UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kelsey James McQUEEN, a.k.a. Calsey James McQueen, Defendant-Appellant, 670 F.3d 1168

BLACK, Circuit Judge: Appellant Kelsey James McQueen pleaded guilty to three counts of attempted alien smuggling in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(2)(B)(ii), and one count of failing to obey an order by federal law enforcement to heave to their vessel in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2237(a)(1). At sentencing, over McQueen’s objection, the district court applied an enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(5)(

A) because a firearm was discharged by law enforcement. McQueen appeals his sentence, contending the district court committed procedural error by incorrectly calculating the advisory Guidelines range. We affirm. I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND The facts are undisputed. On April 28, 2010, at 11 p.m., a U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) patrol aircraft spotted a boat headed west towards Palm Beach County, Florida. The boat matched the description of the Mary Carla, a 33-foot vessel suspected of smuggling aliens or narcotics into the United States.

CBP patrol boats interdicted the Mary Carla approximately 11.8 nautical miles offshore, activated their blue lights, sirens, and spotlights, and commanded the Mary Carla to stop. McQueen, the operator of the Mary Carla, attempted to flee, turning the vessel east and away from land. CBP officers pursued McQueen for three minutes. Because McQueen continued to flee, officers fired two illuminated warning shots. The warning shots were followed closely by the launching of four “pepper balls” into the Mary Carla’s cabin. Three more minutes passed, and McQueen continued to flee.

CBP officers again fired two more warning shots in the direction of the Mary Carla. McQueen still did not comply, forcing the officers to board the Mary Carla while it was moving. A search of the Mary Carla discovered 14 aliens on board, none of whom had permission to enter the United States. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW McQueen alleges the district court committed procedural error by improperly calculating his advisory Guidelines range. We review the reasonableness of sentencing procedures under an abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Ellisor, 522 F.3d 1255, 1273 n. 25 (11th Cir.2008).

A court that misinterprets or misapplies the Guidelines inherently abuses its discretion. Therefore, we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error, and its

interpretation and application of the Guidelines de novo. United States v. Doe, 661 F.3d 550, 565 (11th Cir.2011); Ellisor, 522 F.3d at 1273 n. 25; United States v. Campbell, 491 F.3d 1306, 1315 (11th Cir.2007). III. DISCUSSION The Guideline applicable to alien smuggling is U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1. Subsection 2L1.1(b)(5)(

A) requires an enhancement if “a firearm was discharged.” The Guidelines limit application of the enhancement to firearm discharges “committed, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A). We must decide whether McQueen “induced” the discharge of a firearm. In United States v. Williams, this Court affirmed the application of the enhancement in the robbery context by concluding that discharges were “induced” by the defendant’s conduct. 51 F.3d 1004, 1011 (11th Cir.1995), abrogated on other grounds by Jones v.

United States, 526 U.S. 227, 119 S.Ct. 1215, 143 L.Ed.2d 311 (1999). Williams attempted a carjacking by approaching a truck and pointing his gun inside. In response, an occupant of the truck shot at Williams. Citing § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A), this Court held that Williams induced the occupant to fire by approaching the truck with his weapon drawn, making the occupant’s discharge attributable to Williams. Id. We did not define “induced” in Williams. Because the Guidelines also do not define “induced,” we must give the term its ordinary meaning. United States v. Digiorgio, 193 F.3d 1175, 1178 (11th Cir.1999).

To “induce” means “[t]o lead (a person), by persuasion or some influence or motive that acts upon the will, to ... some action, condition, belief, etc.” or “[t]o bring about, bring on, produce, cause, give rise to.” The Oxford English Dictionary 887-88 (2d ed. 1989); see also The Am.

Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 871 (New College Ed. 1981) (defining “induce” as “[t]o lead or move by influence or persuasion; to prevail upon,” or “[t]o stimulate the occurrence of; cause”); Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 1154 (3d ed. 1976) (defining “induce” as “to move and lead (as by persuasion or influence)” or “to inspire, call forth, or bring about by influence or stimulation” or “to bring on or bring about: EFFECT, CAUSE”). However, we must apply the ordinary meaning most consistent with our decision in Williams.

Williams did not persuade or prevail upon his victim to discharge a weapon, or call forth the discharge. Instead, Williams brought about, produced, or caused his victim to discharge a firearm by approaching the truck with a drawn firearm. Given our use of “induced” in Williams, we must attribute to a defendant the acts or omissions of another that are brought about, produced, or caused by the defendant’s conduct. Neither party disputes that we must follow Williams. Instead, McQueen claims that his actions did not actually induce the discharges.

McQueen contends the officers’ discharges were hasty, reckless, and unnecessary, and that no one, including McQueen, would consider firing on the Mary Carla to be appropriate. The essence of McQueen’s argument is that because it was not reasonably foreseeable that his actions would result in law enforcement discharging a firearm, he did not induce the discharge. The Government contends the discharges were a reasonable response to McQueen’s conduct, and are therefore attributable to McQueen.

Thus, the parties agree that the issue in this case is whether law enforcement’s discharge of illuminated warning shots was a reasonably foreseeable result of McQueen’s conduct; that is, whether McQueen legally caused the discharges. McQueen attempted to smuggle 14 aliens into the United States using a 33-foot boat in the dead of night. CBP patrol boats and aircraft interdicted his boat twelve nautical miles from shore. CBP officers activated their patrol boats’ blue lights, sirens, and spotlights. Instead of stopping, McQueen turned his vessel away from land and fled.

CBP patrol boats pursued McQueen for three minutes, repeatedly ordering him to stop his vessel. When he did not stop, CBP officers fired two illuminated warning shots. The discharges were not accidental. Rather, they were measured responses to McQueen’s continued criminal conduct. As in Williams, McQueen’s actions induced, i.e. brought about, produced, or caused, the discharge of a firearm. Contrary to McQueen’s assertions, a “reasonable” alien smuggler who flees from law enforcement on the high seas would foresee the use of illuminated warning shots to gain compliance. IV.

CONCLUSION Our de novo review of the evidence leads us to conclude McQueen’s actions induced law enforcement to discharge their firearms because law enforcement’s response was a reasonably foreseeable result of McQueen’s conduct. We affirm McQueen’s 84-month sentence. AFFIRMED. . All references to the Sentencing Guidelines are to the Guidelines effective November 1, 2009. . A "firearm” is defined as "any weapon ... which will ... expel a projectile by the action of an explosive.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 cmt. n.1(G). The parties agree a firearm discharged the illuminated warning shots. .

In Williams, we provided two rationales to support our application of the discharge enhancement. Both are binding holdings. See, e.g., Bravo v. United States, 532 F.3d 1154, 1162-63 (11th Cir.2008). . McQueen did not cite any authority contradicting the holding of Williams. However, we are aware other courts of appeals have disagreed. See, e.g., United States v. Hill, 381 F.3d 560, 562-63 (6th Cir.2004); United States v. Gordon, 64 F.3d 281, 283-84 (7th Cir.1995). But see United States v. Roberts, 203 F.3d 867, 870 (5th Cir.2000); United States v. Molina, 106 F.3d 1118, 1122-23 (2d Cir.1997).

We are bound to follow Williams. See Cargill v. Turpin, 120 F.3d 1366, 1386 (11th Cir.1997) (“The law of this circuit is 'emphatic' that only the Supreme Court or this court sitting en banc can judicially overrule a prior panel decision.” (citation omitted)).