Jake ARMIJO, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, Tom Brokaw, Miles Melton, Defendants-Appellees; Erlinda HOURIGAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, Tom Brokaw, Judith Crane, Laura Stubblefield, Defendants-Appellees; Pete FUENTES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, Tom Brokaw, Defendants-Appellants, 72 F.3d 793

EBEL, Circuit Judge. These three cases each involve federal and state discrimination claims by former sales agents, Jake Armijo (“Armijo”), Linda Hour-igan (“Hourigan”) and Pete Fuentes (“Fuentes”), who were terminated by Prudential Insurance Co. of America (“Prudential”). Prudential moved to compel arbitration and to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims based on a signed agreement to arbitrate under the National Association of Securities Dealers (“NASD”) Code of Arbitration Procedure (“Code”).

In the actions brought by Armijo and Hourigan, the district court ruled for Prudential, compelling arbitration and dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims, and Plaintiffs appealed. In Fuentes’s action, a different judge of the same district ruled that Plaintiff was not compelled to arbitrate his claim, and Prudential appealed. I. BACKGROUND Plaintiffs Fuentes, Hourigan, and Armijo were all employees who worked as sales agents for Prudential in Albuquerque. Plaintiffs — who are Hispanic — primarily sold insurance policies, but also sold mutual funds through Pruco Securities Corporation (“Piu-co”).

Because they were authorized to sell mutual funds, each of the Plaintiffs was required to sign a Uniform Application for Securities Industry Registration or Transfer (“Form U-4”). The Forms U-4 committed the plaintiffs to arbitrate any dispute, claim or controversy that may arise between me and my firm [The Prudential] ... that is required to be arbitrated under the rules, constitutions, or by-laws of the organizations with which I register, as indicated in Item 10 as may be amended from time to time. Each of the Plaintiffs’ Form U-4 listed the NASD as an organization with which he or she was to register.

Thus, each Plaintiff agreed to arbitrate disputes covered by the NASD Code. It is the

interpretation then of the NASD arbitration provisions that forms the crux of this appeal. Two provisions of the NASD Code are relevant:

Section 1 and

Section

Section 1 defines generally the matters eligible for arbitration, and it provides for arbitration of any dispute, claim, or controversy arising out of or in connection with the business of any member of the Association, with the exception of disputes involving the insurance business of any member which is also an insurance company: (1) between or among members; (2) between or among members and public customers, or others; and (3) between or among members, registered clearing agencies with which the Association has entered into an agreement to utilize the Association’s arbitration facilities and procedures, and participants, pledges, or other persons using the facilities of a registered clearing agency, as these terms are defined under the rules of such a registered clearing agency.

Section 8 of the NASD Code addresses which disputes are required to be arbitrated—a subset of the disputes eligible for arbitration under

Section 1—and provides that: [a]ny dispute, claim, or controversy eligible for submission under

Part I of this Code [Section 1, quoted above, is in

Part I] between or among members and/or associated persons, and/or certain others, arising in connection with the business of such member(

s) or in connection with the activities of such associated person(s), shall be arbitrated under this Code, at the instance of: (1) a member against another member; (2) a member against a person associated with a member or a person associated with a member against a member; and, (3) a person associated with a member against a person associated with a member. The version of the Code in effect during the alleged acts of discrimination was the February 1992 version of the Code. On October 1, 1993, the NASD amended the Code.

Each of the Plaintiffs was terminated and filed discrimination claims with the EEOC prior to October 1, 1993, claiming that they were terminated because of their race, sex, or national origin. However, each of the Plaintiffs’ complaints were not filed in federal court until after October 1, 1993. On November 24, 1993, Prudential filed motions to compel arbitration and to dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaints in each of these actions. Initially, the district courts denied all three motions.

However, upon a motion for rehearing and submission to the court of the October 1, 1993 Code amendments, the district court granted Prudential’s motion in Hourigan and Armijo. In Fuentes, the district court denied Prudential’s motion for rehearing based on the amended Code. Each of the losing parties appealed. II. DISCUSSION Standard of Review We review a district court’s grant or denial of a motion to compel arbitration de novo, applying the same legal standard employed by the district court. MidAmerica Federal Sav. and Loan Ass’n v. Shearson/American Express, Inc., 886 F.2d 1249, 1259 (10th Cir.1989); Kidd v.

Equitable Life Assurance, 32 F.3d 516, 518 (11th Cir.1994); Sunkist Soft Drinks, Inc. v. Sunkist Growers, 10 F.3d 753, 756 (11th Cir.1993), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 190, 130 L.Ed.2d 123 (1994); Trap Rock Industries, Inc. v. Local 825, Int’l Union of Operating Engineers, 982 F.2d 884, 887 (3d Cir.1992). A. Jurisdiction Over Armijo and Houri-gan Appeals of District Court Decisions to Compel Arbitration As a preliminary issue, with respect only to Armijo and Hourigan, Prudential argues that we do not have jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ appeals from the district court decisions to compel arbitration.

See 9 U.S.C. § 16(b)(2). In Adair Bus Sales, Inc. v. Blue Bird Corp., 25 F.3d 953 (10th Cir.1994), we held that interlocutory appellate review of a district court’s grant of a motion to compel arbitration was inappropriate when the district court also should have granted the motion to stay proceedings pending arbitration. Id. at 955. Had the motion to stay been properly granted, the order granting arbitration would then not have been a final order. Id. Hence, we declined to consider the arbi-trability issue on its merits. Id.

Prudential argues that our holding in Adair precludes our exercise of jurisdiction in this case. However, the difference is that Adair ultimately dealt with a non-final order compelling arbitration whereas here we have a final order compelling arbitration. 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(3) expressly provides for the appeala-bility of a final order with respect to arbitration. In Adair, the plaintiff brought a breach of contract claim, along with a claim for declaratory judgment that an arbitration clause in the parties’ agreement did not compel arbitration of the particular contract dispute at issue. 25 F.3d at 954.

Defendant argued that the agreement provided for mandatory arbitration and moved for a stay pending arbitration. Id. The district court found that the contract dispute was within the scope of the arbitration agreement and ordered the parties to proceed to arbitration. Id. However, instead of granting the motion for a stay pending arbitration, the district court dismissed the complaint, and plaintiff appealed. Id. at 955.

The Federal Arbitration Act provides that the district court “shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement.” 9 U.S.C. § 3 (emphasis added). Because the defendant in Adair had requested a stay, it was error for the district court not to have stayed the action pending arbitration. 25 F.3d at 955. We, therefore, vacated the district court’s order of dismissal. Id.

When we vacated the district court’s dismissal and remanded the case to the district court to enter a stay, the district court’s disposition was no longer final, and thus we declined to consider the arbitrability of the claim. See 9 U.S.C. § 16(b)(1) and (2). However, in the case before us, we are not faced with a district court’s erroneous failure to enter a requested stay. Prudential moved the district court to compel arbitration, but, instead of requesting a stay pending such arbitration, Prudential requested only that the district court dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaints with prejudice.

Hourigan App. at 15; Armijo App. at 8. We find no evidence in the record of any request for a stay. We therefore cannot find error here in failing to grant a stay. Thus, in this case, the district court’s order granting Prudential’s motion to compel arbitration and to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims was clearly a final order, permitting us to exercise jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See Farrand v. Lutheran Brotherhood, 993 F.2d 1253, 1254 (7th Cir.1993) (in a similar action, holding that 9 U.S.C. § 16(

b) does not preclude plaintiffs’ appeal of an order compelling arbitration and dismissing plaintiffs’ claims because such an order conclusively disposes of all issues in the case). B. Whether the Parties Agreed to Arbitrate These Claims The Supreme Court has held that an employee can be required to arbitrate federal claims for employment discrimination if he or she has contracted to do so. Gilmer v.

Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 35, 111 S.Ct. 1647, 1651, 114 L.Ed.2d 26 (1991) (holding that plaintiffs ADEA claim was subject to arbitration). “[Questions of .arbitrability must be addressed with a healthy regard for the federal policy favoring arbitration,” and thus, “any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.” Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 626, 105 S.Ct. 3346, 3353, 87 L.Ed.2d 444 (1985).

This presumption in favor of arbitrability also applies “where a party bound by an arbitration agreement raises claims founded on statutory rights.” Id.; see also Metz v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, 39 F.3d 1482, 1487-88 (10th Cir.1994) (evaluating arbitrability of Title VII claims). Although the parties’ intent controls regarding whether they agreed to arbitrate a particular dispute, determining their intent is a question of law for the court to decide. See Mitsubishi Motors, 473 U.S. at 626, 105 S.Ct. at 3353-54.

Here, we decide that Plaintiffs have failed to rebut the presumption of arbitrability. 1. Arbitration of Employment Disputes Under the February 1992 Version of the NASD Code As of October 1, 1993, NASD amended its Code to make it clear that its arbitration provisions covered at least certain employment disputes. Unfortunately, the February 1992 Code is less than clear regarding its applicability to employment disputes.

Notwithstanding the ambiguity of the February 1992 version of the Code (or perhaps more correctly, because of such ambiguity), we conclude that the most appropriate construction of the February 1992 Code is to apply its arbitration provisions to employment disputes involving these Plaintiffs. First, we must interpret arbitration clauses liberally, and all doubts must be resolved in favor of arbitration. As discussed supra, “The Arbitration Act establishes that, as a matter of federal law, any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.... ” Moses H. Cone Hosp. v.

Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25, 103 S.Ct. 927, 941, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983). Here, considerable doubt exists regarding the meaning of the arbitration clauses in question. Other courts that have sought to interpret these provisions have recognized the ambiguity and unc-larity presented although they have resolved the ambiguities in different ways. Compare Kidd v. Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, 32 F.3d 516 (11th Cir.1994) (Code applies to employment disputes) with Farrand v. Lutheran Brotherhood, 993 F.2d 1253 (7th Cir.1993) (Code does not apply to employment disputes).

However, to acknowledge the ambiguity is to resolve the issue, because all ambiguities must be resolved in favor of arbitrability. Second, the only way that

Section 8 of the Code can be reconciled with

Section 1 is to interpret

Section 1 to include the arbitration of employment disputes.

Section 1 defines the general universe of issues that may be arbitrated, and

Section 8 describes a subset of that universe of disputes that must be arbitrated under the Code. Among the issues which

Section 8 requires to be arbitrated are the following: Any dispute ... eligible for submission under

Part I of this Code [including

Section 1] between or among members and/or associated persons ... arising in connection with ... the activities of such associated person(

s) shall be arbitrated under this Code. NASD Code § 8 (emphasis added). The mandate of

Section 8(

a) that disputes between associated persons and member companies must be arbitrated requires us to construe the phrase “others” in Section 1(2) to include “associated persons.” It appears that Plaintiffs are associated persons because that term is defined to include “any natural person engaged in the ... securities business who is directly or indirectly ... controlled by [a] member.” NASD By-Laws, Art. I, ¶ 1101[m]. It appears that each Plaintiff did engage in the securities business under the control of Prudential. Because we are required to give significance to all provisions in a contract, whenever possible, and to interpret one provision so as to avoid negating another, we must give

Section 1 an

interpretation at least as broad as that clearly called for in

Section 8. See Mastrobuono v. Shearson, Lehman Hutton, Inc., — U.S. -, -, 115 S.Ct. 1212, 1219, 131 L.Ed.2d 76 (1995). Third, we note that most of the other courts that have addressed the arbitrability of employment disputes under the November 1992 NASD Code have concluded that such disputes are arbitrable. Although we do not always agree with the reasoning advanced in each of those eases, they reflect a faithfulness to the same general mandate that is driving our decision in this case—the requirement to construe arbitration clauses broadly where possible. See Kidd, 32 F.3d 516; Johnson v.

Piper Jaffray, Inc., 530 N.W.2d 790, 796-97 (Minn.1995); Foley v. Presbyterian Ministers’ Fund, No. 90-1053, 1992 WL 63269 (E.D.Pa. March 19, 1992); Gardner v. Benefits Communications Corp., No. 91-0536 JGP, 1991 WL 294564 (D.D.C. Dec. 31, 1991); Trumbetta v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., No. 94-3275, 1994 WL 481152 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 1, 1994); Prudential Ins. Co. v. Shammas, 865 F.Supp. 429, 432 (W.D.Mich.1993). See also Assoc. of Investment Brokers v. Securities and Exchange Comm’n, 676 F.2d 857, 861 (D.C.Cir.1982) (dicta by Judge Ginsburg that “NASD rules mandate arbitration of employer-employee disputes”).

But see Farrand, 993 F.2d at 1254-55 (7th Cir.1993) (declining to require arbitration of employment dispute between a member of NASD and one of its registered representatives). Fourth, each of the parties signed a Form U-4 which provides: I agree to arbitrate any dispute, claim or controversy that may arise between me and my firm ... that is required to be arbitrated under the rules, constitutions, or by-laws of [NASD], That language clearly indicates that the parties believed, and intended, that at least certain disputes between Prudential and these Plaintiffs would be arbitrated.

Unless the word “others” in Section 1(2) of the NASD Code is broadly interpreted to include these Plaintiffs, their explicit agreements in Form U-4 would be a nullity. Furthermore, the language in the parties’ Form U-4 agrees that they will submit to arbitration any disputes “required” to be arbitrated under the NASD Code, and the disputes “required” to be arbitrated in

Section 8(

a) include disputes between a member firm, like Prudential, and associated persons, like Plaintiffs.

Section 8(

a) broadly calls for arbitration of disputes “in connection with activities of such associated person(s).” Finally, the NASD has indicated as early as 1987 that the Code applies to disputes between employers and sales representatives. 52 Fed.Reg. 9232 (1987). The association stated that the purpose of the 1993 amendment was simply to “clear up any ambiguity” and “to assure” that employment disputes are arbitrable under

Section 8. 58 Fed.Reg. at 39071; see also 58 Fed.Reg. 45932 (1993). 2. The Insurance Business Exception. We similarly reject Plaintiffs’ claim that these controversies are excluded from the matters eligible for submission in

Section 1 of the NASD Code because they are “disputes involving the insurance business of any member which is also an insurance company.” Although Prudential is an insurance company, there is nothing unique about these discrimination claims by Plaintiffs that involve the “insurance business” of Prudential. Plaintiffs are simply alleging that they were wrongfully discriminated against as employees in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (and in some instances claims are also made pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and pendant state claims).

Illegal employment discrimination, if it exists, involves an employer’s statutory obligations as an employer rather than as an insurer. Admittedly, Prudential’s explanation for its actions against these Plaintiffs is that, in part, they replaced one Prudential policy with another or knowingly sold a policy based on a false application form. However, the dispute as framed by the Plaintiffs is predicated on the civil rights laws, not the insurance laws, and they are predicated on Prudential’s role as an employer rather than as an insurer. If

Section 1 of the NASD Code were construed to exclude from arbitration any employment dispute that arises within the context of insurance employment, it would render the arbitration language in these Plaintiffs’ Forms U-4 illusory. Once again, our obligation is to reconcile and to give meaning to all provisions of the parties’ contracts. Our obligation to construe arbitration clauses broadly compels us to construe this exception to the arbitration clause narrowly.

Thus, we conclude that the insurance exception to arbi-trability does not include an exception for ordinary employment disputes merely because the defendant employer is an insurance company. Our narrow construction of the insurance exception to arbitrability under

Section 1 of the NASD Code is consistent with the other cases that have considered this issue. In Trumbetta v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., No. 94-3275, 1994 WL 481152 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 1, 1994), the district court held that the dispute did not fall under the insurance business exception because, “[although the plaintiff [a former insurance sales agent] [had] made some general allegations concerning the defendants’ business practices, I find that the actual basis for each of his claims is the conduct of his supervisors that led to his constructive discharge.” Similarly, in Prudential Ins. Co. v.

Shammas, 865 F.Supp. 429, 432 (W.D.Mich.1993), the district court found that a former insurance sales agent’s employment discrimination claims did not fall under the insurance business exception because the suit concerned the conduct of other employees toward the plaintiff—and “had nothing specifically to do with the insurance aspect of Prudential’s business.” See also Foley v. Presbyterian Ministers’ Fund, No. 90-1053, 1992 WL 63269 (E.D.Pa. March 19, 1992) (holding that the language of the insurance business exception was not broad enough to cover personnel practices of insurance companies); Wojcik v.

Aetna Life Ins. and Annuity Co., 901 F.Supp. 1282, 1286-87 (N.D.Ill.1995) (requiring that the plaintiff allege unlawful insurance practices, not merely wrongful employment conduct directed at plaintiff, to invoke exception). CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, we REVERSE the district court’s decision to deny arbitration in Fuentes and we REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We AFFIRM the district coui't’s decision to compel arbitration in Hourigan and Armijo. .

These cases were assigned to the same panel, orally argued together with one counsel representing all Plaintiffs and another representing all Defendants, and involve the same legal issues. Therefore, we have consolidated our disposition of these cases herein. . Hourigan's agreement — executed at an earlier time — was slightly different. It ended with: "... organizations with which I register, as indicated in Question 8." Hourigan App. at 23. Houri-gan's agreement also left out "as may be amended from time to time.” . Prudential cited only "9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.” in its motions to compel arbitration and dismiss.

Armijo App. at 8; Hourigan App. at 15. Presumably, Prudential's motions were based on 9 U.S.C. § 4, which allows a district court to order the parties to proceed to arbitration under a written agreement to arbitrate the dispute in question. However, Prudential did not make any request for a stay of the proceedings pending arbitration, as allowed under 9 U.S.C. § 3. It is unclear whether Prudential preferred to request dismissal rather than a stay pending arbitration or was simply unaware of the stay provisions of

section 3. . Our jurisdiction over Prudential's appeal results from the district court’s July 22, 1994, denial of Prudential’s motion for a rehearing of its original motion to compel arbitration. Pursuant to Fed.R.App.Proc. 4(a)(5), Prudential filed a timely Motion for Extension of Time for Filing Notice of Appeal on Sept. 20, 1994, which the district court approved on Nov. 2, 1994. Prudential then timely filed its Notice of Appeal on Nov. 10, 1994. . After October 1, 1993, the NASD Code was amended to read as follows, with the new material shown in underlining: "Section 1.

This Code of Arbitration Procedure is prescribed and adopted ... for the arbitration of any dispute, claim, or controversy arising out of or in connection with the business of any member of the Association, or arising out of the employment or termination of employment of associated person(

s) with any member, with the exception of disputes involving the insurance business of any member which is also an insurance company: (1) between or among members; (2) between or among members and associated persons;

Section 8(a). Any dispute, claim or controversy eligible for submission under

Part I of this Code between or among members and/or associated persons, and/or certain others, arising in connection with the business of such member(

s) or in connection with the activities of such associated person(s), or arising out of the employment or termination of employment of such associated person(

s) by and with such member, shall be arbitrated under this Code....” NASD Code §§ 1,8. We need not decide whether the October 1, 1993 version of the Code should apply to these claims which arose before that date but which were not filed in federal court until after that date because of our conclusion that even the February 1992 Code requires arbitration of these Plaintiffs' claims. .

Section 1 provides for arbitration of disputes among various categories of persons. The relevant category for our purposes is that group discussed in subpart (2) of

Section 1, "[disputes] between or among members and public customers, or others." See NASD Code § 1 (emphasis added). Contrary to the Eleventh Circuit in Kidd, 32 F.3d at 519, we believe that the enumerated subparts (1), (2) and (3) of

Section 1 apply to the entire Section, not merely to the insurance exception contained in that Section. . Plaintiffs each concede in affidavits that they sold mutual funds, although they argue that they did so only while working for Pruco Securities Corp. See Hourigan App. at 54; Armijo App. at 46; Fuentes App. at 39. Although Pruco was listed as the “firm” on item 4 of Plaintiffs' Form U—4, Prudential was listed on item 9 as a firm with which Plaintiffs intended to maintain registration.

Paragraph 8 on page 4 of the U-4 forms provides that the applicant "understand[s] and certif[ies] that the representations herein apply to all employers with whom I seek registration as shown in Items 4 and 9 of this form.” Armijo's and Fuentes's Form U-4 also represented that Prudential and Pruco were “under common ownership or control." Furthermore, Pruco is a wholly owned subsidiary of Prudential and has no sales force or employees other than the agents and/or employees of Prudential. Hourigan App. at 61; Armijo App. at 50; Fuentes App. at 21-22. .

Plaintiffs do not assert on appeal that they are not associated persons of Prudential. . The text of

Section 1, quoted earlier in this opinion, excludes from the scope of arbitration "disputes involving the insurance business of any member which is also an insurance company."