three components of the Shared Solution require a single EIS.

The FEIS estimates that the Legacy Parkway will facilitate 16 percent of the 2020 demand, the expansion to 1-15 will facilitate 8 percent, and the expanded transit will facilitate 12 percent. I Aplee. App. at 323. Each component can serve its transportation purpose whether or not the other projects are built. The components, although interrelated as part of an overall transportation plan, should individually contribute to alleviation of the traffic problems in the Northern Corridor, and are therefore not improperly segmented as separate projects.

See Piedmont, 637 F.2d at 440-41 (rejecting similar argument that projects were improperly segmented). Additionally, the FEIS does not state that the 1-15 project lacks independent utility from the Legacy Project. It merely points out that, without the Legacy Parkway as an alternative route, large scale reconstruction and expansion of 1-15 would impede traffic to the point that the short-term costs of the project would outweigh the long-term benefits. II Aplt.App. at 570. Moreover, there is some evidence of coordination insofar as preparation of the EIS is concerned. I Aplee.

App. at 1 (“While each project is considered separately, FHWA has developed a record that enabled the public and the decision makers to be aware of the relationship of the two projects to the overall transportation needs in the North Corridor by developing parallel Chapters 1 & 2 for the separate EIS’s.”). Given our deferential standard of review, we cannot conclude that the FEIS is deficient because the three aspects of the Shared Solution were not evaluated in a single EIS. P.

Illegal Delegation of NEPA Responsibility and Oversight While admitting that an EIS for any major federal action funded under a program of grants to states is not legally insufficient solely because it was prepared by a state agency, see 42 U.S.C. § 4332(D), the Appellants argue that this EIS is legally insufficient because it was prepared by a state agency for a state-funded project, to be used by the COE to issue a § 404(

b) permit. Aplt. Br. at 89. In the alternative, they argue that even if a state agency could prepare the EIS, the federal agencies did not sufficiently participate and independently review the work of the state agency and its contractors. Appellants rely on Sierra Club v. United States Army Corps of Eng’rs, 701 F.2d 1011, 1037-3

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