Darryl GUMM, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Betty MITCHELL, Warden, Respondent-Appellant, 775 F.3d 345

CLAY, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which DAUGHTREY, J. joined, and MOORE, J. joined in all but

Part II.B.4.C. of the majority’s opinion and in the judgment. MOORE, J. (pp. 385-86), delivered a separate concurring opinion. OPINION CLAY, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Darryl Gumm is mentally retarded and has an IQ of approximately 70. He was convicted by an Ohio jury for the kidnapping, attempted rape, and murder of ten-year-old Aaron Raines. For these crimes, Petitioner was sentenced to death. His convictions and sentences were affirmed on direct appeal, and his state post-conviction petition was found to lack merit by the Ohio state courts.

After he filed a petition for federal habeas corpus, the United States Supreme Court decided in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S.Ct. 2242, 153 L.Ed.2d 335 (2002) that persons who are mentally retarded cannot be executed. In Petitioner’s post-Atkins petition for state post-conviction review, the Ohio courts adjudicated Petitioner mentally retarded and reduced his sentence to thirty years to life in prison. In that second petition, the Ohio courts rejected Petitioner’s non -Atkins claims.

On federal habeas review, the district court granted Petitioner a conditional writ of habeas corpus on the four claims we have before us on appeal. These claims include (1) that the government failed to disclose exculpatory evidence as required by Brady v.

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963); (2) that Petitioner received an unfair trial due to the improper admission of incendiary prior bad acts evidence; (3) that admission of a psychiatric report violated the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause; and (4) that the prosecutor’s elicitation of inflammatory testimony and admission of psychiatric reports constituted prosecuto-rial misconduct, causing a denial of due process. Respondent Warden has appealed.

For the following reasons, this Court AFFIRMS the district court’s grant of the conditional writ of habeas corpus based on Petitioner’s Brady and prosecutorial misconduct claims. I. BACKGROUND A. Factual Background The facts of the crimes in this case are not disputed and have been summarized by the Ohio Supreme Court during its review of his convictions and sentences on direct appeal as follows: Early on the morning of May 12, 1992, the bludgeoned body of ten-year-old Aaron Raines was found by police in the basement of an abandoned building in the lower Price Hill

section of Cincinnati.... At 11:00 p.m. on May 11, 1992, Aaron Raines’s family reported Aaron as missing to Cincinnati police. An extensive neighborhood search took place, culminating in the discovery of Aaron’s body in the basement of an abandoned building adjacent to a neighborhood park where Aaron had previously been playing. Several weeks later Betty Gumm, a friend of the Raines family and defendant’s sister through adoption, learned that her brother Darryl had been in the neighborhood on the day of Aaron’s murder.

Betty knew that her brother was acquainted with Aaron, and was familiar with the abandoned buildings where Aaron’s body was found, having stripped copper out of them many times at night. Betty called the local “crime Stoppers” number to report her information. On July 24, 1992, Cincinnati police interviewed appellant at his job site, a tobacco farm in Brooksville, Kentucky. At that time, Gumm told police he hadn’t been in Cincinnati since March 1992, and indicated his desire to cooperate with police.

On July 27, Cincinnati police returned to Brooksville to talk to Gumm again, and Gumm accompanied them back to Cincinnati, ostensibly to clear himself of any wrongdoing. After extensive questioning in which he changed his statement several times, Gumm eventually confessed involvement in the murder of Aaron Raines. Gumm’s statement disclosed that he and one Michael Bies, a Kentucky acquaintance, were driven to Cincinnati on May 11 by acquaintances and dropped off around noon.

Gumm told police that he and Bies went to a bar to drink beer, and later went to the Price Hill park adjacent to two abandoned buildings, where they encountered Aaron. Gumm and Bies were observed at approximately 7:00 p.m. sitting on a bench in the park in which Aaron last played. Gumm admitted that he lured Aaron into the abandoned building for sexual purposes by telling him he would be paid $10 to help strip copper from the buildings. According to Gumm, after the three entered the first building and crossed over a walkway into the second building, Bies asked Aaron to perform oral sex for money.

When Aaron refused, Gumm claimed that Bies punched Aaron-several times, picked him up and carried him downstairs to the basement. According to Gumm, Bies there hit Aaron several additional times, once on the head with a “two by four.” After that, Gumm stated that he and Bies fled the scene. Gumm claims that he himself did not hit Aaron at all, but conceded that he might have stepped on his body as he was attempting to flee from the basement. When police found Aaron’s body at the crime scene, they noticed several objects around the body that contained blood and hairs consistent with the victim’s.

These objects included a chunk of concrete, a pipe, pieces of wood, and twine found wrapped around Aaron’s neck. Amy Martin, M.D., a former deputy coroner of Hamilton County, examined Aaron’s body at the crime scene and conducted the post-mortem exam at the coroner’s office. Dr. Martin testified that Aaron sustained twenty-one lacerations to the back of his head, representing twenty-one separate blows from an object, and that some of these wounds manifested lines that matched the threading on the pipe found next to the body. Five of Aaron’s ribs were broken, which Dr.

Martin found unusual for a boy of his age, since such bones are usually flexible. Dr. Martin opined that “something like a kicking or stomping” would be the type of force necessary to break a young boy’s ribs. Dr. Martin further testified that the left side of Aaron’s face was completely crushed in a manner consistent with a blow from the chunk of concrete found lying next to the body. Several “chevron pattern” bruises consistent with the tread of a Nike gym shoe were found on several areas of Aaron’s body. Gumm had told police that he thought Bies had been wearing L.A.

Gear gym shoes, and acknowledged that he had thrown his own shoes away. Dr. Martin testified that Aaron also sustained a broken jaw, chipped teeth and cut lips, a deep laceration and bone chip on the underside of his jaw, compression wounds and hemorrhages in the eyes probably caused by compression of twine wrapped around his neck, and pattern bruises typical of injuries caused by being struck with a stick or rod. Dr.

Martin found no evidence of any defensive wounds on Aaron’s body, and opined that the absence of defensive wounds was consistent with Aaron having been held or restrained while his injuries were being inflicted. Dr. Martin determined that the cause of death was a combination of blunt impacts to the head, chest and abdomen, as well as blunt injury to the neck. State v. Gumm, 73 Ohio St.3d 413, 653 N.E.2d 253, 257-58 (1995); see also State v. Bies, 74 Ohio St.3d 320, 658 N.E.2d 754, 756-57 (1996) (discussing facts of the crime in the context of co-defendant Bies’ appeal). B.

Procedural History Petitioner was indicted on the following counts: (1) aggravated murder with death penalty specifications, in violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2929.04(A)(3) (offense committed to escape detection, apprehension, or punishment for another offense) and Ohio Revised Code § 2929.04(A)(7) (murder committed while offender committed or attempted to commit kidnapping and rape); (2) attempted rape, in violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2923.02; and (3) kidnapping, in violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2905.01. A jury convicted Petitioner on all counts.

Petitioner did not testify during the mitigation phase of his trial and called only one witness—his sister, Karen Ridenour. The jury recommended imposition of the death penalty after concluding beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating factors. The trial court imposed the death sentence for the aggravated murder count and imposed consecutive terms of imprisonment for Petitioner’s attempted rape and kidnapping convictions. State v. Gumm, 73 Ohio St.3d 413, 653 N.E.2d 253, 258 (1995).

Petitioner’s convictions and sentence were affirmed by the Ohio Court of Appeals, see State v. Gumm, Nos. C-920907, B-925608, 1994 WL 44411 (Ohio Ct.App. Feb. 16, 1994), and by the Ohio Supreme Court, see Gumm, 653 N.E.2d 253, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1177, 116 S.Ct. 1275, 134 L.Ed.2d 221 (1996). 1. Trial A number of issues on appeal concern evidence adduced during Petitioner’s trial. Specifically, Petitioner raises claims relating to the testimony of Phyllis Thacker and Charlotte Jean Baker, as well as psychiatric reports admitted during the testimony of Petitioner’s expert, Dr. Henry Leland.

Following opening statements by each side, the prosecutor put on Thacker, whom Petitioner had lived with on and off for a number of years. After establishing how Petitioner came to live with Thacker, the prosecutor began questioning Thacker about Petitioner’s “problem with alcohol.” (J.A. at 247.) This line of questioning drew an objection from Petitioner’s counsel, but the objection was overruled.

Thacker then testified about Petitioner’s “hateful” nature when he was drunk, explaining that he would “quarrel[] and smart[ ] off to people.” (Id. at 248.) The prosecutor continued to press the issue and eventually focused his attention on a situation that occurred sometime in January Í992—five months before the murder.

Again, Petitioner’s counsel objected, stating that the events of January 1992 had “nothing to do with the event that supposedly occurred on May the 11th of '92, and it’s really not relevant.” (Id. at 250.) The prosecutor responded that the testimony from Thacker was “part of the background leading up to the homicide.” (Id.) The trial court overruled the objection and allowed the questioning to continue. The following exchange ensued: Q. Mrs. Thacker, I think we were at the point where I asked you why you became afraid of Junior and why you wanted him out of your house. Was there anything specific that evening? A.

Junior’s personality changed. He talked crazy talk and he—he acted strange to me and he said things that made me afraid to be there with him, just me and my daughter by myself. Q. What did he say to you that made you afraid? A. Once he told us—we have a horse. Once he told us that the horse told him that he was mad at—that she was mad at him because he was mistreating him, and he was crying and he was serious that that horse had actually talked to him and told him that. Q. Did he tell you why the horse was mad at him? A.

She said he wasn’t taking care of him, that he was mistreating him and that the horse told him that he didn’t love him anymore. Q. Anything more specific than that? Do you remember what you told me? ... Did he tell you one time something he had done with the horse? A. (No response.) Q. Is that difficult for you to tell us? A. Yes. Q. You’re going to have to. [Petitioner’s counsel]: I’m going to object to the form of the question. He’s leading the witness. THE COURT: Overruled. G,o on. You can tell us. Can you answer? A. I can’t say that. He told us that he did it to the horse and the horse got mad at him. Q.

He did it to the horse? A. (Indicate yes.) Q. Is that the word he used or did he use a different word? . A. He used the other word. Q. You can use the other word. A. I can say the letter to the other word. Q. Can you spell it? A. That’s still cussing. F—he said he fucked the horse. (Id. at 251-53.) After obtaining this answer about bestiality, the prosecutor moved on to another topic. Thacker’s testimony was not limited to the initial presentation. The prosecutor used the inflammatory information in the rebuttal closing arguments to the jury: Sex is the motive in this particular case, and it fits the profile....

Darryl likes to shoot pool, and he likes to have sex. It’s probably a strange hobby, but it fits. Sex is a hobby, and he likes to have it every day: Sex with a woman; sex with a man, which he’s had on fifteen to twenty occasions according to the evidence; sex with animals, according to Phyllis Thacker; and sex with little boys. (Id. at 315 (emphasis added).) The prosecutor used the second witness in the case, Charlotte Baker, to show that at the time of the murder, Petitioner was “desperate for a woman ... to have sex.

And he wanted to do it with anyone.” (Id. at 260 (during a sidebar).) Petitioner’s counsel objected, stating, “[I]t’s prior acts, and when you get to prior acts, you’re going into some very dangerous evidentia-ry grounds,” but the trial court overruled the objection. (Id.) The prosecutor asked Baker questions as follows: Q. [D]o you remember the conversations that you had with Junior back in April or May of '92? A. Yes. Just mostly the same thing about he was, you know, coming back to his girlfriend. Q. Okay. What specifically did he say with regard to how he was feeling about having sex? A....

He said that he was going to go home and—he was going to go home and get him some pussy and that he was going to fuck her until they both was sore.... Q. Did he say anything about being hard up for a woman? • A. Well, he didn’t say it. You could see it.... towards the way he looked at any woman at all. Q. Did he ever say that he’s so hard up he’d do it to anyone? [Petitioner’s counsel]; Now there’s an objection to that, Judge. THE COURT: Overruled, if you can remember. A. No. (Id. at 261-63.) Once again, after obtaining this inflammatory testimony and injecting his own language, the prosecutor moved on.

The final episode of Petitioner’s trial that is relevant for this appeal concerned the testimony of Petitioner’s sole witness: psychiatrist Dr. Leland, who opined that Petitioner evinced “a mild to borderline level of mental retardation” as well as a difficulty “synthesizing] external stimuli.” (Id. at 281.) This condition would cause Petitioner to “confuse what he had witnessed or experienced with what had been told to him,” (id. at 284), which, Dr. Leland explained, made Petitioner’s statements to the police unreliable. Dr. Leland’s opinions were based, in part, on court-compiled psychiatric reports.

At the close of Dr. Leland’s testimony, the prosecutor moved to strike the entirety of his testimony unless the psychiatric reports were admitted into evidence. Petitioner’s counsel objected to this based on hearsay. However, Petitioner’s counsel later stated that he had no objection to admission of the reports “[e]xcept for whatever hearsay, prejudicial material the Court is permitting the jury to hear which is not from witnesses who appeared in this case.” (Id. at 299.) Petitioner’s counsel did not press his objection further because he did not want Dr. Leland’s testimony stricken from the record.

The psychiatric reports contained bizarre statements and allegations, which were summarized by the magistrate judge as follows: [I]n her statement respecting her interview of Charles Bray, social worker Marilyn Geeding states that “Charles recalls hearing a story from his wife of an incident where [Petitioner] threw a raccoon into a 5-gallon bucket of paint.” ... Similarly, Geeding notes that Bray related [Petitioner]^ having tried to persuade a relative to “suck him,” but that Bray did not know the date of the incident because it “was never reported to him, simply the behavior.” ...

Betty Gumm, Petitioner’s sister ... “had a report that Darryl had crawled into bed with some woman and her husband who lived in the apartment across the street from Betty.” ... Betty also described to Geeding an incident in which [Petitioner] threw a dog into a space heater, killing it, and another in which [Petitioner] was barred from a relative’s house because he had stolen from the relative .... Betty Gumm[ ] reported] that [Petitioner] had tried to rapé a friend of hers. Both Charles Bray and Betty Gumm stated that [Petitioner] was frequently cruel to animals.

Bray reported that [Petitioner] would kick dogs and had planned to kick a neighbor’s dog to death before he was stopped.... Betty Gumm told Geeding that [Petitioner] had once heated a spoon on the stove, then pressed it against a nephew’s arm, which left a permanent scar on the boy. Gumm v. Mitchell, No. 1:98-cv-838, 2009 WL 7785750, *37-38 (S.D.Ohio Sept. 28, 2009) (citations omitted).

Like Thacker’s testimony, the prosecutor used this evidence in the closing argument to the jury as follows: Charles recalls hearing a story from his wife of an incident where [Petitioner] threw a raccoon into a five-gallon bucket of paint. Charles admits that [Petitioner] was cruel to animals and would frequently kick them. On one occasion he recalls [Petitioner] planning to kick the neighbor’s dog to death before he was stopped by the dog’s owner. Begin to fit the personality? After this offense occurred, he did report an incident where [Petitioner] attempted to get one of their nephews to suck him.

Begin to fit the pattern? These are from people who are not police officers, not prosecutors. They’re people, if anything, who should be in the defense. They interviewed Betty Gumm. You heard what she said.... Betty recalls [Petitioner] tried to rape a friend of hers; however, there was not enough evidence on this occasion to convict him. He was described as rowdy, arguing, and fighting when he was drunk. Does that fit the pattern? Betty recalls[Petitioner] as always being cruel to animals.

On one occasion, [she] recalls [Petitioner] throwing her sister Karen’s daughter’s dog into a space heater and the dog dying. On another occasion, Betty recalls [Petitioner] putting a spoon on the stove until it got hot and then putting it on their nephew’s arm. (J.A. at 308-09.) 2. State Court Post-Conviction and Federal Habeas Proceedings On September 16, 1996, Petitioner filed a petition for state post-conviction relief. State v. Gumm, No. C-960972, 1997 WL 752608, at *1 (Ohio Ct.App. Dec. 5, 1997).

The common pleas court found that all of Petitioner’s grounds for relief were barred by Ohio’s res judicata rule, which “provides in relevant part that a final judgment of conviction bars a convicted defendant from raising in any proceeding, except an appeal from that judgment, any issue that was raised, or could have been raised, at trial or on appeal from that judgment.” Williams v. Bagley, 380 F.3d 932, 967 (6th Cir.2004) (citing State v. Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175, 226 N.E.2d 104, 105-06 (1967)). The court of appeals affirmed. Gumm, 1997 WL 752608, at *2-3. The Ohio Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal.

State v. Gumm, 81 Ohio St.3d 1495, 691 N.E.2d 1057 (1998) (table decision), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 884, 119 S.Ct. 195, 142 L.Ed.2d 159 (1998). Following his defeats in state court, Petitioner filed his federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus on November 6, 1998. That petition was amended on October 20, 2000, and again on April 20, 2001. While his federal petition was pending, the Supreme Court, on June 20, 2002, held that the execution of mentally retarded criminals violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments. Atkins v.

Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 321, 122 S.Ct. 2242, 153 L.Ed.2d 335 (2002). Based on that decision, Petitioner moved to stay his federal habeas proceedings to allow him to return to state court to litigate the issue of his mental capacity. That motion was granted, and on April 7, 2003, Petitioner filed a petition in Ohio state court seeking the resolution of his Atkins claim. State v. Gumm, 169 Ohio App.3d 650, 864 N.E.2d 133, 135 (2006). The state trial court, using the standards set forth in State v.

Lott, 97 Ohio St.3d 303, 779 N.E.2d 1011 (2002), adjudged Petitioner mentally retarded, Gumm, 864 N.E.2d at 135, and reduced his sentence to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after thirty years on the aggravated murder count, eight to fifteen years’ imprisonment on the attempted rape count, and ten to twenty-five years’ imprisonment on the kidnapping count, Gumm v. Mitchell, No. 1:98-CV-838, 2009 WL 7785750, at *4 (S.D.Ohio Sept. 28, 2009).

In addition to his Atkins claim, Petitioner also presented “claims seeking relief from his conviction on an array of non-Atkins grounds,” all of which were denied by the trial court. Gumm, 864 N.E.2d at 135. The Ohio Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s determination that Petitioner was mentally retarded, id. at 136-40, as well as the trial court’s dismissal of Petitioner’s non -Atkins claims based on Ohio Revised Code § 2953.23, see id. at 140-42. Further appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court was denied. State v. Gumm, 114 Ohio St.3d 1410, 867 N.E.2d 844 (Ohio 2007) (table decision).

After his return to state courts, Petitioner’s federal habeas claim was reopened, and Petitioner amended his petition for a third time on September 13, 2007. The petition was referred to a magistrate judge, who recommended granting Petitioner a conditional writ on his fair trial, Confrontation Clause, and prosecutorial misconduct claims, but not on his claim under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). Gumm, 2009 WL 7785750.

On the Brady claim, the magistrate judge concluded that the Ohio Court of Appeals’ decision was not entitled to AED-PA deference because it was based on that court’s lack of jurisdiction to entertain the claim under Ohio Revised Code § 2953.23(A)(1)(b). Id. at *18-19. On de novo review, however, the magistrate judge recommended not granting habeas relief because “[m]uch of the alleged Brady material is nothing more than rumor, hearsay, hearsay upon hearsay, hearsay upon hearsay upon hearsay, or worse.

Gumm has not explained how any of that ‘evidence’ would have been rendered admissible in court, or how it would have led to admissible evidence.” Id. at *25; see id. at *20-27. Applying AEDPA deference to Petitioner’s fair trial claim, the magistrate judge found that “the damaging testimony was elicited from the prosecutor’s first witness, tainting the trial from the outset.

The [“fucked a horse”] testimony was irrelevant to the offenses charged, highly inflammatory, of exceedingly questionable veracity, and not counterbalanced by a limiting instruction or overwhelming evidence of Gumm’s guilt to render its admission harmless.” Id. at *28-34.

The magistrate judge stated that Thacker’s testimony was “among the most outrageously inflammatory evidence th[e] Court has ever read in a capital case transcript,” id. at *30, and concluded that the Ohio Supreme Court’s denial of his claim was both “contrary to federal law[ ] and was based on ... an unreasonable determination of the facts,” id. at *34.

Construing Petitioner’s claim regarding the admission of the psychiatric reports as one under the Confrontation Clause, the magistrate judge reviewed this claim de novo because “[although Gumm did not present this part of his claim to the state supreme court, Respondent does not advance a procedural default defense.” Id. at *34-35. The magistrate then found that, under Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 100 S.Ct. 2531, 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980), the prosecutor failed to demonstrate either unavailability of the witnesses or indicia of reliability, and recommended granting ha-beas on this claim.

Finally, with respect to Petitioner’s prosecutorial misconduct claim, the magistrate judge found that the only preserved portion of this claim regarded the “prosecutor’s elicitation of the other acts evidence”—that is, the evidence of bestiality and Petitioner’s sexual drive and the claims made in the psychiatric reports. Id. at *39-40. The magistrate judge found that the prosecutor had deliberately elicited the testimony about bestiality without adequately informing the trial court about the specifics of what he intended to bring out. See id. at *42.

The magistrate judge found similarly as to the introduction of the hearsay in the psychiatric reports and further, the prosecutor “argued [it] as truth ... in its closing argument.” Id. at *43. In sum, the magistrate judge held, “the Court concludes that the prosecutors in Gumm’s trial did engage in misconduct to the substantial prejudice of the defense. The state supreme court’s conclusion [to the contrary] ... is objectively unreasonable when evaluated under the governing federal law as articulated by the United States Supreme Court.” Id.

Therefore, the magistrate judge recommended granting habeas on Petitioner’s prosecutorial misconduct claim as well. The district court reviewed the report and recommendation and adopted it with respect to Petitioner’s fair trial, Confrontation Clause, and prosecutorial misconduct claims but rejected it with respect to Petitioner’s Brady claim. Gumm v. Mitchell, No. 1:98-CV-838, 2011 WL 1237572, at *1 (S.D.Ohio Mar. 29, 2011). On the claims that the magistrate judge recommended granting relief, the district court essentially adopted the magistrate judge’s reasoning in toto. See id. at *10-12.

The district court disagreed with the magistrate judge’s assessment of the Brady claim. Whereas the magistrate judge had found that the Brady claim failed because most of the evidence complained of was inadmissible, the district court noted that “does not necessarily mean that it would not lead to admissible evidence or that it was not subject to disclosure.” Id. at *6.

The district court was particularly bothered by the prosecutor’s “failure to turn over tips, interview notes and other evidence concerning suspect Roger Cordray,” which it believed could have led to reasonable doubt (especially given the prosecutor’s “not very strong” case). See id. at *7-8. The district court therefore granted Petitioner habeas relief on his Brady claim as well. II. DISCUSSION A. Standard and Scope of Review On appeal of a denial or grant of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, this Court- reviews the district court’s conclusions of law de novo and its factual findings for clear error.

Hanna v. Ishee, 694 F.3d 596, 605 (6th Cir.2012). Such review is, however, subject to the standards set forth in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996). Id. “[AEDPA] modified a federal - habeas court’s role in reviewing state prisoner applications in order to prevent federal habeas retrials and to ensure that state-court convictions are given effect to the extent possible under the law.” Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 693, 122 S.Ct. 1843, 152 L.Ed.2d 914 (2002) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), a petitioner may not obtain federal habeas corpus relief with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in state court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim— (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.

A state court’s decision is “contrary to” clearly established law if “the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000).

An unreasonable application of clearly established law occurs when “the state court identified the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413, 120 S.Ct. 1495. “[Relief is available under § 2254(d)(l)’s unreasonable-application clause if, and only if, it is so obvious that a clearly established rule applies to a given set of facts that there could be no ‘fairminded disagreement’ on the question.” White v. Woodall, — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 1697, 1706-07, 188 L.Ed.2d 698 (2014).

In a case where “a habeas court must extend a rationale before it can apply to the facts at hand, [ ] by definition the rationale was not clearly established at the time of the state-court decision.” Id. at 1706 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court has explained that “[f]or purposes of § 2254(d)(1), an unreasonable application of federal law is different from an incorrect application of federal law.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 131 S.Ct. 770, 785, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Further, “[a] state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as fairminded jurists could disagree on the correctness of the state court’s decision.” Id. at 786 (internal quotation marks omitted). Lastly, “[e]valuating whether a rule application was unreasonable requires considering the rule’s specificity. The more general the rule, the more leeway courts have in reaching outcomes in case-by-case determinations.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

This deference reflects the view that § 2254 is only to be used to “guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). If, however, a claim was not “adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings,” pursuant to § 2254(d), then this Court applies pre-AEDPA standards and reviews any legal issue de novo. See Johnson v. Williams, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1088, 1097, 185 L.Ed.2d 105 (2013) (“The language of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(

d) makes it clear that this provision applies only when a federal claim was adjudicated on the merits in State court.”); Robinson v. Howes, 663 F.3d 819, 822-23 (6th Cir.2011). B. Petitioner’s Brady Claim Petitioner asserts that the state prosecutor failed to honor its obligation under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963) to disclose information favorable to Petitioner during his trial.

Specifically, Petitioner claims that “[t]he State failed to disclose more than [170] pages of evidence that detailed their investigation into the death of Aaron Raines.” (Pet’r’s Br. at 8.) Petitioner’s Brady claim was presented to the Ohio Court of Appeals during his post-Atkins petition for post-conviction review. That court addressed the Brady claim as follows: In his fifth claim, Gumm sought relief from his conviction on the ground that the state had failed to disclose exculpatory evidence in the form of information developed by the police during their investigation ....

In support of his fifth claim, Gumm offered Crimestopper reports, lead and tip sheets, and investigation notes and summaries memorializing information received and gathered by the police during their investigation. These records showed what the investigating officers had stated at Gumm’s trial: that the police had initially had few leads and had cast a very wide net to find the killer. The officers inquired about sex offenders known to live in or frequent the neighborhood surrounding the abandoned building where the victim had been found.

They followed tips, often based on rumor and second- and third-hand information, concerning individuals who had made incriminating statements or had exhibited suspicious behavior, individuals who had been seen in or around the abandoned building or the surrounding neighborhood, and individuals who had been seen with the victim around the time of the murder. They also obtained information that impeached the victim’s brother’s [Dallas Haynes] credibility and contradicted the state’s theory concerning when the murder had occurred.

From our review of the record, we conclude that the undisclosed evidence, viewed collectively, was not “material” in that it could not “reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdictfs].” Therefore, the state’s failure to disclose the evidence did not deny Gumm his constitutional right to a fair trial. Moreover, the record will not permit the conclusion that, but for the state’s failure to disclose the evidence, no reasonable factfinder would have found him guilty of the offenses of which he was convicted.

Thus, Gumm failed to satisfy the [Ohio Revised Code § ] 2953.23 jurisdictional requirement of outcome-determinative constitutional error. We therefore hold that the common pleas court properly declined to entertain his fifth postconviction claim. Gumm, 864 N.E.2d at 133 (footnotes in original). While the Ohio Court of Appeals cited relevant Brady case law and seems to have made a pronouncement on the merits of Petitioner’s claim, the court ultimately held that it was without jurisdiction to “entertain” Petitioner’s Brady claim because Petitioner failed to meet the requirements of Ohio Revised Code § 2953.23(A).

After reviewing this decision and relevant Ohio , case law, the magistrate judge found that § 2953.23(

A) requires “that petitioners demonstrate outcome-determinative constitutional error by clear and convincing evidence as a prerequisite to the courts’ subject matter jurisdiction.” Gumm, 2009 WL 7785750, at *18 (collecting cases). The magistrate judge went on: “Taken to its logical conclusion, that

interpretation leaves the state courts with jurisdiction only over winning claims.” Id. The magistrate judge concluded that because the Ohio Court of Appeals found that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction, and because “a judgment rendered by a court lacking subject matter jurisdiction is void ab initio,” id. (quoting Patton v. Diemer, 35 Ohio St.3d 68, 518 N.E.2d 941, 944 (1988)), the court of appeals’ conclusions on the merits of Petitioner’s Brady claim were not entitled to AEDPA deference.

The magistrate judge applied de novo review to Petitioner’s Brady claim, and the district court adopted that analysis. 1. Standard of Review Although the Ohio Court of appeals conducted a brief Brady analysis, it went on to conclude that it did not have jurisdiction to entertain Petitioner’s second petition for post-conviction relief. See Gumm, 864 N.E.2d at 133. De novo review is appropriate in this case because the state court did not adjudicate this claim on the merits and did not address the issue in an opinion in which the court had jurisdiction over the matter.

This Court and others have held that where a state court decides a petitioner’s claim on alternative grounds, one on the merits and the other on a procedural bar ruling, a federal habeas court may still review that court’s merits analysis and apply AEDPA deference to that adjudication. See Brooks v. Bagley, 513 F.3d 618, 624 (6th Cir.2008); Hoffner v. Bradshaw, 622 F.3d 487, 505 (6th Cir.2010), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 2117, 179 L.Ed.2d 910 (2011); Busby v. Dretke, 359 F.3d 708, 721 n. 14 (5th Cir.2004), cert. denied 541 U.S. 1087, 124 S.Ct. 2812, 159 L.Ed.2d 249 (2004); Johnson v.

McKune, 288 F.3d 1187, 1192 (10th Cir.2002), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1050, 123 S.Ct. 621, 154 L.Ed.2d 525 (2002). However, this case is not such a case. Instead, the Ohio courts have clearly indicated that § 2953.23 denies courts subject matter jurisdiction over claims that cannot meet the statute’s stringent requirements. The Ohio courts have interpreted their own law to conclude that where a court lacks jurisdiction, any judgment on the merits is rendered void ab initio. This Court should not reinterpret an issue of state law that has already been interpreted by the state courts. See Estelle v.

McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 68, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991) (explaining that “it is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state-court determinations on state-law questions.”). Therefore, we apply de novo review to Petitioner’s Brady claim. Relief on Petitioner’s Brady claim is warranted because there was an unquestionable and egregious Brady violation in this case. 2. Clearly Established Law The goal of the criminal justice system, as set forth in Brady and its progeny “is not punishment of society for misdeeds of a prosecutor but avoidance of an unfair trial to the accused.

Society wins not only when the guilty are convicted but when criminal trials are fair.” Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194. To achieve this goal, “Brady held ‘that the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused ... violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.’ ” Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 432, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995) (quoting Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194).

Because a Brady duty is triggered even if the “evidence [is] ‘known only to police investigators and not to the prosecutor,’ ” compliance with Brady imposes a duty on the prosecutor “ ‘to learn of any favorable evidence known to the others acting on the government’s behalf in this case, including the police.’ ” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 280-81, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999) (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 437-38, 115 S.Ct. 1555).

In sum, “regardless of request, favorable evidence is material, and constitutional error results from its suppression by the government, if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 433, 115 S.Ct. 1555 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Or, put another way, “[t]here are three components of a true Brady violation: [ (1) t]he evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; [ (2) ] that evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and [(3)] prejudice must have ensued.” Strickler, 527 U.S. at 281-82, 119 S.Ct. 1936. Taken together, the materiality and prejudice prongs do not require a defendant to show that disclosure of the evidence would have ultimately led to an acquittal.

Instead, the defendant must establish only that in the absence of the evidence he did not receive a fair trial, “understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. 1555. If the undisclosed evidence “could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict,” then a Brady violation has occurred. See id. at 435, 115 S.Ct. 1555. See also Smith v.

Cain, — U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 627, 630, 181 L.Ed.2d 571 (2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (“[E]vidence is material within the meaning of Brady when there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”). “A reasonable probability does not mean that the defendant would more likely than not have received a different verdict with the evidence, only that the likelihood of a different result is great enough to undermine!] confidence in the outcome of the trial.” Id. at 630 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Significantly for this case, withheld information is material under Brady only if it would have been admissible at trial or would have led directly to admissible evidence. United States v. Ogden, 685 F.3d 600, 605 (6th Cir.2012). “[Inadmissible] information ‘is not evidence at all’ for purposes of Brady and thus can have no ‘direct effect on the outcome of a trial.’ ” Wogenstahl v. Mitchell, 668 F.3d 307, 325 n. 3 (6th Cir.2012) (quoting Wood v. Bartholomew, 516 U.S. 1, 6, 116 S.Ct. 7, 133 L.Ed.2d 1 (1995)).

A federal habeas court’s conclusion that undisclosed inadmissible evidence would lead directly to admissible evidence may not be based “on mere speculation.” Wood, 516 U.S. at 6, 116 S.Ct. 7. Importantly, when viewing the undisclosed evidence, courts are to focus on the cumulative effect of the undisclosed evidence on the jury’s verdict. See Kyles, 514 U.S. at 436-37, 115 S.Ct. 1555 (holding that undisclosed evidence should be “considered collectively, not item by item”). 3. Evidence Withheld Petitioner identifies several categories of evidence that the state failed to turn over prior to his trial.

This includes evidence regarding other suspects, some of whom confessed to having committed the crime, evidence regarding the prosecutor’s implied timeline of the crime, and impeachment evidence. a. Other Suspects The state failed to disclose a substantial collection of tips, leads, and witness statements relating to other individuals who had been investigated for the murder of Aaron Raines. On its face, the nondisclosure of the identities of these suspects—'two of whom were reported to have confessed to the murder—is an egregious breach of the state’s Brady obligations. See D’Ambrosio v.

Bagley, 527 F.3d 489, 498-99 (6th Cir.2008); Jamison v. Collins, 291 F.3d 380, 390-91 (6th Cir.2002).

Prosecutors are not necessarily required to disclose every stray lead and anonymous tip, but they must disclose the existence of “legitimate suspect[s],” D’Ambrosio, 527 F.3d at 499, especially when such information has been specifically requested by the defendant, as it was in this case. “Withholding knowledge of a second suspect conflicts with the Supreme Court’s directive that ‘the criminal trial, as distinct from the prosecutor’s private deliberations, [be preserved] as the chosen forum for ascertaining the truth about criminal accusations.’ ” United States v.

Jernigan, 492 F.3d 1050, 1056-57 (9th Cir.2007) (en banc) (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 440, 115 S.Ct. 1555). i. Roger Cordray Police investigators amassed a number of reports that Cordray had confessed to the murder of Aaron Raines, and witnesses told police that Cordray was known to sleep in the abandoned building where Aaron’s body was found. One witness, George Putteet, told police that he had seen Aaron in the vicinity of the abandoned building around 10:30 p.m. on the night of the murder.

Putteet further stated that a group of unidentified individuals “were messing with drunks in the alley,” including Cordray, and were “calling him names & getting him to chase them.” (J.A. at 55.) Although many of the witnesses’ statements were second-hand, it was widely believed that Cordray had admitted to numerous people that he was guilty of the crime, and indeed that he had bragged about it and was “glad Aaron was dead.” One witness reported that another man “beat up” Cordray after he said that he and a friend had killed Aaron.

Cordray allegedly threatened a woman named Christine Robertson that he would harm her if she told anyone about a coat belonging to him that was discovered in the abandoned building. Anthony Steele and Theresa Wright>Steele told police that Cordray had approached them and said, “I did it.

I killed the little kid.” (Id. at 39.) They further reported that Cordray’s hands and knuckles were “all scraped up,” and although Cordray was drunk and high on Valium at the time, they believed him when he confessed to killing Aaron. (Id.) Police investigated Cordray further, but they could not match his shoes to the footprints found at the crime scene.

There were “some similarities” between the ridge pattern of Cordray’s palm print and the prints found at the scene, but the police were unable to make a positive identification. (Id. at 41.) Cordray denied any involvement in Aaron’s murder when speaking with the police, and there was no further investigation because the investigating officer drafting the report thought Cordray was being truthful.

The magistrate judge described the overwhelming evidence pertaining to Cor-dray as follows: The “Crime-Stoppers” tips include information that an individual by the name of Roger was known to sleep in the building where Aaron’s body was found. Roger also frequently drank in the building next door. Another tip came from Barb Desborough, who indicated that Roger Cordray confessed to the murder. Desborough also informed police that Vivian Stimetz might know who heard Roger confess, but the tip sheet stated that Vivian had not been located as of May 18, 1992.

Barb Desborough reported hearing from people who attended Aaron’s funeral that Roger Cor-dray was bragging that he had killed Aaron, and that he was glad Aaron was dead. The police eventually found Vivian Stimetz, who was Aaron’s aunt, and interviewed her. She stated that Betty Gumm, Petitioner’s sister, communicated a rumor to Stimetz that Cordray was bragging about how he had beaten Aaron. Stimetz also repeated the rumor that Cordray lived in the abandoned building where Aaron’s body was found, but stated that she had never seen him anywhere but on the street.

There is a reference to Cordray’s having been taken away by the paramedics after he said this, but the context of that comment is unclear. The police also interviewed Christine Robertson, who said that supposedly there was a coat belonging to Cordray found in the building where Aaron’s body was discovered. Robertson stated that she had been threatened by Cor-dray not to say anything about the coat or he would harm her. Anthony Steele told the police that Roger Cordray had confessed to him that he had killed the little kid. Steele noticed that Cordray’s hands and knuckles were scraped up, too.

Steele also stated that Cordray had confided to him that Cordray was a suspect in the murder, but that he could never do that because he loves kids. In an investigative

summary, a police officer described a meeting with . Anthony and Theresa Steele, who stated they were near the murder scene with Cor-dray on an unspecified date when Cor-dray told them he had killed the little kid. Although both Anthony and Theresa were under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time, both believed Cor-dray was being honest with them. The officers returned to the Steele home to talk with Anthony and Theresa again. The Steeles repeated their story with somewhat more detail during the second conversation.

The officers eventually located Cordray and took pictures of his shoes and fingerprinted him. Cordray described his activities on the night of the murder and denied knowing Aaron Raines or seeing him the night of the murder, and stated he would never do anything to hurt a child. In addition, the tread on Cor-dray’s shoes did not match from the crime scene. A comparison of Cor-dray’s palm print to one found at the scene revealed similarities, but no points upon which an identification of the found print as Cordray’s might be made. The author of the investigative

summary expressed his belief that Cordray was being truthful, and skepticism that Cor-dray was involved in Aaron’s murder, in notes from an interview of Betty Gumm, Petitioner’s sister, it stated that Donna Jones heard Roger Cordray state that he killed Aaron. There is also a note indicating that Paul Worthington heard Cordray “bragging to the cops + priest that he had done the killing.” Talk around the neighborhood was that Cordray had ' committed the murder. Another investigative

summary basically repeats the information gathered from Barb Desborough. A conversation with Roberta Shinkle indicated that William O’Malley beat Cordray because Cordray said he and a friend had killed Aaron. One story that traveled through several people before reaching the police involved Rick Baker’s desire to have a pair of very bloody jeans washed. Baker explained the blood on his jeans by stating that after Cordray was beaten, he helped Cordray, getting Cordray’s blood on his jeans in the process.

An unidentified individual stated that he or she saw Aaron the night he was murdered, and that he or she saw Cordray with two other men sitting on some steps in the vicinity that same night. Gumm v. Mitchell, No. 1:98-cv-838, 2009 WL 7785750, at *20-21 (S.D.Ohio Sept. 28, 2009). ii. Raymond Moore Police received numerous reports potentially implicating Raymond Moore, who had apparently previously lived in the abandoned building where Aaron’s body was found.

The police records include a statement from a witness who saw Moore enter the abandoned building around 7:00 p.m. on the night of the murder, which is around the same time that Petitioner and Michael Bies were seen in the adjacent park. Moore stated that he knew Aaron and he had looked for him for several hours after being asked to help search by a police officer around 9:00 p.m.; however, Aaron had not been reported missing until 11:00 p.m. Aaron’s uncle, William Raines, told police that following Aaron’s murder, he noticed Moore acting strangely and that he seemed to be avoiding Aaron’s mother.

A police officer “looked at it and he said he didn’t feel that [Moore’s palm print] matched what he had from the crime scene.” (Id. at 116.) After speaking with Moore, the police determined that they “kind of’ believed him and effectively eliminated him as a suspect, particularly after Moore admitted that he had a “shot” memory and his shoes did not match the prints found at the crime scene. (Id. at 118-19.) iii.

Other Potential Suspects Although Roger Cordray and Raymond Moore were the most notable and talked-about alternative suspects, the undisclosed police files are replete with references to other individuals who may have had some involvement in Aaron’s murder. For example, a boy named Larry Peters told the police that Reggie Hetsler approached him at a bus stop in Cincinnati and told him that he killed and raped the little boy along with his brother, Steve Pence.

Several undisclosed documents concerned Garland Inman, an individual who had previously been adjudicated a juvenile delinquent for the sexual assault of several family members. Inman had recently been released from juvenile detention, was seen by a named, identified witness near the scene of the crime on the night of the murder, and a number of individuals believed he might have been involved in the crime. Another suspect was Claude Justice, who was the subject of a “crime-stoppers” tip. An anonymous caller reported that Justice is a homosexual man who often propositioned young boys for sex.

The tipster stated that he had seen Justice on prior occasions emerge from the building where Aaron was found, often followed by a boy. Several witnesses, including Aaron’s uncle Clayton Raines, believed that a man named Luther Hatton had been involved in Aaron’s murder because he had a violent criminal history, had been seen near the abandoned building, and mysteriously disappeared after a night of drinking around 10:00 p.m. on the night of the murder. Additionally, according to an ex-convict, word around a local prison was that Hatton had killed Aaron.

An anonymous tipster referenced Cody Duffey acting strangely, harassing “neighborhood kids,” and carrying a crowbar. The tipster said that Duffey had approached her after Aaron’s murder and asked her what she thought she might do if someone had killed her child. Duffe/s cold demeanor led her to believe that Duf-fey knew something about the murder. Raines also mentioned a man named Carl Miller to the police. Raines believed Miller might have been involved because he wanted to get out of town quickly on the night Aaron was murdered. b.

Impeachment of the State’s Witnesses The state offered the testimony of Aaron’s brother, Dallas Hayes, but did not disclose that he had failed a polygraph examination and that the polygraph operator believed that Dallas “was lying on all questions that had to do with Aaron’s death.” (J.A. at 177.) However, as the district court found, Ohio has long prohibited the admission of polygraph evidence unless both the prosecutor and defendant agree to admission and numerous safeguards are observed by the trial judge. See State v. Souel, 53 Ohio St.2d 128, 372 N.E.2d 1318, 1321-23 (1978).

Therefore, it is unlikely that the polygraph evidence would have been admissible, even if the State had disclosed its existence to Petitioner. A Crime Stoppers tip sheet showed that an anonymous tipster believed the police should look into Hayes because he had been playing in the abandoned building where Aaron’s body was found only five days before the murder. Additionally, Petitioner asserts that he is entitled to access to a statement by one of Hayes’ friends, who stated that Hayes wanted more freedom and wished that his mother would spend more time with him.

However, in that same statement, the friend stated that Hayes loved his brother and would not let anything happen to him. c. Evidence Undermining the State’s Theory of the Case Petitioner also points to undisclosed evidence that Aaron had been seen in the abandoned building in the past, which contradicts the state’s argument at trial that Aaron was afraid of the dark and would not have entered the building unless coerced by another person.

Although the question of how Aaron entered the building appears largely irrelevant to Petitioner’s guilt or innocence, it potentially undermines the state’s narrative of the crime and contradicts details provided in Petitioner’s statements to the police. Next, Petitioner argues that the state’s timeline of events is contradicted by undisclosed evidence. Specifically, Petitioner identifies numerous witness statements placing Aaron at a local ice cream stand as late as midnight on the night of the murder.

This information was garnered by the police from firsthand accounts of named, identified people in the neighborhood. Although the state never definitively established a timeline of Aaron’s movements on the night of the murder and the medical examiner could not determine a time of death, the state did present evidence that Petitioner and Bies were last seen in the park adjacent to the abandoned building around 7:00 p.m., and Aaron’s brother Hayes testified that he last saw Aaron in the evening before it became dark outside.

By suppressing evidence that numerous witnesses had seen Aaron later that evening, the state likely reinforced its case against Petitioner by suggesting that he and Aaron were last seen at approximately the same time. Therefore, this undisclosed contradictory evidence could have been used by the defense to disrupt the state’s narrative of the crime. 4. Analysis a. Admissibility of Undisclosed Evidence The state’s primary argument against the materiality of the undisclosed evidence in this case is that much of it is inadmissible hearsay and could not have led to the discovery of admissible evidence.

As the Supreme Court and this Court have explained, without some indication of admissibility, such evidence cannot be considered material for purposes of Brady. See Ogden, 685 F.3d at 605. And this indication cannot be merely speculative. Wood, 516 U.S. at 6, 116 S.Ct. 7. The magistrate judge concluded that “[m]uch of the alleged Brady material is nothing more than rumor, hearsay, hearsay upon hearsay, hearsay upon hearsay upon hearsay, or worse.

Gumm has not explained how any of that ‘evidence’ would have been rendered admissible in court, or how it would have led to admissible evidence.” Gumm, 2009 WL 7785750, at *24. The district court did not adopt this portion of the magistrate judge’s report and instead concluded that while it agreed that “much of the undisclosed evidence was itself inadmissible, ... that does not necessarily mean that it would not lead to admissible evidence or that it was not subject to disclosure.” Gumm, 2011 WL 1237572, at *6.

In Wood, a habeas petitioner alleged that the state had violated Brady by failing to disclose the results of a polygraph examination that could have been used to impeach a witness. 516 U.S. at 5-6, 116 S.Ct. 7. The Ninth Circuit granted the writ, finding that although the polygraph results were themselves inadmissible, their disclosure could have led to admissible evidence or affected defense counsel’s preparation for trial.

The Supreme Court reversed, finding that neither the Ninth Circuit nor the petitioner could identify precisely how the trial could have been affected, or admissible evidence discovered, had the admittedly inadmissible polygraph results been disclosed. Id. at 6-7, 116 S.Ct. 7. The Court further reasoned that the results would have had no material effect under Brady because the remainder of the evidence against the petitioner was overwhelming.

Courts applying Wood have rejected the writ when a single piece of inadmissible evidence such as a polygraph examination or hearsay statement was not disclosed by the state, concluding that the result of the trial could not have been altered by the nondisclosure of only inadmissible evidence. See, e.g., Hutchison v. Bell, 303 F.3d 720, 743 (6th Cir.2002) (addressing a single hearsay statement). However, this case is not one where a petitioner is complaining about the failure to disclose a single inadmissible statement or polygraph test.

On the contrary, Petitioner alleges that the state failed to disclose a small mountain of favorable evidence that he and his counsel would have used to undermine the prosecution’s case. Some of this evidence consists of rumors and double-hearsay statements which would likely have been inadmissible at trial, but much of the evidence could very well have been admitted or clearly led to the discovery of admissible evidence. To prevail on a Brady claim, a petitioner need only show that the undisclosed evidence was “likely admissible under Ohio law.” Wogenstahl, 668 F.3d at 325 n. 3.

Of course, when subject to AEDPA deference, it must be that any reasonable jurist would believe that the inadmissible evidence would lead to admissible evidence. That is clear in this case. First, Cordray’s various confessions would have come into evidence in some manner had Petitioner known about the statements. Petitioner would have called Cordray to testify and three things could have happened:

(1) Cordray could have testified consistent with his prior statements, thereby confessing in court to Aaron’s murder;

(2) Cordray could have denied murdering Aaron, in which case, his prior confessions could come in by way of impeachment, as prior inconsistent statements under Ohio Rule of Evidence 613; or, perhaps most likely,

(3) Cordray would not have appeared or would have appeared but asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. In this third scenario, Cordray would have been unavailable under Ohio Rule of Evidence 804(A)(1) such that his prior confessions could have come in as statements against interest under Ohio Rule of Evidence 804(B)(3). See State v. Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 559 N.E.2d 710, 719-20 (1990).

Rule 804(B)(3) permits an unavailable declarant’s statement to be admitted if it “tended to subject the declarant to civil or criminal liability ... that a reasonable person in the declarant’s position would not have made the statement unless the declarant believed it to be true,” if that statement is accompanied by “corroborating circumstances [which] clearly indicate the trustworthiness of the statement.” In Landrum, the Ohio Supreme Court found sufficient corroborating circumstances where the declarant “spontaneously” confessed shortly after a murder and there was additional evidence tying the declarant to the murder. 559 N.E.2d at 720 (citing Chambers v.

Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 300-01, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973)). Like in Landrum, Cordray’s confessions were spontaneous: he walked up to the Steeles and told them that he killed “the little kid” and bragged to others in the neighborhood about killing Aaron. Additionally, other reports place Cordray near the scene of the crime and gave him motive for killing Aaron. Therefore, a court would find that there were sufficient corroborating circumstances to render Cor-dray’s confessions admissible. See Landrum, 559 N.E.2d at 720.

Further, the fact that Cordray had a similar palm print to the one left at the scene could have been admitted by calling the forensic investigator, and Petitioner could have called Putteet to testify about witnessing Aaron teasing Cordray on the night in question. Additionally, much of the evidence given to the police was in the form of eyewitness statements from named, identified individuals whose testimony would be admissible at trial. Had Petitioner known of the existence of these witnesses, he could have offered testimony of the following:

(1) Roger Cordray was known to sleep in the abandoned building where Aaron’s body was found; (2) a group of people was seen on the night of the murder “messing with” Cordray in a nearby alley;

(3) Anthony Steele observed that Cordray’s hands and knuckles were scraped; (4) there were “some similarities” between Cordray’s palm print and the print recovered at the crime scene;

(5) Raymond Moore lived in the abandoned building where Aaron’s body was discovered at some point;

(6) Moore was seen entering the building several times on the night of the murder;

(7) Moore was acting strangely and avoiding Aaron’s mother;

(8) Garland Inman, a convicted sex offender, was seen near the crime scene on the night of the murder;

(9) Claude Justice was known to use the abandoned buildings for sex; and

(10) Luther Hatton had been seen near the abandoned building and mysteriously disappeared around 10:00 p.m. on the night of the murder. None of this was inadmissible as hearsay or for any other reason. Although some of the evidence against the multiple other suspects might have been inadmissible, the fact that police had received reports about multiple other suspects could have been introduced at trial to call into question the thoroughness of the investigation.

Therefore, contrary to the magistrate judge’s conclusion that much of the evidence was immaterial for Brady purposes, Petitioner has correctly identified a whole slew of undisclosed, material evidence, much of which was admissible or could easily have led to admissible evidence. b. Consideration of the Evidence in Context When the prosecution fails to turn over numerous pieces of favorable” evidence, the proper focus of Brady’s materiality inquiry is on the cumulative effect of the unsuppressed evidence on the jury’s verdict.

See Kyles, 514 U.S. at 436-37, 115 S.Ct. 1555. “[T]he omtésion[s] must be evaluated in the context of the entire record.” United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 112, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976). Considering the quality and quantity of the evidence that the state failed to disclose, the potential for that evidence to have affected the outcome of Petitioner’s trial is inescapable. Even armed with only the evidence implicating Roger Cordray, defense counsel would have easily constructed an alternative narrative of the crime.

Defense counsel would have been able to establish through eyewitnesses that a group of people, which may have included Aaron Raines, was taunting Cordray near the abandoned building around 11:00 p.m. on the night of the murder. Witnesses place Aaron in the same area at approximately the same time. Cordray, who was known to sleep in the abandoned building, later confessed to numerous people that he had murdered Aaron. After the murder, a witness noticed that Cor-dray’s knuckles were scraped.

Even though the police identified “some similarities” between Cordray’s palm print and the print found at the scene of the crime— a similarity they were unable to establish with Gumm’s print—they eliminated Cor-dray as a suspect because they simply believed him when he denied involvement in the crime. Taken together, these facts demonstrate that Cordray had the means, motive, and opportunity to murder Aaron. These facts, had they been disclosed, would have provided a compelling counter-narrative to the state’s theory of the case and would have called into question the thoroughness of the police investigation.

The capacity for the undisclosed evidence to have affected the outcome of Petitioner’s trial becomes even clearer when viewed in light of the small amount of evidence that the state adduced at Petitioner’s trial.

In fact, the prosecutor admitted in his opening statement to the jury that “the police had very little concrete evidence” and that the case came down to what neighbors had seen that night. (J.A. at 242-43.) The prosecutor framed the case as the neighbors coalescing around Petitioner as the murderer, but the evidence regarding Cordray and the holes that the neighbors could have poked in the police’s timeline would have been directly contradictory to the prosecutor’s view of the crime. The state never discovered any physical evidence linking Petitioner to the crime.

Instead, the state focused on the fact that Petitioner was seen in a park near the abandoned building around 7:00 p.m. on the night of the murder. However, the relevance of this fact is clearly dubious given the numerous witnesses who saw Aaron much later that night—evidence which was admissible but never disclosed to the defense. Second, the state brought in inflammatory and prejudicial evidence, which this Court finds was unrelated to the crimes and was of questionable validity. Additionally, much of that inflammatory evidence was unreliable hearsay, hearsay upon hearsay, and hearsay upon hearsay upon hearsay.

Finally, and most importantly, the state relied on Petitioner’s own confession to the murder. Undoubtedly, a confession “is strong evidence of [] guilt,” Harbison v. Bell, 408 F.3d 823, 824 (6th Cir.2005), but ' there are numerous reasons why a jury would have discounted Petitioner’s statements to the police, taking into account Petitioner’s diminished mental capacity, especially had it been presented with a compelling alternative theory of the crime based on this mountain of exculpatory evidence. In fact, the only defense witness at Petitioner’s trial testified regarding the weakness of Petitioner’s confession.

Petitioner’s statements to the police were far from overwhelming evidence of his guilt. Petitioner had a questionable capacity to understand what was happening to him, and he likely could not distinguish between what he was told during his encounters with the police and what he actually remembered from the day of the murder. Although the jury was presented with Petitioner’s recorded confession, the jury also listened to extensive testimony by the defense’s expert witness, who provided strong reasons for discounting Petitioner’s confession.

Some excerpts from the trial transcript are particularly telling of Petitioner’s capacity to provide a reliable confession in this case. Defense counsel asked Dr. Leland for his opinion regarding whether petitioner “would be able to relate the same set of facts accurately two times in a row or several times.” (J.A. Vol. II, at 284.) The following colloquy ensued: A. He could relate the same type—the same type of facts consistently as long as there was no other intrusion of new facts. Q. What would happen if there was an intrusion of new facts? A.

Then he—then that would contaminate the original memory, and he wouldn’t be sure which he was remembering and which he wasn’t; that is, it would become jumbled sets of information because he at no time would have been able to synthesize them to make them into a real idea. Q. Do you have an opinion with reasonable psychological certainty as to whether or not he would confuse what he had witnessed, he would ,get them very confused. A.

Well, it would—if what he had been told concerned what he had witnessed, he would get them very confused. (Id.) Although the expert witness did not view the recordings of Petitioner’s confessions, Dr. Leland did view a recording of Petitioner’s walk-through of the abandoned building in which Aaron Raines’ body was found. Dr. Leland was questioned regarding his opinion as to. the reliability of the statement Petitioner made during that walk-through.

He stated in response, “I think it’s even less reli-able____Because, after watching the tape and comparing the two programs, I find that Darryl primarily was agreeing with the policemen. As the policemen said things, Darryl would shake his head, meaning yes, and occasionally add things. But the things that he was asked and added had nothing to do with the testimony in this case.” (Id. at 285-86.) Finally, Petitioner’s counsel asked Dr.

Leland whether, based on his examination of Petitioner and his review of the psychiatric reports, he had an opinion as to whether Petitioner had “the ability to accurately describe an event or facts which occurred ten weeks prior to the time he described them.” (Id. at 287.) In response, Dr. Leland responded, “I don’t think he has the ability to accurately describe any series of events. I, for example, asked him what he had been doing in jail for the last three, four days, and he couldn’t describe that.” (Id.) On cross-examination, Dr.

Leland also stated that he did not believe Petitioner “understands what the truth is as you would define the word truth. You can’t judge a damaged brain the way you would judge a normal brain.” (R. 170-8, Leland Testimony, at 895.) Dr.

Leland also testified on cross-examination that Petitioner “had difficulty synthesizing what he remembers.... [And t]he problem with depending on that is if you introduce other isolated facts that relate the same situation that he doesn’t know, he may remember them also, in which case he doesn’t know ■ which the real facts are and which are the ones you’ve introduced.” (Id. at 895-96.) Upon his second petition for post-conviction relief, Petitioner was found to be mentally retarded by the Ohio state courts. According to a psychological evaluation performed by licensed psychologist Dr. David A.

Ott, which was submitted to the district court during Petitioner’s second evidentiary hearing, mentally retarded individuals use a “cloak of competence” in an “attempt to present themselves as ‘normal’ (or at least more capable than they actually are) as a means of avoiding the stigma of being identified as mentally retarded.” (R. 170-18, Ott Psych. Eval., at 7.) Dr. Ott explained that Petitioner’s behavior in response to the officers’ questioning was consistent with this notion. (Id. (“Although the contact note indicates the officer’s perception that ‘most of the conversation’ was ‘macho talk,’ Mr.

Gumm’s apparent efforts to present himself as a capable farmer and pool player despite the significant adaptive deficits he exhibited are consistent with the notion of the cloak of competence.... Mr. Gumm appeared to the officers as a follower, indicating the ineffectiveness with which he attempted to portray himself as more competent.”).) This observed behavior is very much consistent with the Supreme Court’s concerns expressed in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 320, 122 S.Ct. 2242, 153 L.Ed.2d 335 (2002) about the heightened possibility of false confessions from mentally retarded individuals.

The Court recognized that while mentally retarded individuals “frequently know the difference between right and wrong,” their impairments cause “diminished capacities to understand and process information, to communicate, to abstract from mistakes and learn from experience, to engage in logical reasoning, to control impulses, and to understand others’ reactions.” Id. at 318, 122 S.Ct. 2242. Mentally retarded individuals are particularly “susceptible to the perceived wishes of authority figures.” Morgan Cloud et al., Words without Meaning: The Constitution, Confessions, and Mentally Retarded Suspects, 69 U. Chi.

L.Rev. 495, 511 (2002). This is true “[e]ven when no direct pressure is exerted on them [because] they may be inclined to make false statements out of a desire to please perceived authority figures.” Id. “If an authority figure such as a police officer makes it clear to the individual that he wants a confession, even an innocent disabled person may confess so a law enforcement officer will not become angry with him.” Id. at 512.

Additionally, “[w]hen faced with a coercive situation ... mentally retarded persons generally have difficulty finding refuge even in silence, as often they feel compelled to answer—even when the questions are beyond their abilities.” Paul T. Hourihan, Earl Washington’s Confession: Mental Retardation and the Law of Confessions, 81 Va. L.Rev. 1471, 1493 (1995).

This means that “mentally retarded defendants are more likely to confess when placed in an interrogational situation, less likely to give a truthful statement, and yet more likely to be found by a court to have voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently relinquished his or her constitutional right against self-incrimination.” Id. at 1494. In fact, as the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation recognized, numerous studies reveal that “the mentally retarded are disproportionately represented ■ in ‘false confession’ cases.” Gumm, 2009 WL 7785750, at *32 (citing Brandon L. Garrett, Judging Innocence, 108 Colum.

L.Rev. 55, 88-89 (2008); Steven A. Drizin & Richard A. Leo, The Problem of False Confessions in the Post-DNA World, 82 N.C. L.Rev. 891, 920, 971 (2008)). While a jury could have accepted (and did accept in this instance) that Petitioner’s confession was genuine, notwithstanding these problems, the jury was not presented with any counter narrative of the crime.

Instead, what was placed before the jury was a confession of minimal reliability, inflammatory statements by the prosecutor, heavily prejudicial testimony from Petitioner’s former housemates, and hearsay statements lacking any indicia of reliability contained in the psychiatric reports. Although the jury likely viewed Petitioner’s confession with some skepticism following this testimony, without a counter narrative of the crime and with all of the egregious “bad acts” evidence that c&me into the record, the jury likely placed greater weight in the confession than was warranted.

In this context, the state’s failure to turn over this evidence implicating other individuals in the murder and calling into question the state’s own account of the crime can “reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 435, 115 S.Ct. 1555. c.

AEDPA Deference Although AEDPA does not apply to Petitioner’s Brady claim, even if we were confined by the stringent limitations in § 2254(d)(1), habeas relief is still appropriate because no reasonable jurist could find that the disclosure of the small mountain of exculpatory evidence in this case would not undermine confidence in the verdict. In its recent decision in Woodall, the Supreme Court clarified application of § 2254(d)(1) as follows:

Section 2254(d)(1) provides a remedy for instances in which a state court unreasonably applies [Supreme] Court[ ] precedent; it does not require state courts to extend that precedent or license federal courts to treat the failure to do so as error. Thus, if a habeas court must extend a rationale before it can apply to the facts at hand, then by definition the rationale was not clearly established at the time of the state-court decision. 134 S.Ct. at 1706 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

Therefore, the Court held, habeas relief is improper where a state court’s decision constituted an unreasonable failure to extend clearly established federal law. This holding does not apply in the instant case because Petitioner’s Brady claim falls directly under the Supreme Court’s clearly established law as dictated in Brady and its progeny, and does not require an extension of current law. Therefore, even under AEDPA deference, habeas relief is appropriate in this case. This is not a difficult finding to make. In this ease, there was no physical evidence linking Petitioner to the crime.

The police were unable to locate Petitioner’s shoes to match those to the prints found at the crime scene. Police were also unable to match Petitioner’s palm print to the palm print uncovered at the scene. As a result, the prosecutor made his ease through Petitioner’s demonstrably unreliable confession and egregiously prejudicial and unreliable testimony and hearsay statements contained in the psychiatric reports. On the other hand, the undisclosed evidence, much of which would have been admissible in some form at trial, demonstrated that other suspects were near the scene at the approximate time of the crime.

One of those suspects confessed on at least two occasions to two different people. That same suspect who confessed to the crime was seen in the area around the time of the crime, being harassed by a group of kids. That same suspect’s palm print had some similarities with the palm print obtained from the scene.

Where the evidence against Petitioner was so weak in this case and the undisclosed evidence so strong, it is impossible for this Court to conclude that reasonable jurists could disagree as to whether the undisclosed evidence, when considered together, “could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 435, 115 S.Ct. 1555. The Supreme Court found in Kyles that “[tjhere was a considerable amount of [ ] Brady evidence on which the defense could have attacked the investigation as shoddy.” Here, it is no different.

Even prior to anyone mentioning Petitioner as a possible suspect, the police had a great deal of evidence, much of which would have been admissible in some form, showing that other individuals could have been involved in the crime, yet police ended their investigations of these individuals based on little more than a whim that the individuals were being truthful. Two identified witnesses came forward stating that Cordray had confessed to the murder and two additional people were believed to have heard Cordray confess.

Cordray’s palm prints were a partial match to the palm prints retrieved at the scene of the crime. Defense counsel could have conducted additional investigation by interviewing Anthony and Theresa Steele, Donna Jones, and Paul Worthington, and calling them during trial to ask about Cor-dray’s confessions. Although the latter two individuals did not provide direct statements to the police, the undisclosed evidence indicates that they overheard Cordray confessing that he killed Aaron Raines.

Despite all of this evidence amassed against Roger Cordray, the police officers merely decided they believed his story and ended their investigation into that suspect. After locating Cordray, photographing his shoes, and fingerprinting him, the police interviewed Cordray about his activities on the night of the murder. When he denied knowing Aaron Raines or seeing him that night and indicated that he would never hurt a child, “[t]he author of the investigative

summary expressed his belief that Cordray was being truthful, and skepticism that Cordray was involved in Aaron’s murder.” Gumm v. Mitchell, No. 1:98-cv-838, 2009 WL 7785750, at *2021 (S.D.Ohio Sept. 28, 2009). Had all of this material been presented to the jury, Petitioner’s defense counsel could have attacked as “shoddy” this decision to end the investigation. Similarly, police received a number of reports implicating Raymond Moore in the crime, including one from Aaron’s uncle.

Apparently Moore lived in the abandoned building and a witness saw him entering the building around 7:00 p.m. on the night of the murder. Moore made a number of strange and questionable statements to the police regarding his conduct on the night of the murder. Despite all of this evidence, the police simply determined that they “kind of’ believed Moore and eliminated him as a suspect, without pressing any further. This evidence would have allowed Petitioner to “undermine the ostensible integrity of the investigation.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 447, 115 S.Ct.

[…]