INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE MFG. CO. v. KELLOGG SWITCH BOARD & SUPPLY CO., 171 F. 651

BAKER, Circuit Judge (after stating the facts as above). Forty odd reference patents were not needed to prove that Dean was not a pioneer in the telephonic art, that he did not originate the granular-carbon type of transmitter, and that he was not the first to provide a means for preventing the packing of the granules. So much he explicitly admitted in his specification; but at the same time he asserted that his “simple, compact and effective” structure was new and useful. Its utility, its high degree of effectiveness, its commercial success, are unquestioned facts.

The novelty of none of the claims is gainsaid by any single prior patent or structure; but collectively the references establish that all of the elements, broadly considered, which Dean used in making up his combination, were old and were commonly used in transmitter construction. The question is whether the production of the new and useful combination required the exercise of invention- — whether the idea embodied therein was obviously taught by the prior art.

Dean's application, confirms his testimony that he was familiar with the White transmitter (patent No. 485,311), and that he considered it the best form then in use, but that the carbon granules therein were' too liable to pack.

In the White transmitter the electrodes are smooth ; the front electrode is attached to the vertical diaphragm against which the sound waves strike; the rear-electrode is mounted in the bottom of a substantial chambered block which is rigidly attached to the’ transmitter case; a supplemental diaphragm of mica or similar material is fastened at its center to the front electrode and at its periphery to the circumferential edge of the heavy chambered block; the space between the faces of the electrodes and between- their edges and the-wall of the chamber is filled with carbon granules.

The variations in the resistance to the current are due wholly to the compression and relaxation of the granules between the vibrating and the stationary-electrodes. The carbon chamber is sealed, and so moisture as a cause of packing is eliminated. There is an overflow space around the edges of the electrodes, thus obviating the fusion that might come from heat expansion of granules within confined limits; but the continual tamping of the front electrode upon the granular mass within the rigidly held chamber remained in the White as a known cause of packing.

In the Dean structure, with its vertical diaphragm and smooth electrodes,, its light-weight chamber carried on the diaphragm, its front electrode attached to the diaphragm within the chamber, its rear electrode upon a rigid post extending within the chamber, its supplemental diaphragm of mica- attached at its periphery to the circumferential edge of the chamber and at its center to the rigid post and forming a tight and flexible rear wall of the chamber, its space for granules-between the faces of the smooth electrodes and its overflow space aromad the edges of the electrodes — not only were obtained the variations in current resistance due to the compression and relaxation of the granules between the vibrating and the stationary electrodes, but also the variations due to the inertia of the granules as the chamber played back and forth; and, further, not only were moisture and overheating done away with as causes of packing, but the only remaining cause, namely, the tamping of a stationary mass, was removed by keeping the mass in agitation.

Now when Dean had thought out these new results and the way to attain them, it is true that the various elements of the novel and useful combination could be found here and there; but the concept of such a unitary structure was not obviously taught nor foreshadowed by anything in the prior art. Strom berg and Carlson (patent No. 580, 434) prevented packing by the wedging and separating action of roughened electrodes, aided by elasticity of the plush circumferential wall. Stromberg-Carlson Tel. Mfg. Co. v. American Elec. Tel. Co., 127 Fed. 704. 62 C. C. A. 460.

While the result, in the one particular, was of the same general character, the idea of means was totally different. Nothing, of course, was taught respecting the granular carbon type by the earlier transmitters (Short, Berliner, and others) in which the electrodes were in direct contact. The transmitters with horizontal diaphragms we deem inapposite for reasons stated in the Stromberg-Carlson Case.

The “pillbox” class (Colvin and others) do not have the tamping action, the effect of which was one of the things in the White transmitter that Dean was aiming to remedy; and the absence of the tamping hardly suggests a cure.

In the “piston and cylinder” type (Brown, Charollois, and others) in which one electrode is mounted at the bottom of a solid cylindrical granule chamber, and the other electrode is the piston head, having a felt or plush packing or washer, and either the cylinder or the piston is attached to the diaphragm, we trace no suggestion of means for attaining the results produced by Dean, hi the Charollois structure, which was largely dwelt upon in argument, we find electrodes of the rough-face style and the space between fully and tightly filled with granules — no sealed chamber to exclude moisture, no overflow' space to allow' for heat expansion, no way suggested to break up tamped granules except by the wedging and separating action of the rough-face electrodes.

To our view the White transmitter is the strongest reference. In a broad way it may be said on a comparison of the two transmitters that Dean simply reversed the position of White’s sealed chamber with its smooth electrodes and overflow space, and that all the necessary structural alterations and adaptations were -within the capacity of the skilled mechanic. But neither the White patent nor anything else exhibited in the prior art would have told the mechanic why the changes ought to be made. The mechanic in Dean had first, to be informed by the inventor in Dean. Infringement is dear.

Appellant’s mechanical joinder of parts which appellee makes integral does not avoid the identity of the transmitters. Dean’s application was filed in March, 1901, and the patent was granted in the following November. McCormick, inventor [or appellant, testified that he made a transmitter embodying the principles of the Dean invention in September, 1900,; but he did nothing about it until sometime after Dean had applied for a patent and also had successfully placed his transmitter upon the market. Thereafter McCormick filed an application for a patent, and appellant brought out its copy of the Dean transmitter.

Appellee introduced proof tending to show that Dean had made the invention in 1895. Upon this state of things appellant bases several contentions. Abandoned experiment: The very instrument, unaltered, that Dean constructed in 1895, was successfully used, after this suit was pending, in communication between Chicago and New York. Public use more than two years prior to the application: Dean did not sell or lease his completed device; he did not permit others to use it for telephone purposes; he did not so use it himself.

He did, to the knowledge of others, couple it to a telephone line to see whether it would do what he hoped. He lost nothing- by such a use. Elizabeth v. Pavement Co., 97 U. S. 126, 24 L. Ed. 1000. Abandonment or dedication to the public: This contention centers on Dean’s intent, and the burden was on appellant to prove very clearly that Dean meant to donate his invention to the public. Ide v. Trorlicht Co., 115 Fed. 144, 53 C. C. A. 341, and cases there collated.

Within the two years preceding- the application there was no public sale or use and no publication under circumstances from which an inference of dedication might be drawn. And the positive evidence leaves no doubt that Dean intended to retain the invention as his own property until he could market it to his profit, as he did in 1901. Equitable estoppel: Dean was the first and true inventor of the device in suit. There being no abandonment, no public use or sale, and no publication, within the terms of

section 4886, Rev. St. (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3382), his right to the patent is not assailable on statutory grounds. So far as equities are concerned, Dean, in spite of his delay, was the first to put the device into commercial use and the first to apply for a patent.

If, during Dean’s suspension of activities, McCormick had either patented the device or brought it into public use without a patent, the public would have been indebted to McCormick for benefits conferred, and Dean might well be held estopped by his delay from claiming the public grant; but in our judgment neither reason nor authority sanctions an estoppel against the first and true inventor unless the later comer has cut in between and made the public his debtor by being the first to get to the patent office or the market. Kendall v. Winsor, 21 How. 328, 16 L. Ed. 165; Consolidated Fruit Jar Co. v. Wright, 94 U.

S. 92, 24 L. Ed. 68; Savary v. Lauth, Fed. Cas. No. 12,389; White v. Allen, Fed. Cas. No. 17,535. The decision in Universal Adding Mach. Co. v. Comptograph Co., 146 Fed. 984, 77 C. C. A. 227, is to the same effect, when the general expressions are read, as they should be, in the light of the particular facts. The decree is affirmed.