James L. DeROSA, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Randall G. WORKMAN, Warden, Oklahoma State Penitentiary, Respondent-Appellee, 679 F.3d 1196

BRISCOE, Chief Judge. Petitioner James DeRosa, an Oklahoma state prisoner, was convicted of two counts of first-degree felony murder and sentenced to death on both counts. The two murders that were the subject of his convictions occurred on October 2, 2000. DeRosa unsuccessfully challenged his convictions and sentences on direct appeal, as well as in an application for state post-conviction relief. DeRosa then sought federal habeas relief by filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

The district court denied his petition but granted a certificate of appealability (COA) as to one issue. We, in turn, granted a COA on two additional issues. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we now affirm the decision of the district court. I Factual background The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA), in addressing DeRosa’s direct appeal, outlined the relevant background facts of DeRosa’s crime: Around 9:00 p.m. on Monday, October 2, 2000, James L.

DeRosa and John Eric Castleberry talked their way into the rural Poteau home of Curtis and Gloria Plummer and then robbed them, stabbed them, and cut their throats, leaving them dead on the floor. DeRosa and Castleberry then stole approximately $73 and left in the Plummers’ tan 1998 Chevrolet pickup truck. The Plummers knew DeRosa, because he had previously worked for them on their ranch. He and Castleberry were apparently allowed into the home, which had a security system, on the pretense of looking for a further work opportunity. DeRosa worked for the Plummers during the summer of 1999.

He apparently began plotting to rob them sometime in the spring of 2000. Chris Ford testified that during March or April of 2000, while DeRosa was renting a room in his home, DeRosa approached him about an elderly couple in Monroe for whom he had worked. DeRosa said they would be an “easy target” and asked Ford to drop him off at their house, and then DeRosa would go in and rob them. On Saturday, September 30, 2000, DeRosa brought up the idea of robbing the Plummers to Eric Castleberry and Scotty White.

The three men were hanging out in a bowling alley parking lot that night, when DeRosa asked White if he would go with him to a house in Howe, which belonged to people for whom he had previously worked, and help him rob the owners. When White declined, DeRosa asked Castleberry, and Castleberry agreed. DeRosa claimed that the people “always carried a bunch of money on‘em.” Castleberry testified that he and DeRosa needed money in order to move to Corpus Christi, Texas, to find work. DeRosa spoke to Castleberry again the next day, and Castleberry again agreed to go into the house with DeRosa.

They talked about using guns, but decided to use knives when they were unable to obtain guns. On Monday, October 2, 2000, while DeRosa, Castleberry, and White were driving back to Poteau from Fort Smith, Arkansas (where they had been visiting a friend in the hospital), DeRosa told the others, “we’re going to do it tonight.” They agreed that White would drop DeRosa and Castleberry off at the house, where they would rob the Plummers and steal their old truck, and then White would meet them at the top of Sugarloaf Mountain, where they would abandon the truck.

After attempting to track down Mavis Smith, a sister of the friend in the hospital, and getting pulled over for speeding, the men went to their various homes to prepare for the robbery. DeRosa obtained a white batting glove or golf glove from his home, but when he couldn’t find “the other one,” he got a sock to wear on his other hand. He told the others that he was going to get his mother’s gun, but then decided against it, since it was registered in her name. Castleberry already had two knives in his car, and they decided to use those instead.

Castleberry also had thick black rubberized gloves for himself in his car. DeRosa gave White, who was by then driving Castleberry’s car, directions to the Plummer home, and they arrived at approximately 9:00 p.m. DeRosa told White to check back in about ten to fifteen minutes, in case someone else was in the home. White did so, and after seeing lights on throughout the home and no sign of his friends, drove on to Sugarloaf Mountain. Meanwhile, DeRosa and Castleberry, who were not wearing disguises or masks, rang the bell at the Plummer home and were allowed in by Mrs. Plummer, in order to talk to Mr.

Plummer about possible work opportunities. Mr. Plummer was in the den watching Monday Night Football. After chatting in their den for a few minutes, DeRosa pulled out his knife, held it to the neck of Mr. Plummer, and told him to sit still. When Mrs. Plummer grabbed the cordless phone and started trying to dial, Castleberry yanked the base of the phone out of the wall, pulled out his knife, held it to Mrs. Plummer’s neck, and told her to sit still. DeRosa stayed in the den with the Plummers while Castleberry began going through bedrooms looking for things to steal.

While he was in the second bedroom, he heard DeRosa yell for him to come back and help him. ' Castleberry ran back to the den and observed DeRosa, now standing near the door to the kitchen, struggling with the Plummers. Castleberry testified that he saw DeRosa stabbing at both of them and that he saw blood “all over” Mrs. Plummer. Castleberry also observed blood on the front and the side of Mr. Plummer and saw DeRosa stab Mr. Plummer in the chest. Castleberry testified that he then went up behind Mrs.

Plummer, stuck his knife to her throat, slit her throat, and pulled her backwards and threw her down on the loveseat. Castleberry then stabbed Mr. Plummer “a couple of times” in the back. DeRosa then pushed Mr. Plummer back toward the love seat and the television. Castleberry testified that Mr. Plummer picked up the cordless phone, which was on the floor, and begged the men to let him call an ambulance for his wife, saying he would give them anything they wanted if they would just let him get help for his wife. DeRosa responded by picking up a marble-topped end table and throwing it at him. The table hit Mr.

Plummer on the head, and he fell to the ground. DeRosa then walked over and slit his throat, from ear to ear, and left him laying on the floor. Castle-berry then pulled Mrs. Plummer down off the loveseat and left her facedown on the floor, near Mr. Plummer. The men then began ransacking the house looking for cash and other valuables, but they found only Mr. Plummer’s wallet and Mrs. Plummer’s purse. DeRosa took the cash out of the wallet, and Castleberry dumped the purse onto the laundry room floor and took the cash.

When they couldn’t find the keys for the older white pickup parked outside, they decided to take the much newer, tan Chevrolet pickup that was parked in the garage. DeRosa drove the truck to the top of Sugarloaf Mountain, but decided not to leave it there, thinking it would be “too obvious.” They met White on their way back down. DeRosa told White to wait for a few minutes and then meet them at the Poteau City Lake.

Castleberry testified that when they got to the City Lake, they “[p]ut the truck in the water and got in the water and rinsed the blood off us and changed clothes.” White testified that as he pulled up, he could see the back of the truck and its taillights, as the truck sank into the lake. DeRosa and Castleberry put their wet, bloody clothing into a black plastic garbage bag and put on fresh clothing, from out of Castleberry’s car. Castleberry testified that he put all of his wet clothing into the bag except his underwear, which he couldn’t find, and that he threw his gloves and his knife into the lake.

DeRosa put his knife into the bloody sock that he had worn on his hand and threw it into the water too. The three men then got back in Castleberry’s car, drove to Taco Bell, and bought themselves tacos using the money they had stolen. Before dropping White off later that night, Castleberry told White that they “ended up having to kill 'em.” White was also told that Castleberry and DeRosa were leaving for Corpus Christi the next morning. Castleberry and DeRosa later went to a campground area and burned the clothing in the garbage bag, after spraying lighter fluid on it.

They were afraid that DeRosa’s combat boots would not burn fully, so they dropped them over a bridge near Keota Landing. Later that night Castleberry told their friend Justin Wingo, in DeRosa’s presence, that they had just killed two people and how they had done it. The next day Castleberry and DeRosa drove to Corpus Christi, Texas, to the home of Castleberry’s father. The Plummer bodies were discovered the morning of October 3, 2000.

On the morning of October 4, 2000, Scotty White, who was eighteen years old and a high school senior at the time, informed a teacher at his high school that he knew who killed the Plummers. Later that morning he met with Sheriff Kendall Ballew and investigator Shawn Ward, in the principal’s office, and told them that DeRosa and Castleberry had killed the Plummers, how they did it, what they did with the Plummers’ truck, and that they had left for Texas. After the interview the officers discovered the truck in the Poteau City Lake, right where White said it would be.

Although White initially tried to minimize his own involvement, saying that the other men just told him about what had happened, the investigating officers were suspicious about the extent of his knowledge, and took him to the district attorney’s office for further interviewing. Shortly after 1:00 p.m. that afternoon, after White was Mirandized, he told the investigating officers additional details about what had happened, including the fact that he had dropped the others off at the Plummer home.

In a third interview, conducted after a break of only a few minutes (in order for White to look at an atlas), White told them that DeRosa and Castleberry had gone to Corpus Christi. Castleberry and DeRosa were arrested by local officers in Corpus Christi, outside the home of Castleberry’s father, that same evening. When the arresting officer informed DeRosa that he was being arrested on two counts of first-degree murder in an Oklahoma case, DeRosa said, “Yeah, I heard about what happened to those people.

We had just visited ‘em so my prints are probably out there.” Sheriff Ballew and Shawn Ward arrived in Corpus Christi on October 5, 2000, to transport DeRosa and Castleberry back to Oklahoma. After being advised of his Miranda rights and agreeing to waive them, Castleberry agreed to talk with Ballew and Ward. Though he initially denied involvement in the Plummer killings, Castleberry then relented, and in a tape-recorded interview, told Ballew and Ward essentially the same detailed story that he testified to at trial. DeRosa v. State, 89 P.3d 1124, 1129-1133 (Okla.Crim.App.2004) (DeRosa I).

The state trial proceedings On October 4, 2000, DeRosa was charged by information in the District Court of LeFlore County, Oklahoma, Case Number CF-00-635, with two counts of first-degree felony murder. The prosecution subsequently filed a bill of particulars alleging that DeRosa “should be punished by death due to the following aggravating circumstances”: (1) the murders were especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel; and (2) the murders were committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing lawful arrest or prosecution. State ROA at 101, 105, 220.

Three attorneys from the Oklahoma Indigent Defense System (OIDS) were appointed to represent DeRosa: James Rowan, Jason Spanich, and James Lockard. The case proceeded to trial on October 15, 2001. At the conclusion of the first-stage evidence, the jury found DeRosa guilty of both counts of first-degree felony murder. The case proceeded immediately to the sentencing phase of trial. At the conclusion of the second-stage evidence, which incorporated by reference all of the first-stage evidence, the jury found the existence of both alleged aggravating circumstances with respect to each of the counts of conviction.

The jury in turn fixed DeRosa’s punishment at death for each of the two counts of conviction. On October 19, 2001, the state trial court formally sentenced DeRosa to death for each of the two murder convictions. Judgment in the case was entered on November 30, 2001. DeRosa’s direct appeal DeRosa’s lead trial attorney, OIDS attorney James Rowan, filed a notice of intent to appeal on his behalf. James Lockard, one of the OIDS attorneys who was appointed to represent DeRosa at trial, continued to represent DeRosa on direct appeal and filed an appellate brief asserting nine propositions of error.

On April 22, 2004, the OCCA issued an opinion affirming the convictions and sentences. DeRosa I, 89 P.3d at 1158. DeRosa, after unsuccessfully seeking a rehearing from the OCCA, filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court. That petition was denied on January 10, 2005. DeRosa v. Oklahoma, 543 U.S. 1063, 125 S.Ct. 889, 160 L.Ed.2d 793 (2005). DeRosa’s application for state post-conviction relief On March 25, 2004, DeRosa, represented by private counsel, filed an application for state post-conviction relief and a verified motion for evidentiary hearing on his post-conviction claims.

In his first proposition of error, DeRosa alleged that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to (

a) rehabilitate a prospective juror regarding her willingness to consider the death penalty; (

b) object to the district attorney’s efforts to limit the jury’s consideration of mitigating evidence; and (

c) request that the state trial court instruct the jury regarding DeRosa’s right not to testify. In his second proposition of error, DeRosa argued that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the four distinct issues on direct appeal, In his third proposition of error, DeRosa asserted a claim of cumulative error, arguing that the combination of errors raised in his direct appeal and on post-conviction rendered his death sentences unconstitutional.

On May 3, 2004, less than one month after it denied DeRosa’s direct appeal, the OCCA issued an order denying DeRosa’s application for post-conviction relief and his motion for an evidentiary hearing. The OCCA concluded that all of DeRosa’s claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel were procedurally barred due to DeRosa’s failure to assert them on direct appeal. The OCCA in turn rejected DeRosa’s ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims on the grounds that the failure of DeRosa’s appellate counsel to raise the issues identified by DeRosa did not constitute deficient performance.

Lastly, the OCCA concluded that DeRosa’s claim of cumulative error was barred by res judicata. DeRosa’s federal habeas proceedings DeRosa initiated these federal habeas proceedings on May 13, 2005, by filing motions for appointment of counsel and to proceed in forma pauperis. The district court granted those motions and appointed counsel to represent DeRosa. On December 23, 2005, DeRosa’s appointed counsel filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

The petition asserted twelve grounds for relief: (1) that trial counsel’s failure to investigate fully and to present readily available evidence in mitigation denied DeRosa effective assistance of counsel and a fair sentence procedure; (2) the denial of DeRosa’s change of venue motion deprived DeRosa of a fair trial;

(3) DeRosa’s right to a fair jury was violated when the trial court excused improperly a prospective juror who was able to consider all sentencing options; (4) the improper actions of the prosecutor denied DeRosa a fair trial and reliable sentencing; (5) the irrelevant and inadmissible comments of witness Janet Tolbert denied DeRosa a fair trial and sentencing determination; (6) admission of the victim-impact evidence denied DeRosa a fair trial;

(7) DeRosa was deprived of a fair sentencing determination due to the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury that it had to find beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating circumstances found to exist outweighed the mitigating circumstances, and DeRosa’s appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to present this claim on direct appeal; (8) the murder-to-avoid-arrest aggravating circumstance was not established by sufficient evidence and was unconstitutional as applied to DeRosa; (9) the heinous, atrocious, or cruel aggravating circumstance was not properly defined; (10) the jury was not told that DeRosa had a constitutional right not to testify; (11) the cumulative effect of numerous errors denied DeRosa a fair trial under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments; and (12) the lethal injection protocols proposed to be used by the State of Oklahoma violate the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments.

On September 27, 2010, the district court issued an opinion and order denying DeRosa’s petition. Judgment was entered in the case that same day. DeRosa filed a timely notice of appeal and a motion for COA. On November 1, 2010, the district court granted DeRosa a COA with respect to his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim, but denied DeRosa’s motion with respect to all of the other issues asserted in the petition.

We subsequently granted DeRosa a COA with respect to two additional issues: (1) whether the cumulative effect of the improper comments of the prosecuting attorney made during both phases of trial was harmless; and (2) whether allowing the jury to hear the responses of two victim-impact witnesses who testified during the penalty phase of trial was harmless constitutional error. II Our review of DeRosa’s appeal is governed by the provisions of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). Snow v. Sirmons, 474 F.3d 693, 696 (10th Cir.2007).

Under AEDPA, the standard of review applicable to a particular claim depends upon how that claim was resolved by the state courts. Id.

If a claim was addressed on the merits by the state courts, we may not grant federal habeas relief on the basis of that claim unless the state court decision “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,” id. § 2254(d)(2). ‘When reviewing a state court’s application of federal law, we are precluded from issuing the writ simply because we conclude in our independent judgment that the state court applied the law erroneously or incorrectly.” McLuckie v.

Abbott, 337 F.3d 1193, 1197 (10th Cir.2003). “Rather, we must be convinced that the application was also objectively unreasonable.” Id. “This standard does not require our abject deference, ... but nonetheless prohibits us from substituting our own judgment for that of the state court.” Snow, 474 F.3d at 696 (internal quotation marks omitted). If a claim was not resolved by the state courts on the merits and is not otherwise procedurally barred, our standard of review is more searching.

That is, because § 2254(d)’s deferential standards of review do not apply in such circumstances, we review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings, if any, for clear error. McLuckie, 337 F.3d at 1197. Ill Ineffective assistance of trial counsel In Proposition One of his appellate brief, DeRosa contends that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing to contact and present during the second stage of trial “crucial, obvious witnesses available and willing to testify” on DeRosa’s behalf. Aplt. Br. at 9.

In support, DeRosa argues “that the entire mitigation effort [at trial] flowed from, and was shaped by, [his] mother Cassie (Naydan) DeRosa.” Id. at 14. But, he argues, “Cassie DeRosa was, in truth, a raging sociopath with an unimaginably destructive effect on [him],” and “[t]his is a horror story, both biologically and environmentally, that the jury should have heard.” Id. In turn, DeRosa contends that his counsel should have located and presented as witnesses during the second-stage proceedings (

a) his maternal grandmother, Connie Naydan Carroll, (

b) his father, James Money, (

c) his maternal uncle, Michael Naydan, (

d) his high school counselor, Virginia Poe, and (

e) his high school track coach, Stan Stone.

a) Exhaustion of state court remedies It is undisputed that DeRosa never presented his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel to the Oklahoma state courts for review. Generally speaking, we may not review a claim for federal habeas relief unless “the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A). AEDPA, however, allows for a “State, through counsel, [to] expressly waive[ ] the [exhaustion] requirement.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(3). And respondent in this case has done precisely that. Accordingly, we shall proceed to review de novo the merits of DeRosa’s claim.

b) Applicable federal law DeRosa’s claim is governed by the standards outlined in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

In Strickland, the Supreme Court held that “[a] convicted defendant’s claim that counsel’s assistance was so defective as to require reversal of a conviction or death sentence has two components.” Id. at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052. “First,” the Court noted, “the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient.” Id. “This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. “Second,” the Court noted, “the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Id. “Unless a defendant makes both showings,” the Court held, “it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.” Id.

Notably, the Supreme Court has “declined to articulate specific guidelines for appropriate attorney conduct and instead ha[s] emphasized that ‘[t]he proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.’ ” Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 521, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052). There is a strong presumption that “an attorney acted in an objectively reasonable manner and that an attorney’s challenged conduct might have been part of a sound trial strategy.” Bullock v.

Carver, 297 F.3d 1036, 1046 (10th Cir.2002) (emphasis omitted). And, because “[t]here are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any given case,” “[e]ven the best criminal defense attorneys would not defend a particular client in the same way.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

c) The merits of DeRosa’s claim As a threshold matter, it is well established that “insufficient preparation of the mitigation case can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” Wilson v. Sirmons, 536 F.3d 1064, 1142 (10th Cir. 2008) (citing Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 395, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000)). “But this is so only if the investigation fails to ... uncover significant mitigating evidence.” Id. at 1143. And, even if counsel’s performance is determined to have been deficient, DeRosa must further establish that the deficient performance prejudiced his defense.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (“An error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no effect on the judgment.”). In order to assess both prongs of the Strickland test, we shall begin by reviewing the mitigating evidence that was actually presented by DeRosa’s trial counsel. We will then review the additional mitigating evidence that DeRosa now contends should have been presented.

Mitigating evidence presented at trial: At the sentencing phase of trial, DeRosa’s appointed counsel presented testimony from the following five witnesses: Jason DeRosa — Jason is DeRosa’s older half-brother (they have the same mother, but different fathers).

Jason testified at length about DeRosa’s unstable and painful childhood, including the fact that, when DeRosa was approximately three years old, their mother Cassie, in order to facilitate her own military training, left them in a full-time daycare center for a lengthy period of time, at the end of which their maternal grandmother retrieved them and took them to Dallas to live with her for approximately three years. From there, Jason testified, DeRosa was taken in by his biological father, James Money, Sr. (Money), and DeRosa lived with Money and his new family for approximately five years.

At the approximate age of eleven, DeRosa moved to Indianapolis to live with his mother, her new husband, James DeRosa Sr. (DeRosa Sr.), and Jason. In 1992, DeRosa Sr. died while on active duty in the military. Jason testified that “[tjhere was no structure to [DeRosa’s] life, through the ... whole childhood and up until he was an adult,” Tr. at 602, and that DeRosa “felt like he didn’t belong a lot of times,” id. at 603. Jason further testified that he loved DeRosa and he asked the jury to spare DeRosa’s life.

Cassie DeRosa—Cassie, DeRosa’s mother, testified that DeRosa was born on March 17, 1977, in Irving, Texas, and that at the time of his birth their family included herself, her then-husband, Money, and her son Jason. A few weeks after DeRosa was born, she testified, Money stole approximately $1,500 from his employer and fled to San Francisco. Money returned to Irving approximately four months later. Shortly thereafter, Cassie testified, she came home one day to find Money on the couch with a male lover.

She testified that she responded by moving out of the family’s house with her two sons, and proceeded to try to raise them by herself. According to Cassie, her mother did not help her with raising the two boys. She testified: “My mother doesn’t — my mother never cared for me. A few years ago, she finally gave me an answer when I asked why, and she said, well, you were defective. So she never liked me much.

She never — when she wanted something or needed me, or needed help or wanted something, then I was her daughter, and other than that, I wasn’t her daughter and she didn’t care for Jimmy, Jr. [i.e., DeRosa.] Jimmy, Jr. looked like me, from the day he was born he was defective, and so it’s like she — she loved Jason, and loved him above everything, but the other two-thirds, you know, didn’t count.” Id. at 610. Cassie testified that on the morning of November 28, 1978, she enlisted in the military, and later that afternoon filed for divorce from Money.

She testified that she did so in that particular order because she would not have been allowed to enlist if she was a single mother. According to Cassie, she left for basic training in late December 1978, and her mother agreed to take care of Jason, “but she didn’t keep [DeRosa].” Id. at 612. DeRosa was apparently left to be cared for by a roommate of Cassie’s. Later on, Cassie testified, she was selected to attend a drill sergeant academy in Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.

Her mother, she testified, refused to take her boys because of the expense, and instead “located this daycare center at Lawton[, Oklahoma, that was] specifically tailor-made to military people with children that get called out.” Id. Cassie testified that she proceeded to place her sons in the daycare center and left for training. When she returned approximately two-and-a-half weeks later, she testified, her “mother had been there earlier that day” and had “taken [her] kids on grounds of abandonment.” Id. at 614.

Cassie testified that she had given the director of the daycare center a letter forbidding them from allowing her mother to take custody of the boys, but she testified that her mother forged a document in order to obtain their custody. Cassie also testified that her mother obtained restraining orders prohibiting Cassie from having contact with her boys, and that when she (Cassie) actually attempted to visit her boys on one occasion, her mother threatened to kill her and chased her away at high speed in an automobile.

Cassie testified that approximately two months after her mother took the boys from the daycare center, her mother sent DeRosa to Boston to live with Money. According to Cassie, when she remarried DeRosa Sr. in 1985, her mother told her she deserved her children and could have them back. She testified that Jason returned to live with her in 1987, and that DeRosa returned to live with them in April 1988. Cassie testified that she soon realized, however, that DeRosa was “a handful” and had problems with authority and discipline. Id. at 618.

In August 1988, Cassie testified, she, DeRosa Sr., and the two boys moved to Germany. In Germany, DeRosa engaged in inappropriate behaviors and eventually had to be sent back to Arkansas to be admitted temporarily to a hospital psychiatric unit for treatment for concentration hyperactivity disorder and severe depression. According to Cassie, DeRosa was depressed about the physical and mental abuse he had suffered, and she testified that they suspected he had been sexually molested at some point by Money.

Cassie testified that DeRosa, “even at sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen years old” would “just stand in the middle of the room and scream,” and that she would hold him in a rocking chair and he would say, ‘Make the pain go away, mom. Make the pain go away.’ ” Id. at 623. Cassie opined that she likewise suffered from depression and concentration hyperactivity disorder, and she testified that after her mother took her boys, she “ended up becoming a functioning alcoholic for quite sometime until [she] went and got ... psychological treatment.” Id. at 625.

After DeRosa was discharged from psychiatric treatment, he attended high school in Oklahoma. Cassie testified that DeRosa was smart, but was bored with school and had problems with his grades. And she testified that he would intentionally fail or make bad grades in order to prevent good things from happening. “It was almost like he didn’t want anything good to happen to him,” she testified. Id. at 629. Following graduation from high school in 1995, Cassie testified, DeRosa joined the Army.

He received a bad-conduct discharge, however, for stealing a car, and was sentenced to ten months in the military correctional facility at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. After completing that sentence, Cassie testified, DeRosa returned to Poteau, Oklahoma, and lived with her for some time while working a series of low-paying restaurant and retail jobs. In April 1999, Cassie testified, she began working for the Plummers, helping to maintain all of the houses, lawns, and equipment on their rural property.

Cassie testified that from mid-August to mid-September of 1999, she had to leave Poteau to attend a thirty-day annual training session with the Army reserves, and during that time the Plummers agreed to allow DeRosa to fill in for her. Ultimately, Cassie testified that, although she did not condone DeRosa’s actions in robbing and murdering the Plummers, she still loved him, and she asked the jury to spare his life. In doing so, she stated: “He didn’t deserve the life that he has had to live. There’s no fault of his own.

He’s lived a life that I didn’t choose for him, I didn’t want for him, and I couldn’t change what happened to him.” Id. at 635. She also told the jury, “My son’s a good boy — he is a good boy. His thought patterns don’t work well sometimes and he doesn’t see beyond a certain thing.” Id. at 636. Marlene Sharp — Marlene is DeRosa’s half-sister; she and DeRosa have the same biological father (Money), but different mothers. Marlene, who is approximately eleven years older than DeRosa, testified that she first had contact with DeRosa when he was one year old and living in Irving, Texas, with Cassie, Money, and Jason.

Approximately three years later (when DeRosa was four years old), she testified, the two of them lived together with their father for several months (as noted, DeRosa was removed from the daycare center by his maternal grandmother and then sent to Boston to live with Money; Marlene was spending the summer with Money). During that summer, she testified, their father was never around, so she and DeRosa were always together. At some point, she testified, he began calling her “mom,” and she tried to explain to him that she wasn’t his mother. Id. at 639.

Marlene ultimately left Boston, she testified, because she woke up one night to find her father sexually abusing her. Marlene testified that she had no contact with DeRosa from that point until he and their father moved back to Texas. There, she testified, she began seeing DeRosa at least once a month. She testified that DeRosa was worried all the time and depressed. Marlene testified that she moved back in with her father and DeRosa in an attempt to rebuild her relationship with her father.

While she lived at their father’s house, she testified, DeRosa “would get beat for wetting the bed,” would have plates and dishes thrown at him, and “would take the spankings” for the misconduct of Timothy, their father’s new son. Id. at 641. Marlene testified that she ended up leaving her father’s house after six weeks because she couldn’t take things anymore. At some point after she moved out, Marlene testified, her father informed her that he was going on the road to be a truckdriver.

She testified that she was scared for DeRosa, who was approximately nine or ten at the time, to stay alone with Vicki, her father’s new wife, because Vicki was the one who had been abusing DeRosa. Consequently, she testified, she asked her father not to leave DeRosa alone with Vicki. Her father, in response, told her that Cassie had asked to have custody of DeRosa, and Marlene begged her father to allow DeRosa to move in with Cassie. Although her father agreed, she testified that, up until that point in time, DeRosa did not know that Cassie was his mother.

Marlene testified that DeRosa’s childhood was <![h]ard” and that he “[ajlways got in trouble for stuff that he didn’t do.” Id. at 642. She testified that she loved DeRosa and wanted to continue to have a relationship with him even if he was in jail. Ultimately, she stated to the jury: “I don’t want to lose him again. It’s hard. It’s hard to be taken away from people that you loved, and just one day they’re there and one day they’re not, and it happened to him all his life. He had me, then I was gone. Cassie, that he didn’t even remember. You know, my dad abandoned him, and everything.

It’s — I’m begging y’all not to take him from me again.” Id. at 643. Wanda Draper — Draper, who has a Ph.D. in human development with a specialization in education, is a professor emeritus from the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine. At defense counsel’s request, she analyzed the factors that impacted DeRosa’s development. In doing so, she testified, she interviewed DeRosa on two occasions, interviewed a number of his family members, and studied the available medical records.

Draper testified that what she “found was a child who started out with a very difficult traumatic troubled kind of life because of the early problems going on in the family into which he was born, and so he never really had a particular family with whom he lived or grew up with. He moved back and forth and among various family members and sometimes was left without any of those anchor people, so he really never had an attachment — never had an attachment to his mother because she left very early in his life, leaving him to be cared for by others: One was her own mother or his maternal grandmother.” Id. at 650-51.

Draper testified that she interviewed Connie Carroll, DeRosa’s maternal grandmother, as well as Cassie DeRosa, DeRosa’s mother. Draper testified that there was ongoing animosity between these two women, “and they each indicate[d] that they fe[lt] very strongly about the antagonism that they fe[lt] and the anger they fe[lt] toward one another.” Id. at 651. This animosity, Draper testified, negatively impacted DeRosa’s development. According to Draper, she found a pattern of abandonment in DeRosa’s life. She testified: “I specifically counted about seven times that he was abandoned.

I think there are actually more than that, but seven particular times that he was abandoned by a significant person or someone he certainly considered to be significant in his life.” Id. at 652. “[Ajbout the third time that a child has to change the significant attachment figures in his life,” Draper testified, “a child will begin to resist or back off from that attachment.” Id. And, she testified, for a child to even ask “who’s my mother” “means that child has no attachment.” Id. at 653. Draper testified that Connie, DeRosa’s grandmother, disciplined him as a young child for starting fires.

Connie told Draper that DeRosa “had been playing with matches and set a couple of fires in the house, and so she said [she] wanted to teach him a lesson and so ... she put him in one end of the bathtub, and in the other end she wadded up newspapers and she set the newspapers on fire and let them burn closer and closer to him, and she told him this is what happens if you set fires. You could easily get burned and people could get burned with this, and so he was screaming, of course, and crying.” Id. at 655-56. Draper opined that DeRosa “probably didn’t hear or understand what the message was.” Id. at 656.

Draper testified that when DeRosa was living with Connie, Connie was working two jobs and had very little extra time. Consequently, Draper testified, DeRosa went to a children’s center each morning, and then would accompany his older brother Jason to elementary school and would sit in the back of Jason’s classroom all afternoon. This practice, Draper testified, continued until Jason was in the fourth grade. Draper testified that DeRosa experienced bedwetting problems for many years, and that when he was living with Money and his wife Vicki, Vicki “would whip [DeRosa] because he wet the bed.” Id. at 658.

According to Draper, the one thing that DeRosa could count on was that he would be punished if he misbehaved. As a result, she testified, misbehaving provided a form of stability because DeRosa knew what was going to happen to him. Relatedly, Draper explained that DeRosa had “assumed disability,” which she testified occurs “where a child can’t seem to succeed in any way that is appropriate, so they succeed as a failure.” Id. at 660.

Draper testified that although DeRosa Sr. was, by all accounts, “a pretty decent human being,” id. at 661, DeRosa could not form an attachment with him because DeRosa did not know if he would be abandoned again. Further, Draper testified, DeRosa didn’t trust his mother enough to make an attachment with her either. “[I]f [Connie] the grandmother had taken [DeRosa] in and nurtured him and really cared about him,” Draper testified, DeRosa “might have made it with that, but” Connie did not do so. Id. at 663. In short, she testified, “[he] had no single consistent person in his life.” Id. at 664.

Draper opined that DeRosa “had a serious disorganized attachment disorder” that “developmentally hinder[ed] him.” Id. at 666. And in light of this disorder, she testified, she was “not surprised that he had these problems,” id., and “grew up to be a very troubled person,” id. at 669. Michael Gelbort — Gelbort, a clinical neuropsychologist, testified that he was hired by defense counsel to run a battery of tests and evaluate DeRosa.

According to Gelbort, DeRosa was in “the high average to superior range in terms of his nonverbal” ability, “[b]ut in dramatic, or really marked contrast, his left hemisphere, the verbal, logical side of [his] brain [wa]s— it[was] as if [it was] from a different person.” Id. at 684. More specifically, Gelbort testified that there was a difference of nearly two standard deviations between DeRosa’s nonverbal ability and his verbal/logical ability, and he explained that this “doesn’t happen by chance.” Id.

Gelbort opined that it meant “that something happened to the left side of [DeRosa’s] brain” and that DeRosa was “demonstrating left frontal deficits.” Id. Gelbort proceeded to explain in more detail the purpose of the left frontal lobe of the human brain. “It’s the most evolved part of the human brain,” he testified, “and what causes human beings to be able to be very sophisticated in their thinking, problem solving, [and] reasoning.” Id. at 684-85. He testified that “when you start doing damage to the frontal lobes, what you see is behavior that is not in our control.” Id. at 685.

According to Gelbort, “[p]eople with frontal lobe problems tend to come of two types: One type you don’t see, their [sic] the couch potatoes; they don’t have any initiative; they don’t do much.” Id. The second type, he testified, “are those who have defective inhibition due to frontal lobe deficits. In other words, they act on their impulses rather than saying, no, that’s a bad idea, and they get into trouble.” Id. He testified that these problems typically present when a person is in their early teens, just as they did with DeRosa.

And of these people, he testified, those who do not receive treatment in their teens, “you see that they have trouble getting along in life. Fortunately, it’s not typically criminal activity, but you see people who have trouble in their jobs, people who have trouble in their marriages, trouble in their interpersonal relationships because they’re impulsive, they act without thinking, they do things that are poorly modulated.” Id. at 686-87. Gelbort testified that “[tjhese are not things that, at this point in medical science, we know how to fix.

We do have the ability to tone them down” using things like anti-seizure medication. Id. at 688. Finally, Gelbort testified, “I think it’s a real shame that he [DeRosa] didn’t get the treatment [when he was a teenager] such that none of us would be here today.” Id. at 691. On cross-examination, Gelbort testified that DeRosa was suffering from what he described as an “acquired brain injury” resulting from a lack of development. Id. at 694. Gelbort also explained that emotionally charged situations tend to exacerbate or make the condition worse, particularly when things are happening fast.

He stated, “I don’t see, in these cases with defective frontal lobes, that these people are necessarily making choices. It’s more like the impulse' — everybody has impulses going through them all the time.” Id. at 698. Mitigating evidence that allegedly should have been presented: Having summarized the evidence actually presented at the sentencing phase of trial by DeRosa’s trial counsel, we turn next to the additional evidence that DeRosa asserts should have presented: Letter from Connie Naydan Carroll.

Most notably, DeRosa contends that his trial counsel should have presented a seven-page letter that his maternal grandmother, Connie Naydan Carroll, wrote to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Family Court on April 21, 1981. The letter, DeRosa asserts, was written in support of a request made by DeRosa’s biological father, Money, to change a custody order entered by a Texas state court following the 1977 divorce of DeRosa’s biological parents (i.e., Money and Cassie).

According to DeRosa, the following passages are the most quote-worthy: It is my firm conviction that Cassie is emotionally unstable and morally unfit to retain custody of [DeRosa] or to be responsible for his upbringing. This is also the conviction of Cassie’s father, two brothers, and grandparents on both sides. It is also the conviction of her own friends and associates who have known Cassie for that last several years. This conviction is based on the pattern that Cassie has followed since the age of 16, and the pattern has progressively grown worse and with more serious consequences as time passes.

ROA, Vol. 1,

Part 2 at 210. [U]pon being told by her ex-husband [her first husband, Jerry Friedel] that he was going to remarry, [Cassie] went to the house he was renting, and set fire to it in four separate places. Cassie was then called in by the fire marshall [sic] of Irving, Texas and questioned. I am sorry now to say that I supplied her with an alibi, hoping she would be frightened enough to change her lifestyle. I also consulted with our family doctor and attorney about the possibility of having Cassie committed for observation. Cassie’s reaction to the possibility of her having a mental problem [wa]s very hostile.

Unfortunately, we did not pursue this course. Id. at 211. I apologize for the length of this statement, but I feel it is necessary for Cassie’s past to be known, because the only change she has made in eleven years is to become more antisocial. My daughter is a sociopath in every sense of the disorder, and an enemy of society. In my opinion, she is dangerous, and she will seek revenge against any person whom she feels has wronged her. She has absolutely no conscience and her behavior is impulsive and irresponsible and often places her in dangerous situations.

She has a total rejection of authority and disregard of consequences of her actions, whether affecting her or someone else. She is a compulsive liar and has been from her youngest years. She has a very over-exaggerated sense of importance and will stop at nothing to be the center of attention or VIP. She will use anyone for whatever they can offer to help her gain her own goal. Anything she wants to do is made acceptable (in her own eyes) just by the simple fact that she wants to do it, but then she is never to blame for the results.

She prostitutes herself when necessary to gain her goal, but in her mind, nothing she has ever done was wrong. And the worst

part is that she can put up such a good front that she could fake her way right past an examining psychologist unless he were experienced and had time for complete observation. This was told me by our family doctor and attorney when I consulted them after the arson act. Id. at 213. [Cassie] is, in my opinion and the opinion of her entire family, totally incapable of providing emotional, physical, mental, or financial security for [DeRosa]. And even more important, Cassie has the most destructive influence on both children that can be imagined ... she will destroy them as functional beings. Id. at 213-14.

I have no degree in psychology, but due to the years of problems presented by Cassie, I have studied intensively the subject of abnormal psychology. I deeply regret to say that Cassie’s behaviour [sic] pattern follows exactly that of a full-fledged sociopath, fitting every characteristic and missing none. My mother (Cassie’s grandmother) has a Master’s degree in Guidance and Counceling [sic], agrees fully. Id. at 214. Jerry Friedel. Friedel was Cassie’s first husband and the father of Jason. Friedel, in an affidavit, alleged that Cassie intentionally set fire to a house he was renting following their divorce.

Michael Naydan. Naydan is Cassie’s younger brother and DeRosa’s uncle. In an affidavit submitted with DeRosa’s habeas petition, Naydan alleged that “[g]rowing up with ... Cassie was pure hell” and that “it was always very clear that Cassie had a major screw loose.” Id. at 231. Naydan characterized Cassie as “a troublemaker,” “a bully,” and promiscuous. Id. Naydan alleged that “Cassie set fire to [Friedel’s] house,” and that “[a]fter the arson, [their] parents tried to get her checked into a mental hospital for some professional help, but the doctors said it had to be voluntary.” Id. at 232.

Naydan asserted that Cassie was an unfit mother and gave examples to support his assertion. Ultimately, Naydan alleged: “My sister is as nutty as they come and has always been a pathological liar. Cassie was not only an unfit mother, but she should never have been trusted to care for a child with special needs like [DeRosa].” Id. at 235. Connie Carroll. Connie, as noted, was Cassie’s mother and DeRosa’s maternal grandmother. In an affidavit submitted with DeRosa’s federal habeas petition, Connie reiterated much of the information that was contained in her 1981 letter to the Massachusetts family court.

She further stated that “[occasionally Cassie would seem to have her act together and [she] would let the boys [Jason and DeRosa] go with her.” Id. at 238. Connie further stated that Cassie had the boys “when she was living in Lawton, Oklahoma for awhile but then she went on assignment for the military and abandoned them at a day care center.” Id. According to Connie, “Cassie got a substantial insurance settlement from [DeRosa Sr.’s] death,” but “didn’t use any of it for the [psychological] treatment that [DeRosa] needed.” Id. at 240. Jason DeRosa.

Although Jason, DeRosa’s older half-brother, actually testified as a mitigation witness on DeRosa’s behalf, DeRosa now contends that Jason could have provided additional mitigating testimony. In particular, DeRosa asserts, Jason could have testified about specific examples of Cassie’s “alcoholism, paranoia, hoarding, and other symptoms of mental illness.” Aplt. Br. at 20. DeRosa also asserts that Jason could have testified that “there were huge verbal conflicts between [Cassie] and [Connie] and one time there was even a car chase when [Connie] was chasing [Cassie] to a police station.” ROA, Vol. 1,

Part 2 at 243. James Money. Money, DeRosa’s biological father, prepared an affidavit that was submitted with DeRosa’s federal habeas petition. Money described his experiences in the Vietnam war and the impact it had on the rest of his life, including causing him to drink excessively. Money also described meeting and marrying Cassie. He stated that “[s]he would lie all the time to get out of sticky situations,” “blamed everyone else, especially her mother, for all of her troubles,” and “started fooling around behind [his] back.” Id. at 248.

Money confirmed that DeRosa lived with him and his current wife, Vicki, from the age of six until the age of eleven or twelve. He stated that after Cassie married DeRosa Sr., he agreed to let DeRosa live with Cassie and DeRosa Sr. “because [he] knew how close Jason and [DeRosa] were.” Id. at 249. “That,” he stated, “[was] the last time [he] ever saw [DeRosa].” Id. Gunhilt Money. Gunhilt Money was Money’s first wife, and Money divorced her to marry Cassie. Attached to DeRosa’s federal habeas petition was an affidavit from Gunhilt that detailed her history with Money.

She alleged that his experience in Vietnam “changed [him] into a totally different person,” and “[he] ... developed a very serious drinking problem and ... seemed angry all the time.” Id. at 259. She alleged “[he] was physically abusive to [their] children, and had no patience whatsoever.” Id. Gunhilt alleged that she divorced Money in 1974, after Money began having an affair with Cassie, and that Money “never sent [her] a dime in child support.” Id. at 260.

In approximately 1980, Gunhilt alleged, she received a phone call “from Cassie’s mother, Connie, who told [her] that Cassie had abandoned her children and [Connie] had rescued them from a day care center in Oklahoma,” and Connie “needed to know how to reach [Money] so he could take custody of’ DeRosa. Id.

She alleged that Money “came back to Dallas to get [DeRosa] and ... was arrested for non-payment of child support.” Id. at 261. “When [Money] got out of jail,” she alleged, they “attempted a reunion,” and Money and DeRosa “came to live with [her] and [her] children.” Id. “Even though [DeRosa] was three years old,” she alleged, “no one had ever toilet trained the poor child, so he was still in diapers.” Id. She alleged that DeRosa “seemed like a child who had always been sadly neglected and was in desperate need of love and caring.” Id.

According to Gunhilt, her reunion with Money “was very short-lived,” and “[s]oon thereafter, he moved back to Boston with [DeRosa].” Id. She alleged that “[w]hen [DeRosa] was about 6 years old, [Money] moved back to Dallas and married a woman named Vicki.” Id. She “would see [Money] occasionally,” she alleged, “because [her] children would visit [Money’s] home.” Id. She alleged that she and Money “would sometimes discuss the need for [DeRosa] to get some special testing or treatment, because he seemed like a child who had some problems.” Id. Donna M. Schwartz-Watts, M.D.

Sehwartz-Watts (Schwartz) is a board-certified psychiatrist and an associate professor of psychiatry and director of forensic services at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine in the Department of Neuropsychiatry. Schwartz examined various documents from this case and “opinfed] with a reasonable degree of medical certainty that ... DeRosa is predisposed to mental illness” and she concluded “[t]here [we]re indications of sexual abuse as a child including his history of eneuresis (bedwetting) and especially encopresis (soiling self).” Id. at 264. She also concluded “[t]here [we]re indications that ...

DeRosa suffered from symptoms consistent with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder during childhood.” Id. “There [we]re indications” in the materials, she alleged, “that ... DeRosa’s mother was very negligent and abusive and may have mental illness.” Id. In particular, Schwartz alleged, DeRosa’s mother “manifested] symptoms that could be consistent with a mood disorder, known as bipolar affective disorder ... and likely an underlying personality disorder.” Id. Vicki Money. Vicki married Money in 1983. At that time, Money had custody of DeRosa, and DeRosa began living with Money and Vicki.

Vicki alleged that “[i]t was always [her] understanding from both [Money] and Connie that [DeRosa’s] mother, Cassie, was unstable and unfit to care for her children.” Id. at 267. Vicki further alleged that DeRosa “had problems with frequent bedwetting” and “would [also] often poop his pants.” Id. at 268. According to Vicki, DeRosa’s “school became concerned that [DeRosa’s] problems could be a symptom of sexual abuse, so they pulled him and [Vicki’s adopted son] Tim out of class and interviewed them about [their] home life.” Id. at 269.

She alleged she “had counseled [her] son Tim, who had emotional and intellectual deficits, not to talk in school about [DeRosa’s] bed-wetting problems,” and “told [him] that what happened in [their] home was private and wasn’t anyone else’s business.” Id. “[W]hen Tim told this to the school officials who were investigating [them],” she alleged, “they thought [the family] w[as] hiding something and the state was called in to investigate.” Id. “Tim and [DeRosa] were taken away from [them] for a short time,” she alleged, “until they realized these concerns were unfounded.” Id.

Vicki alleged that she “was devastated” when Money “told [her] that Cassie and her new husband were going to take [DeRosa] with them to Germany.” Id. at 270. Ranada Gentry. Gentry is, apparently, an investigator employed by DeRosa’s federal habeas counsel. Gentry interviewed DeRosa’s former high school counselor, Virginia Poe, and DeRosa’s former high school track coach, Stan Stone.

Poe “stated [DeRosa’s] mother was very difficult to work with,” “was more strict on him than most other parents,” and “had her own mental problems.” Id. at 312. “Poe believed that [DeRosa] was a very unhappy child.” Id. “Coach Stone recalled [DeRosa] was an excellent track runner ... and in fact in 1995 ... won the Oklahoma State Championship in the 3200 meter.” Id. at 313. “During the time Coach Stone worked with [DeRosa] he could tell [DeRosa] was a really troubled kid” and “seemed to him to be a child” who had been abused and neglected.

Id. “Coach Stone remembered [DeRosa] had a very aggressive and intolerant mother” who “seemed to be pushing him without mercy.” Id. According to Stone, DeRosa “was a very effeminate guy and it seemed [that] his mother was pushing him because of this characteristic.” Id. at 314. “Coach Stone thought from his observations [that DeRosa’s] mother was very unstable.” Id. “It was Coach Stone’s opinion that this whole thing could have been prevented if [DeRosa] could have been helped.” Id. Marlene Sharp. Marlene was, as previously noted, DeRosa’s half-sister and testified on DeRosa’s behalf at the sentencing trial.

In an affidavit submitted with DeRosa’s federal habeas petition, Marlene alleged that their father, Money, was “a very heavy drinker,” and “was very strict” and “very abusive.” Id. at 355. Strickland’s first prong — deficient performance Because DeRosa never presented his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim to the OCCA, no state evidentiary hearing was held regarding the claim. Further, the federal district court in this case concluded that DeRosa could not satisfy Strickland’s prejudice prong, and thus did not hold an evidentiary hearing.

Lastly, as respondent correctly notes, DeRosa “has not produced affidavits from his trial attorneys regarding their [sentencing phase] strategy.” Aplee. Br. at 36. As a result, there is no evidence in the record on appeal detailing the sentencing phase strategy of DeRosa’s trial counsel or any evidence indicating why they did not present the additional mitigating evidence that DeRosa now points to.

After examining the mitigating evidence that was actually presented by DeRosa’s trial counsel, it is apparent that trial counsel was well aware of most, if not all, of the significant mitigating events that occurred during DeRosa’s life. In particular, DeRosa’s trial counsel was privy to (

a) the fact that most of the significant adults in DeRosa’s life, including his mother, were dysfunctional to one degree or another, (

b) the strained, antagonistic relationship between DeRosa’s mother and maternal grandmother, (

c) the series of abandonments that DeRosa was subjected to as a child, including by his mother and biological father, (

d) the fact that DeRosa’s mother essentially abandoned DeRosa and his brother by leaving them in a daycare facility for a month, and the fact that DeRosa’s maternal grandmother retrieved the boys from the daycare center and took custody of them, (

e) the fact that DeRosa was unclear, during the initial years of his life, who his mother was, (

f) the fact that DeRosa’s biological father was neglectful and possibly abusive towards DeRosa, (

g) the allegations that DeRosa’s father molested DeRosa’s half-sister, (

h) the fact that DeRosa’s stepmother, Vicki, physically punished and abused him, (

i) the fact that DeRosa displayed inappropriate behaviors as a teenager and, consequently, had to be returned to the United States from Germany and admitted for inpatient psychiatric treatment, (

j) the likelihood that DeRosa did not receive adequate inpatient psychiatric treatment upon his return to the United States, and (

k) the nature of DeRosa’s psychological issues, including in particular his left frontal lobe deficiencies and the resulting impacts on his behavior. DeRosa’s trial counsel, in turn, presented this information to the jury through the testimony of the witnesses listed above. In light of these uncontroverted facts, we are unable to conclude that the failure to present this additional mitigating evidence was an error “so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

As we have outlined, the additional mitigating evidence is, in large part, duplicative of the evidence actually presented by DeRosa’s trial counsel. And, to the extent the additional mitigating evidence is not duplicative, it is, in our view, of marginal value. Specifically, the additional, non-duplieative mitigating evidence bore no relevance to the jury’s determination of “whether either aggravating circumstance had been proved,” Weeks v.

Angelone, 528 U.S. 225, 241, 120 S.Ct. 727, 145 L.Ed.2d 727 (2000) (italics removed from original), nor was it particularly helpful in terms of “provid[ing] a lawful justification for a life sentence,” id. Strickland’s second prong — prejudice Even if we were to assume that DeRosa could satisfy the first Strickland prong, we are not persuaded that he was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s allegedly deficient performance.

In assessing prejudice, we must determine “whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the [jury] ... would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 104 S.Ct. 2052. “In making this determination, we consider the strength of the State’s case, the aggravating circumstances the jury found, the mitigating evidence defense counsel did present, and the additional mitigating evidence the defense might have presented.” Neill v. Gibson, 278 F.3d 1044, 1062 (10th Cir.2001).

At the sentencing phase of trial, the prosecution formally adopted all of the evidence it presented during the guilt phase of trial. The first-stage evidence established in particular that DeRosa was the key instigator in the decision to rob the Plummers, and was also the person who, in response to Curtis Plummer’s request to be allowed to seek help for his critically injured wife, struck him over the head with a marble-top end table and then slit his throat.

The first-stage evidence further established that the crime netted DeRosa and his accomplices approximately $73, a portion of which the three spent to buy food at Taco Bell. And, even though DeRosa’s stated purpose in committing the robbery was to obtain cash to allow himself and Castleberry to travel to Texas to look for work, in the end the robbery proceeds were insufficient to accomplish this purpose, and DeRosa and Castleberry had to borrow money from Justin Wingo in order to fund their trip.

In addition to adopting the first-stage evidence, the prosecution presented victim-impact testimony from Janice Tolbert, the Plummers’ only daughter, and Jo Milligan, the sister of Gloria Plummer. Both women read to the jury statements that they had prepared prior to trial. At the conclusion of the sentencing phase of trial, the jury found that the murders were especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel, and committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest or prosecution. The jury’s findings in this regard were supported by overwhelming evidence.

With respect to the especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel aggravator, the prosecution’s evidence, which included testimony from the medical examiner who performed the autopsies on the Plummers, established that the Plummers’ deaths were preceded by a physical and bloody struggle with DeRosa, and later Castleberry, during which both victims were stabbed multiple times.

Gloria Plummer, the evidence established, suffered five stab wounds to her back (one of which entered her chest cavity and terminated at the diaphragm, a second that entered her left lung, and a third that went into the right lobe of her liver), one stab wound to her front (that also entered her left lung and cut her aorta), and four incised wounds or cuts. One of the incised wounds was a four-inch long wound to her upper neck that passed through her windpipe and transected her left carotid artery and jugular vein.

This wound, the medical examiner testified, was caused by either sawing action with a knife or multiple passes in the same area with a knife. Although several of these wounds would have been independently fatal, the medical examiner testified, the evidence established that Gloria was conscious prior to, and likely during, the point in time that Castle-berry inflicted the incised wound to her upper neck.

As for Curtis Plummer, the evidence established that he suffered six separate stab wounds, two of which entered his lungs, as well as a seven-inch incised wound to his neck (caused either by multiple separate passes with a knife or a repositioning and a sawing type motion) that transected and passed through his trachea, windpipe, esophagus, carotid arteries, and jugular veins. The evidence also indicated that Curtis suffered a blunt force wound to the left side of his head from the marble-topped end table DeRosa threw on him.

Although this blunt force wound may have rendered Curtis unconscious, and thus unaware at the time DeRosa inflicted the lengthy wound to his neck, the evidence was uncontroverted that Curtis was conscious prior to that point, and well aware not only of his own injuries, but also of the serious injuries suffered by Gloria. Indeed, the evidence established that he begged DeRosa and Castleberry to allow him to call 911 to seek assistance for Gloria, and offered them anything he had if they would allow him to get help.

The evidence also overwhelmingly established that the murders were committed for the purpose of avoiding a lawful arrest or prosecution. The prosecution’s evidence established that the Plummers knew DeRosa because he had worked for them for a short time in the year prior to their murders. And DeRosa’s plan to rob the Plummers capitalized on this familiarity: DeRosa, accompanied by Castleberry, approached the Plummers’ home in the late evening and asked Gloria Plummer if they could enter in order to talk to Curtis Plummer about the possibility of work.

But, significantly, DeRosa’s plan to rob the Plummers did not include any method for avoiding arrest or prosecution, short of murdering the Plummers. Had the Plummers lived, they clearly could have identified DeRosa. Also, after DeRosa and Castleberry left the Plummers’ house, they drove to a local lake and disposed of evidence, including the Plummers’ truck, their clothing, and the knives, by dumping it into the lake.

Lastly, following his arrest, DeRosa told cellmate Daniel Wilson at the LeFlore County Jail “that everything went perfect until Scotty White ... c[a]me forward” and told the authorities what had happened. Tr., Vol. II at 277. Having outlined the facts relevant to the prejudice determination, we conclude there is not a reasonable probability that the additional mitigating evidence that DeRosa now points to would have impacted the jury’s findings regarding the aggravating circumstances of these murders.

Thus, the only way that DeRosa could have been prejudiced by the omission of the additional mitigating evidence is if “there is a reasonable probability that” the presentation of the additional mitigating evidence would have caused the jury to “conclude[ ] that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 104 S.Ct. 2052. On this point, DeRosa argues that, “[mjost prominently, a mountain of deeply disturbing evidence regarding [his] mother Cassie existed but was not presented at trial” and could have altered the jury’s sentencing determination. Aplt.

Br. at 31. And, he argues, “[t]he mitigating power of Connie Naydan Carroll’s letter to the Massachusetts court [wa]s unprecedented and especially strong.” Id. In short, he argues, Cassie “was ... a raging sociopath with an unimaginably destructive effect on [him],” and “[t]his [wa]s a horror story, both biologically and environmentally, that the jury should have heard.” Id. at 14. The problem with DeRosa’s arguments is that the jury was well aware, based upon the mitigating evidence actually presented by DeRosa’s trial counsel, that Cassie had serious personal issues and was far from a perfect mother.

In particular, the jury knew that Cassie effectively abandoned her young sons at a daycare center and then, after her mother took the boys from the daycare center, made no serious attempts to obtain custody of them for several years thereafter. Although the jury may not have been aware of all of the sordid details of Cassie’s life, the important point is that, through the testimony of the mitigating witnesses actually presented, the jury was made aware that DeRosa was repeatedly abandoned, rejected, or abused by the important figures in his life, most notably Cassie.

In other words, the new evidence that DeRosa now points to regarding Cassie does not “differ in a substantial way ... from the evidence actually presented at sentencing.” Clark v. Mitchell, 425 F.3d 270, 286 (6th Cir.2005). Relatedly, although DeRosa now attempts to portray his maternal grandmother as a potentially caring figure who was concerned for his well-being, the great weight of the evidence suggests otherwise. To be sure, it was Connie who retrieved DeRosa and Jason from the Oklahoma daycare center where Cassie had placed them. But Connie did not retain custody of DeRosa for long.

Instead, the record indicates that she handed DeRosa over to Money. And there is no indication in the record that DeRosa continued to have any type of contact, let alone relationship, with Connie as an adolescent or young man. In fact, the evidence indicates that, as an adult, he continued to maintain a relationship with Cassie.

Finally, and again relatedly, the mitigating evidence actually presented to the jury at sentencing established that, until DeRosa was a teenager and encountered DeRosa Sr., virtually every significant adult figure in DeRosa’s life, including Connie, was seriously flawed and either abandoned, rejected, or physically or emotionally abused him. Nor would the additional mitigating evidence have added anything significant to the jury’s understanding of DeRosa’s mental deficiencies.

As this court has previously stated, a jury “may decide not to impose the death penalty because mental illness helps to explain why the defendant behaved the way he did and makes the defendant less culpable for his crimes,” or “they may decide not to impose the death penalty because mental illness makes the defendant a more humanized, sympathetic figure.” Wilson, 536 F.3d at 1144. But DeRosa “has not shown a reasonable probability that the additional evidence he offers would have changed the jury’s balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances under either [of these] approach[es].” Id.

In sum, the mitigating evidence actually presented by DeRosa’s trial counsel did not “le[ave] the jury with a ‘pitifully incomplete’ picture of the defendant.” Id. at 1146 (quoting Anderson v. Sirmons, 476 F.3d 1131, 1148 (10th Cir.2007)). Instead, it gave the jury a relatively complete, albeit summarized, look at DeRosa’s background and mental issues. And, most significantly, we conclude there is not a reasonable probability that the additional mitigating evidence now identified by DeRosa, whether considered individually or as a whole, would have altered the jury’s sentencing determination.

Prosecutorial misconduct In Proposition Two of his appellate brief, DeRosa contends that the prosecutor engaged in multiple instances of misconduct throughout the trial that “violated specific constitutional rights and cumulatively infected [his] trial with unfairness in violation of his rights to due process of law and a reliable sentencing hearing.” Aplt. Br. at 47 (all capital letters in original).

In particular, DeRosa complains that the prosecutor: • misled/vouched to the jury that accomplice/witness Scotty White had no “deal” with the prosecution; • demeaned DeRosa’s right to remain silent and have counsel at questioning; • personally attacked/accused defense counsel of lying; • vouched for witness Shawn Ward by arguing that the prosecutors and their investigators had better things to do “than to sit around and trump up cases”; • vouched for a prosecution witness; • referred to the victims as “Papa” and “Mama Glo” in opening statement, during trial, and in closing argument; • thanked the jury in closing argument on “behalf of the family” of Papa and Mama Glo; and • negated critical mitigation evidence through improper argument and insinuation.

Id. at 5-6.

a) Clearly established federal law Prosecutorial misconduct can result in constitutional error in one of two ways. “First, prosecutorial misconduct can prejudice ‘a specific right, such as the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, as to amount to a denial of that right.’ ” Matthews v. Workman, 577 F.3d 1175, 1186 (10th Cir.2009) (quoting Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 643, 94 S.Ct. 1868, 40 L.Ed.2d 431 (1974)).

Second, absent the infringement of a specific constitutional right, prosecutorial misconduct can result in constitutional error if it “so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.” Donnelly, 416 U.S. at 643, 94 S.Ct. 1868. In other words, in the habeas context, the petitioner must establish that the prosecutor’s misconduct was “of sufficient significance to result in the denial of the [petitioner’s right to a fair trial.” Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756, 765, 107 S.Ct. 3102, 97 L.Ed.2d 618 (1987) (internal quotation marks omitted).

In considering whether a habeas petitioner has satisfied this standard, the offending prosecutorial remark or action must be placed in the context of the whole trial, and not viewed in isolation. Id. at 765-66, 107 S.Ct. 3102. DeRosa also cites to three other Supreme Court cases as providing the clearly established federal law applicable to his claims: Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 86 L.Ed.2d 231 (1985); Gardner v. Florida, 430 U.S. 349, 97 S.Ct. 1197, 51 L.Ed.2d 393 (1977); and Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 96 S.Ct. 2978, 49 L.Ed.2d 944 (1976).

In Caldwell, the petitioner was convicted of killing the owner of a small grocery store during the course of robbing it. During the second-stage proceedings, petitioner’s counsel in large part argued that the jury should show the petitioner mercy in its sentencing decision. In response, the prosecutor “sought to minimize the jury’s sense of the importance of its role,” “argu[ing] that the defense had done something wholly illegitimate in trying to force the jury to feel a sense of responsibility for its decision.” 472 U.S. at 325, 105 S.Ct. 2633.

In doing so, the prosecutor made the following arguments to the jury: Now, they [the defense] would have you believe that you’re going to kill this man and they know — they know that your decision is not the final decision. My God, how unfair can you be? Your job is reviewable. For they know, as I know, and as [the trial judge] has told you, that the decision you render is automatically reviewable by the [Mississippi] Supreme Court. Automatically, and I think it’s unfair and I don’t mind telling them so. Id. at 325-26, 105 S.Ct. 2633.

After his conviction and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal, the petitioner sought federal habeas relief, arguing that the prosecutor’s second-stage arguments led the jury to believe that the responsibility for determining the appropriateness of his death sentence rested not with it but with the state appellate court.

In addressing this issue, the Supreme Court held “that it is constitutionally impermissible to rest a death sentence on a determination made by a sentencer who has been led to believe that the responsibility for determining the appropriateness of the defendant’s death rests elsewhere.” Id. at 328-39, 105 S.Ct. 2633.

The Court noted that “[b]elief in the truth of the assumption that sentencers treat their power to determine the appropriateness of death as an ‘awesome responsibility has allowed this Court to view sentencer discretion as consistent with—and indeed as indispensable t—the Eighth Amendment’s ‘need for reliability in the determination that death is the appropriate punishment in a specific case.’ ” Id. at 330, 105 S.Ct. 2633 (quoting Woodson, 428 U.S. at 305, 96 S.Ct. 2978).

Continuing, the Court concluded that “[i]n the capital sentencing context there [we]re specific reasons to fear substantial unreliability as well as bias in favor of death sentences when there [we]re state-induced suggestions that the sentencing jury m[ight] shift its sense of responsibility to an appellate court.” Id. at 330, 105 S.Ct. 2633.

Ultimately, the Court concluded that in Caldwell’s case, “the State sought to minimize the jury’s sense of responsibility for determining the appropriateness of death,” and that it was impossible to “say that this effort had no effect on the sentencing decision....” Id. at 341, 105 S.Ct. 2633. Accordingly, the Court vacated the petitioner’s sentence and remanded the case for further proceedings. Id.

In Gardner, a capital case, the Supreme Court did not address prosecutorial misconduct, but instead held generally that “[i]t is of vital importance to the defendant [in a capital case] and to the community that any decision to impose the death sentence be, and appear to be, based on reason rather than caprice or emotion.” 430 U.S. at 358, 97 S.Ct. 1197. Finally, in Woodson, the Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional a North Carolina statute that “ma[de] death the mandatory sentence for all persons convicted of first-degree murder.” 428 U.S. at 286-87, 96 S.Ct. 2978.

In doing so, the Court concluded, in pertinent part, that one of the “constitutional shortcoming^] of the North Carolina statute [wa]s its failure to allow the particularized consideration of relevant aspects of the character and record of each convicted defendant before the imposition upon him of a sentence of death.” Id. at 303, 96 S.Ct. 2978.

In other words, the Court held, the statute “accord[ed] no significance to relevant facets of the character and record of the individual offender or the circumstances of the particular offense,” and instead “treat[ed] all persons convicted of a designated offense not as uniquely individual human beings, but as members of a faceless, undifferentiated mass to be subjected to the blind infliction of the penalty of death.” Id. at 304, 96 S.Ct. 2978.

b) Comments regarding Scotty White DeRosa contends that his right to a fair trial was violated when the prosecutor informed the jury during first-stage closing arguments that eodefendant and prosecution witness Scotty White had no “deal” with the prosecution. DeRosa presented this same claim to the OCCA on direct appeal and the OCCA rejected it on the merits: DeRosa also challenges certain prosecutorial statements regarding Scotty White. During cross-examination, defense counsel asked White whether he had “a deal,” to which White responded, “What do you mean?”.

White then acknowledged that the original first-degree murder charges against him had been reduced to accessory after the fact, but testified that he had not yet pled guilty and that his attorney was “trying to work a deal” for him. It was clear to everyone at trial that White’s assistance and limited involvement in the crime had led to the reduction of his charges and that White was hopeful that his cooperation would be taken into account at his eventual sentencing. Nevertheless, DeRosa objects to portions of the following remarks, made during the district attorney’s first-stage closing arguments.

And Scotty was the wheel man, and the defense again is going to say that Scotty White was testifying up here because he’s scared to death of what kind of deal he’s going to get. • Well, he doesn’t have a deal. The charge is reduced on him to accessory. He was driving the car. He never went in the house. He’s going to get what he’s going to get. In a few weeks, maybe a jury like you is going to sit here and tell him what he’s going to get. But there’s no deal. He’s facing hp to ninety years in the penitentiary, and yet, he testified, and he testified truthfully to the core elements of the case. Mr.

Rowan is going to call him a liar — -already has — and he’s going to say he took the stand and lied to save his own rear. But the fact is if you look at the statements that Scotty White has given, ... the core facts about wha

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