Jessica JAUCH, Plaintiff-Appellant v. CHOCTAW COUNTY; Cloyd Halford, in his Individual Capacity, Defendants-Appellees, 874 F.3d 425

REAVLEY, Circuit Judge: Jessica Jauch was indicted by a grand jury, arrested, and put in jail—where she waited for 96 days to be brought before .a judge and was effectively denied bail. The district court found this constitutionally permissible. It is not. A pre-trial detainee denied access to the judicial system for a prolonged period has been denied basic procedural due process, arid we therefore reverse the district court’s judgment. I. BACKGROUND ' Upon the word of a confidential informant, a grand jury indicted Jessica Jauch for the sale of a

Schedule IV controlled substance on January 24, 2012. That same day, the Choctaw County Circuit Clerk issued a capias warrant. The capias reads: You are hereby commanded to take Jessica Jauch if to be found in your. County, and him/her safely keep, so that you have his/her body before the- Circuit Court of the County of Choctaw, in said State, at the Courthouse in the town of Ackerman, MS, on the 31st day of January, 2012, then and there to answer the State of Mississippi on an indictment found against him/her on the 24th day of January, 2012, for: Ct. 1: Sale of a

Schedule IV Controlled Substance On April 26, 2012, Starkville Police Department officers pulled Jauch over, issued her several traffic tickets, and informed her of an outstanding misdemeanor warrant in Choctaw County. Choctaw County deputies took custody of Jauch and transported her to the Choctaw County Jail where, the next morning, she was served with the misdemeanor warrant and the capias. Jauch cleared the misdemeanor warrant within a few days. She nonetheless remained detained on the capias, and her requests to be brought before a judge and allowed to post bail were denied.

Jail officials informed Jauch that Sheriff Hal-ford had confirmed she could not be taken before a judge until August when the next term of the Circuit Court commenced. When a friend of Jauch’s reached the sheriff on the telephone, he told her the same thing. Jauch’s protestations of innocence were ineffectual. Ninety-six days after being taken into custody, Jauch’s case moved forward. She received an appointed attorney, waived formal arraignment, had bail set, and had a trial date set. Six days later, on August 6, 2012, she posted bail.

Before the end of the month, the prosecutor reviewed the evidence against Jauch and promptly moved to dismiss the charge. On January 29, 2013, the Circuit Court of Choctaw County entered the dismissal. It is undisputed that Jauch was innocent all along, as she had claimed from behind bars. On April 21, 2015, Jauch sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging Sheriff Halford and Choctaw County caused her constitutional deprivations. Both parties eventually moved for

summary judgment. The district court observed that Jauch asserted violations of the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments but treated the Fourteenth Amendment claims (procedural and substantive due process) as an attack on the original probable cause determination underlying her arrest. It ruled against her on the basis of procedural due process because state law renders the probable cause determination of a grand jury conclusive, meaning Jauch was not entitled to a hearing (like an initial appearance or preliminary hearing) where she could challenge that determination.

With respect to substantive due process, the district court found the Fourth Amendment applied more squarely to such a claim, and then found the Fourth Amendment was not violated because the undisputedly valid probable cause determination supported the arrest. We note that Jauch never alleged a Fourth Amendment violation nor sought to challenge the probable cause determination made by the grand jury. The district court also ruled against Jauch with respect to her Sixth and Eighth Amendment claims. It further ruled that Choctaw County was not subject to municipal liability under Monell v.

New York City Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), and that Sheriff Hal-ford was entitled to qualified immunity. Based on these rulings, the district court denied Jauch’s motion for

summary judgment and ordered judgment in favor of the defendants. Jauch timely appealed. II. OUR REVIEW “We review a district court judgment on cross-motions for

summary judgment de novo.” Cedyco Corp. v. PetroQuest Energy, LLC, 497 F.3d 485, 488 (5th Cir. 2007). Each party’s motion is considered “independently, viewing the evidence and inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Green v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 754 F.3d 324, 329 (5th Cir. 2014). “Summary judgment is appropriate when ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). III.

DISCUSSION We address only the Fourteenth Amendment and hold that this excessive detention, depriving Jauch of liberty without legal or due process, violated that Amendment; for that reason, her motion for

summary judgment should have been granted as to the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process claim.' A. Moving Beyond the Fourth Amendment The district court treated Jauch’s due process claim as a Fourth Amendment claim, reasoning that “[bjecause an arrest is a seizure, ... the more particularized Fourth Amendment analysis [is] appropriate” and concluding that because probable cause supported Jauch’s arrest, there was no constitutional violation. This analysis dooms Jauch’s claim and seemingly means the Constitution is not violated by prolonged pretrial detention so long as the arrest is supported by probable cause.

While this appeal was pending, the Supreme Court issued Manuel v. City of Joliet, which held that a defendant seized without probable cause could challenge his pretrial detention under the Fourth Amendment. - U.S. -, 137 S.Ct. 911, 917, 197 L.Ed.2d 312 (2017). Manuel does not address the availability of due process challenges after a legal seizure, and it cannot be read to mean, as Defendants contend, that only the Fourth Amendment is available to pre-trial detainees. For example, even when the detention is legal, a pre-trial detainee subjected to excessive force properly invokes the Fourteenth Amendment.

See, e.g., Brothers v. Klevenhagen, 28 F.3d 452, 455 (5th Cir. 1994); So, too, may a legally seized pre-trial detainee held for. an extended period without- further process. This Court has already addressed the interplay between the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment, and Manuel fits with these prior cases. In 1996, we held the Fourth Amendment inapplicable to the usual pretrial detainee who was properly arrested and awaiting trial. Brooks v. George Cnty., Miss., 84 F.3d 157, 167 (5th Cir. 1996).

When confronted with a defendant held upon probable cause who' spent nine months in pretrial detention, we found the Fourth Amendment inapplicable and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment implicated. See Jones v. City of Jackson, 203 F.3d 875, 880 (5th Cir. 2000). The Fourth Amendment could not have been violated, we explained, because the plaintiff was originally arrested “pursuant to a valid court order,” but the “alleged nine month detention without proper due process protections” would amount to a due process violation if proven. Id.

By contrast to these cases, where a claim of unlawful detention was accompanied by allegations that the initial arrest was not supported by valid probable case, we held that analysis was proper “under the Fourth Amendment and not under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.” Bosarge v. Miss. Bureau of Narcotics, 796 F.3d 435, 441 (5th Cir. 2015); see also Castellano v. Fragozo, 352 F.3d 939, 953 (5th Cir. 2003) (en banc). Just like Manuel. ■ B. Due Process This case is about due process, and the question raised here was answered in Jones v. City of Jackson, 203 F.3d 875 (5th Cir. 2000).

Joseph Jones was held on a bench warrant.for nine months “without hearing or court appearance.” Id. at 878. Upon. release,. he sued. When the. case reached us, we held that his right to due process was violated because “[prohibition-against improper use .of the ‘formal restraints imposed by the criminal process’ lies at the heart of the liberty interests protected by the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause.” Id. at 880 (citing Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972)).

Jones is binding, but it did not state whether the due process violation was of the procedural or substantive variety. Other circuits appear split on the question. Compare Coleman v. Frantz, 754 F.2d 719 (7th Cir. 1985) (substantive due process); Hayes v. Faulkner Cnty., Ark., 388 F.3d 669 (8th Cir. 2004) (substantive due process), with Oviatt By & Through Waugh v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470 (9th Cir. 1992) (procedural due process); see also Armstrong v. Squadrito, 152 F.3d 564, 575 & n.4 (7th Cir. 1998) (specifically rejecting Oviatt and its procedural due process approach).

We find the answer from Supreme Court cases. “The touchstone of due process is protection of the individual against arbitrary action of government.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 558, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 2976, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974). This is true with respect to both procedural and substantive due process. See Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 845, 118 S.Ct. 1708, 1716, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998). When “the fault lies in a denial of fundamental procedural fairness,” the question is one of procedural due process. Id. at 845-46, 118 S.Ct. at 1716 (citing Fuentes v.

Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 82, 92 S.Ct. 1983, 1996, 32 L.Ed.2d 556 (1972)). The procedural due process analysis starts with one inquiry: .whether the state has “deprived the individual of a protected interest—life, liberty, or property.” Augustine v. Doe, 740 F.2d 322, 327 (5th Cir. 1984). Here, we deal with a deprivation of a protected liberty interest due to an allegedly unfair procedural scheme. The Constitution itself protects physical liberty. Jones, 203 F.3d at 880-81; see also Turner v.

Rogers, 564 U.S. 431, 445, 131 S.Ct. 2507, 2518, 180 L.Ed.2d 452 (2011) (describing “loss of personal liberty through imprisonment” as sufficient to trigger Due Process protections). As a matter of procedure, defendants held in Choctaw County on capias warrants are held without an arraignment or other court proceeding until the circuit court that issued the capias next convenes. Our task is to determine the constitutionality of this procedure, and we are satisfied that Jauch’s right to procedural due process is most squarely implicated.

Without deciding whether substantive fundamental unfairness may support a due process holding with little procedural deficiency, we hold that prolonged-detention cases do raise the immediate question of whether the pre-trial detainee’s procedural due process rights have been violated. - • Upon identifying a protected liberty interest, courts ask what process is due. See Ky. Dep’t of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460, 109 S.Ct. 1904, 1908, 104 L.Ed.2d 506 (1989). In asking that question, which test applies?

Ordinarily, “[t]he starting point for any inquiry into how much ‘process’ is ‘due’ must be the Supreme Court’s opinion in Mathews v. Eldridge,”' and we would consider the private interest at stake, the risk of erroneous deprivations under existing procedures in light of available alternative or additional procedures, and the government’s interest. Buttrey v. United States, 690 F.2d 1170, 1177 (5th Cir. 1982) (citing 424 U.S. 319, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976)). Oviatt applied this test..

The Supreme Court subsequently clarified the law, holding “that ‘the Mathews balancing test does not provide the appropriate framework for assessing the validity of state procedural rules which ... are part of the criminal process,’ reasoning that because the ‘Bill of Rights speaks in explicit terms to many aspects of criminal procedure,’ the Due Process Clause ‘has limited operation’ in the field.” Kaley v. United States, - U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 1090, 1101, 188 L.Ed.2d 46 (2014) (quoting Medina v. California, 505 U.S. 437, 443, 112 S.Ct. 2572, 2576, 120 L.Ed.2d 353 (1992)) (alterations in original).

The Fifth Circuit has had little occasion to apply Medina, and the parties neglect it entirely. The Supreme Court, however, has turned to Medina repeatedly, and we follow that Court’s example when determining which procedural due process test applies. See Weiss v. United States, 510 U.S. 163, 177, 114 S.Ct. 752, 760, 127 L.Ed.2d 1 (1994) (a case arising “in the military context,” where one party urged application of Mathews, the other advocated for Medina, and the Supreme Court held both inapplicable and applied a standard found in Middendorf v. Henry, 425 U.S. 25, 96 S.Ct. 1281, 47 L.Ed.2d 556 (1976)).

As used in Medina, the phrase “part of the criminal process” has been described as “rules concerning], for example, the allocation of burdens of proof and the type of evidence qualifying as admissible.” Nelson v. Colorado, - U.S. -, 137 S.Ct. 1249, 1255, 197 L.Ed.2d 611 (2017). This is not a case about presumptions, evidence, ■or any workaday aspect of the process-inaction. This is a case about confinement with process deferred.

Moreover, while Medina was premised on the “considerable expertise” of the states “in matters of criminal procedure and the criminal process” and represents “substantial deference to legislative judgments in this area,” 505 U.S. at 445-46, 112 S.Ct. at 2577, the procedure challénged here does not represent' the legislative judgment of the state and indeed conflicts with the Mississippi legislature’s decree that all defendants be arraigned within 30 days. URCCC 8.01. There is thus room to argue that the Mathews test is more appropriate under the circumstances.

Ultimately, we again follow the Supreme Court’s example, choosing not to decide which test applies “because we need not do so.” Kaley, 134 S.Ct. at 1101. The Medina test represents the “narrower inquiry” and is “far less intrusive than that approved in Mathews.” 505 U.S. at 445-46, 112 S.Ct. at 2577. “A rule of criminal procedure usually does not violate the Due Process Clause unless it (i) ‘offends some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental,’ or (ii) ‘transgresses any recognized principle of ‘fundamental fairness’ in operation.’” Kincaid v.

Gov’t of D.C., 854 F.3d 721, 726 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (quoting Medina, 505 U.S. at 446, 448, 112 S.Ct. at 2577-78); see also Dist. Attorney’s Office for Third Judicial Dist. v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52, 69, 129 S.Ct. 2308, 2320, 174 L.Ed.2d 38 (2009). Even under the deferential Medina test, the indefinite-detention procedure violated Jauch’s right to procedural due process. “Historical .practice and, to a lesser extent, contemporary practice” guide our first inquiry. Kincaid, 854 F.3d at 726.

For the following reasons, we conclude that indefinite pre-trial detention without an arraignment or other court appearance offends fundamental principles of justice deeply rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people. The same traditions that birthed our Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial and Eighth Amendment prohibition of excessive bail condemn the procedure at issue.

Sir Edward Coke addressed pre-trial detention in 1681, explaining that judges of the period “have not suffered the prisoner to be long detained, but at their next coming have given the prisoner full and speedy justice, by due trial, without detaining him long in prison.” Coke, The Second Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England 43 (Rawlins, 6th ed. 1681). “Coke’s Institutes were read in the American Colonies by virtually every student of the law.” Klopfer v. State of N.C., 386 U.S. 213, 225, 87 S.Ct. 988, 994, 18 L.Ed.2d 1 (1967).

And the Supreme Court quoted this very passage in holding “that the right to a speedy trial is as fundamental as any of the rights secured by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 223, 87 S.Ct. at 993. What if judges were unavailable? Promulgated in 1166, the Assize of Clarendon provided an answer, decreeing that in cases where the usual judge was unavailable, another judge would be located that justice be not delayed. Assize of Clarendon ¶ 4 (1166); see also Klopfer, 386 U.S. at 223 n.9, 87 S.Ct. at 993 n.9.

The speedy trial clause has three distinct purposes, only one of which is protection against “undue and oppressive incarceration prior to trial.” United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116, 120, 86 S.Ct. 773, 776, 15 L.Ed.2d 627 (1966). Thus, rather than embodying and defining a right against extended pre-trial detention, the clause is “an important safeguard” against it. Id. This is, therefore, not a case where the inapplicability of a specific constitutional provision means arguments under the due process clause are not well taken. Compare Sattazahn v.

Pennsylvania, 537 U.S. 101, 116, 123 S.Ct. 732, 742, 154 L.Ed.2d 588 (2003) (refusing “to hold that the Due Process Clause provides greater double-jeopardy protection than does the Double Jeopardy Clause”). Rather, the right to a speedy trial “has its roots at the very foundation of our English law heritage” and grows out of the fundamental propositions set forth by Coke. See Klopfer, 386 U.S. at 223, 87 S.Ct. at 993. The Sixth Amendment’s inapplicability here does not delimit “the traditions and conscience of our people.” Medina, 505 U.S. at 459, 112 S.Ct. at 2585 (quoting Patterson v.

New York, 432 U.S. 197, 202, 97 S.Ct. 2319, 2322, 53 L.Ed.2d 281 (1977)); see also U.S. Const, amend. IX. And so we reject any suggestion that the Sixth Amendment’s speedy-trial clause serves as the only limit on prolonged pretrial detention. Even in distant times, a trial could not always be held promptly. The expectation was not that the accused would wait in jail, but that (if eligible) he would be swiftly released on bail. See 2 F. Pollock & F. Maitland, History of English Law 580-88 (2d ed. 1905). Ancient writs used to procure conditional release gradually gave way to the common law writ of habeas corpus.

See id. at 582-86; 1 W. Holds-worth, History of English Law 95-97 (1903). In both eras, just as judicial absenteeism would not justify stalling prosecution, nor would it excuse the withholding of bail. Pollock & Maitland, supra, at 583; 3 W. Blackstone, Commentaries *131. There was a period, however, when the availability of bail in “vacation-time” came into doubt. See Opinion on the Writ of Habeas Corpus, 97 Eng. Rep. 29, 31-51 (H.L. 1758) (Wilmot, J.), in 3 The Founders’ Constitution 313-24 (1987). The threat that bail might be unavailable out of term served as a catalyst for the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679.

See W. Church, Writ of Habe-as Corpus §§ 16-17, p. 18-20 (2d ed. 1893). “[Cjoncerned exclusively with providing an efficacious remedy for pretrial imprisonment,” Peyton v. Rowe, 391 U.S. 54, 60 n.12, 88 S.Ct. 1549, 1552 n.12, 20 L.Ed.2d 426 (1968), the Act condemned a system under which defendants had been “long detained in prison, in such cases where by law they are bailable.” 31 Car. 2, ch. 2, § 1. It conclusively imbued judges with the authority to grant habeas writs during vacation-time, and it provided that other officers could grant the writ if no justice of the King’s Bench was available. § 3.

Together, the right to a speedy trial and the privilege to petition for habeas relief (and thus bail) protected unconvicted criminal defendants from lengthy pre-trial detention, even while the court was out of term. A.V. Dicey explained how they worked in tandem: “while the Habeas Corpus Act is in force no person committed to prison on a charge of crime can be kept long in confinement, for he has the legal means of insisting upon either being let out upon bail or else .of being brought to a speedy trial.” The Law of the Constitution 214 (8th ed. 1915). This is our adoptive tradition.

At the embryonic stage, we claimed all the rights of Englishmen. See Hurtado, 110 U.S. at 540, 4 S.Ct. at 293. And while the impact in England of 1679’s Habeas Corpus Act is subject to debate, this country embraced it enthusiastically. 3 J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States § 1335; Amanda L. Tyler, A “Second Mag-na Carta": The English Habeas Corpus Act and the Statutory Origins of the Habe-as Privilege, 91 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1949, 1986-89 (2016). The speedy trial right and habeas remedy are written into our Constitution, as is the prohibition of excessive bail.

So, too, the requirement that persons be not deprived of liberty without due process. Never have criminal defendants arrested between court terms lawfully been committed to a purgatory where these rights and protections are out of reach, the Constitution made to wait. While lessons drawn from modern practice are of “limited relevance to the due process inquiry,” the Supreme Court nonetheless surveys the field. See Medina, 505 U.S. at 447, 112 S.Ct. at 2578.

We are aware of no statutory schemes that permit jailers to hold criminal defendants indefinitely or until the next term of court without bringing them before a judge. Rather, ^ubiquitous” state rules require “the prompt taking of persons arrested before a judicial officer,” and “[t]he most prevalent American provision is that -requiring judicial examination ‘without unnecessary delay.’” Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568, 587, 81 S.Ct. 1860, 1870 & n.26, 6 L.Ed.2d 1037 (1961); see also McNabb v. United States, 318 U.S. 332, 342, 63 S.Ct. 608, 614, 87 L.Ed. 819 (1943).

While this commonplace prompt-appearance requirement is not of Constitutional dimension, it shows that a procedure calling for extended pre-trial detention without any sort of hearing is alien to our law. 'There is no sanction, historical or modern, for the defendants’ indefinite detention procedure, and we find that it fails Medina ⅛ historical test. . . ' The procedure also transgresses recognized principles of “fundamental fairness” in operation. Medina, 505 U.S. at 448, 112 S.Ct. at 2578.

Prolonged pre-trial detention without the oversight of a judicial officer and the opportunity to assert constitutional rights is. facially unfair, The Supreme Court has recognized that “[t]he consequences of prolonged detention may be more serious than the interference occasioned by arrest” because “[pjretrial confinement may imperil the suspect’s job, interrupt his source of income, and impair his family relationships.” Gerstein, 420 U.S. at 114, 95 S.Ct. at 863.

Heaping these consequences on an accused and blithely waiting months before affording the defendant access to the justice system is patently unfair in a society where guilt’ is not presumed.

Moreover, if Medina is the proper test, it is because “[t]he Bill of Rights speaks in explicit terms to many aspects of criminal procedure, and the expansion of those constitutional guarantees under the open-ended rubric of the Due Process Clause invites undue interference with both considered legislative judgments and the careful balance that the Constitution strikes between liberty and order.” 505 U.S. at 443, 112 S.Ct. at 2576.

Here, the challenged procedure denies criminal defendants their enumerated constitutional rights relating to criminal procedure by cutting them off from the judicial officers charged with implementing constitutional criminal procedure. See Osborne, 557 U.S. at 69, 129 S.Ct. at 2320 (describing Medina as satisfied where the challenged procedure is “fundamentally inadequate to vindicate the substantive rights provided”). This is unjust and unfair. C. Monell Liability and Choctaw County Municipalities cannot be held vicariously liable for the actions of their officials. See Monell v. New York City Dep’t of Soc.

Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 692-93, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2036-37, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). Direct liability is instead required. Valle v. City of Houston, 613 F.3d 536, 541 (5th Cir. 2010). “Proof of municipal liability sufficient to satisfy Monell requires: (1) an official policy (or custom), of which (2) a policy maker can be charged with actual or constructive knowledge, and (3) a constitutional violation whose ‘moving force’ is that policy (or custom).” Pineda v. City of Houston, 291 F.3d 325, 328 (5th Cir. 2002) (quoting Piotrowski v. City of Houston, 237 F.3d 567, 578 (5th Cir. 2001)).

The ■ district court found that Choctaw County was not liable under Monell. It erred. Jauch challenges the indefinite detention procedure. Accordingly, the first and second elements of our inquiry reduce to one question: Is the challenged procedure “an official policy” that was “promulgated by the municipal policymaker?” Hicks-Fields v. Harris Cnty., Texas, 860 F.3d 803, 808 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Peterson v. City of Fort Worth, Tex., 588 F.3d 838, 847 (5th Cir. 2009)). It is. There is no dispute that Sheriff Halford is the relevant policymaker.

See Brooks, 84 F.3d at 165 (“Sheriffs in Mississippi are final policymakers with respect to all law enforcement . decisions made within their counties”). And,.both prior to and during this litigation, Sheriff Halford and Choctaw County have cleaved to the indefinite detention procedure. Their position is that indefinite detention is and must be the policy in Choctaw County. Accordingly, resolution of the first and second elements is as clear as ever it could be. See Connick v.

Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 61, 131 S.Ct. 1350, 1359, 179 L.Ed.2d 417 (2011) (“Official municipal policy includes the decisions of a government’s lawmakers, the acts of its policymaking officials, and practices so persistent and widespread as to practically have the force of law.”). It is also, obvious that the indefinite detention procedure caused the due process violation Jauch complains of—indefinite detention. “Where a plaintiff claims that a particular municipal action itself violates federal law, or directs an employee to do so,” the causation determination “is straightforward.” Bd. of Cnty.

Comm’rs of Bryan Cnty., Okla. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 404, 117 S.Ct 1382, 1388, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997). The policy Jauch challenges cannot be separated from the procedure that we have found constitutionally deficient. They are one and the same. In cases like this one, where “fault and causation” are “obvious,” “proof that the municipality’s decision was unconstitutional” establishes “that the municipality itself was liable for the plaintiffs constitutional injury.” Id. at 406, 117 S.Ct. at 1389.

While courts must be careful not to “blur[] the distinction between § 1983 cases that present no difficult questions of fault and causation and those that do,” id. at 405, 117 S.Ct. at 1389, we have no trouble concluding that this is an obvious case. Choctaw County’s relevant policymaker instituted a policy whereby certain arres-tees were indefinitely detained without access to courts or the benefit of basic constitutional rights. This unconstitutional policy was “the moving force” behind Jauch’s constitutional injury. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S.Ct. at 2038.

Under Monell and its progeny, Choctaw County is liable. D. Qualified Immunity and Sheriff Halford Sheriff Halford asserts qualified immunity. Jauch bears the burden of showing that he is not so entitled. Hanks v. Rogers, 853 F.3d 738, 744 (5th Cir. 2017). We have held that the indefinite detention procedure violated Jauch’s Fourteenth Amendment right to due process. The only question, therefore, is whether Jauch’s “right was ‘clearly established’ at the time of the challenged conduct.” Turner v. Lieutenant Driver, 848 F.3d 678, 685 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Whitley v. Hanna, 726 F.3d 631, 638 (5th Cir. 2013)).

We have spilled much ink to thoroughly establish our constitutional footing, an effort we found necessary in light of Jones’ limited analysis. That explication does not diminish the Jones holding, however—prolonged detention without the benefit of a court appearance violates the detainee’s Fourteenth Amendment right to due process. 203 F.3d at 880-81.

The right at issue here was clearly established and its contours “sufficiently clear” that any reasonable official would understand that the Constitution forbids confining criminal defendants for a prolonged period (months in this case) prior to bringing them before a judge. See Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 3039, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987). And so we held in Jones itself, ruling the individual defendants, a sheriff and his deputy, not entitled to qualified immunity. Id. at 881.

Sheriff Halford’s claim to qualified immunity is less compelling than was the claim of those Mississippi law enforcement officers. Tellingly, Sheriff Halford’s arguments relating to qualified immunity do not even mention Jones.

In fact, at one point in this litigation, he conceded that that “the Choctaw County Sheriffs Office, Choctaw County District Attorney or Circuit Court Judge clearly should have provided Plaintiff Jauch with an appearance before the Circuit Court of Choctaw County” within the 30 days provided for by state law. (Emphasis added.) While he attempted to spread the blame to other officials, his actions and decisions are the cause of Jauch’s constitutional injury. Either Sheriff Halford is plainly incompetent, or he knowingly violated the law.

Sheriff Halford’s lone argument regarding qualified immunity is that “[functions of state officials do not impute legal duties actionable by federal tort to a county official simply because the applicable state official is otherwise immune.” Translated from legalese, the assertion is that Jauch sued him only because the truly responsible parties, judges of the circuit court, are immune from suit. This is simply wrong. Sheriff Halford is responsible for those incarcerated in his jail, Miss. Code Ann. § 19-25-69, and the capias did not require him to impose the unconstitutional detention policy.

Moreover, in an analogous context, the Supreme Court of Mississippi has made clear the responsibility of county sheriffs to hold detainees in a manner consistent with their oaths to uphold the federal and state constitutions: To hold that the citizen may be arrested and held in jail without the benefit of bail until such time as a court may be held by the mayor or justice of the peace would mean that if [court could not be held for any reason], the sheriff could detain the accused indefinitely, and in violation of his constitutional right to bail....

An officer should need no authority other than that implied under the Constitution and the statutes herein-before discussed to inform him that he should not hold the citizen in custody for an unreasonable length of time in violation of his constitutional right to bail. It would be better that an offender, who is arrested without a warrant by a sheriff or private person on their own authority, be released without bail, than that he should be detained in jail in violation of the Constitution. Sheffield v. Reece, 201 Miss. 133, 28 So.2d 745, 748 (1947).

The present case is different from Sheffield, a case of statutory

interpretation grounded in the state constitution, but the concerns animating the Supreme Court of Mississippi in 1947 are present here. Sheriff Halford should have known to put his constitutional obligations ahead of his idiosyncratic understanding of state law requirements. He is not entitled to immunity. IV. CONCLUSION The judgment is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. . In Harris v. Payne, an unpublished case, we find a potential suggestion that Jones is inconsistent with prior cases. See 254 Fed.Appx. 410, 420 n.2 (5th Cir. 2007) (per curiam).

Having surveyed the area, we are confident that it is not. Harris is easily distinguishable; that case involved official negligence and applied the rule that negligent deprivations of life, liberty, or property do not implicate Due Process, See id. at 419-21. Given Jauch’s 96-day detention without a hearing of any sort, this is also not a case "where only 'immediacy' or lack of it was the issue presented to the court." Rheaume v. Texas Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 666 F.2d 925, 929 (5th Cir. 1982) (citing Perry v. Jones, 506 F.2d 778, 780-81 (5th Cir. 1975); Anderson v.

Nosser, 438 F.2d 183 (5th Cir. 1971)); see also Kulyk v. United States, 414 F.2d 139, 141-42 (5th Cir. 1969). Finally, having been arrested upon valid probable case, Jauch properly does not assert a right to a preliminary hearing, see Stephenson v. Gaskins, 539 F.2d 1066, 1067-68 & n * (5th Cir. 1976) (per curiam), and this case does not involve the rule that "a conviction will not be vacated on the ground that the defendant was detained pending trial without a determination of probable cause." Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U,S. 103, 119, 95 S.Ct. 854, 866, 43 L,Ed.2d 54 (1975) (citing Scarbrough v.

Dutton, 393 F.2d 6 (5th Cir. 1968) (per curiam)). . See, e.g., Dist. Attorney’s Office for Third Judicial Dist. v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52, 69, 129 S.Ct. 2308, 2320, 174 L.Ed.2d 38 (2009); Cooper v. Oklahoma, 517 U.S. 348, 364, 116 S.Ct. 1373, 1381, 134 L.Ed.2d 498 (1996); Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 43, 116 S.Ct. 2013, 2017, 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996); Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 407-08, 113 S.Ct. 853, 864, 122 L.Ed.2d 203 (1993). . Mississippi’s Uniform Circuit and County Rules have recently been replaced by the Mississippi .Rules of Criminal Procedure and were deleted effective July 1, 2017. .

The Assize of Clarendon set forth basic rules of criminal and civil procedure and has thrice been cited by the Supreme Court as instructive with respect to American practices and traditions. See Klopfer, 386 U.S. at 223, 87 S.Ct. at 993; Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 761, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 1045, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962); Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516, 529, 4 S.Ct. 111, 117, 28 L.Ed. 232 (1884). .

See Baker, 443 U.S. at 144, 99 S.Ct. at 2694 (noting pre-trial detention "in the face of repeated protests of innocence” would eventually violate the right to a speedy trial "even though the warrant under which [the detainee] was arrested and detained met the standards of the Fourth Amendment," and suggesting that "depending on what procedures the State affords defendants following arrest and prior to actual trial, mere detention pursuant to a valid warrant but in the face of repeated protests of innocence will after the lapse of a certain amount of time deprive the accused of 'liberty ... without due process of law’ ” as well). .

The causes and extent of this problem are matters of debate, but not the problem itself. For a sampling, compare Parker v. Ellis, 362 U.S. 574, 584, 80 S.Ct. 909, 915 & nn.12-13, 4 L.Ed.2d 963 (1960) (Warren, J., dissenting) (discussing the writ's nature as a "prerogative" writ, and asserting non-use during vacation-time was a pretextual means of keeping enemies of the king incarcerated), with Paul D.

Halliday, Habeas Corpus: From England to Empire 55-58, 236-40 (2010) (minimizing concerns about the writ’s use in vacation-time, and attributing diminished use to genuine confusion in the law). .The Act is most properly understood to create an effective remedy, and the substantive rights it vindicates are those found in the Magna Carta. Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 740, 128 S.Ct. 2229, 2244, 171 L.Ed.2d 41 (2008), It would later "be described by Blackstone as the 'stable bulwark of our liberties,’ ” an observation not lost on the Founders. Id. at 742, 128 S.Ct. at 2246 (quoting 1 W.

Blackstone, Commentaries *137). . To address a potential loophole of excessive bail, see Holdsworth, supra, at 100, the English Bill of Rights sought to end any such practice with its decree "[t]hat excessive bail ought riot be required.” 1 W. & M., Sess. 2, c. 2; see also 4 W, Blackstone, Commentaries *294. This protection was incorporated into our Bill of Rights nearly verbatim, Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 664, 97 S.Ct. 1401, 1409, 51 L.Ed.2d 711 (1977), further evidence that early Americans shared the English abhorrence of unrestrained pre-trial detention. .

While we find that Jauch’s Sixth and Eighth Amendment challenges are left, the complained-of delays relating to provision of counsel and báil are directly attributable to the indefinite detention procedure we find unconstitutional. . Sheriff Halford has argued that he was not responsible for what happened to Jauch, but we cannot know what he could have done to allow bail, or legal or judicial action because he did nothing at all. We only know that the sheriff kept her in jail.