Shelly LAL, individually and in her representative capacity on behalf of the Estate of Kamal L. Lal, decedent, and in her representative capacity as guardian ad litem for Sagar Lal; Estate of Kamal L. Lal; Sagar Lal, a minor, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. STATE OF CALIFORNIA; California Highway Patrol; Frank Newman; Matthew Otterby, Defendants-Appellees, 610 F.3d 518

Opinion by Judge WILLIAM A. FLETCHER; Dissent by Judge HALL. WILLIAM A. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge: Shelly Lai brought suit against the California Highway Patrol (“CHP”) and officers Frank Newman and Matthew Otterby (collectively, “Defendants”) for the shooting death of her husband. The district court dismissed her case with prejudice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(

b) for failure to prosecute when her attorney failed to meet deadlines and attend hearings. When Lai later learned of her attorney’s behavior and the dismissal of her suit, she hired a new attorney and filed a motion for relief from judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6). The district court denied the motion. We reverse. We hold, pursuant to Community Dental Services v. Tani, 282 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir.2002), that an attorney’s gross negligence constitutes an extraordinary circumstance warranting relief from a judgment dismissing the ease for failure to prosecute under Rule 41(b). I.

Background Lai’s husband Kamal Lai was shot and killed by CHP officers Newman and Otter-by on March 6, 2005. On March 8, 2005, Lai retained Chesterfield Spahr to represent her and her minor son. In December 2005, Spahr and his co-counsel Mark Webb filed suit against Defendants in state court on behalf of Lai, her son, and her husband’s estate. On August 23, 2006, Defendants removed to federal court. On November 15, 2006, the district court allowed Webb to withdraw. Spahr remained as Lai’s attorney. On November 26, Defendants’ counsel sent Spahr their initial Rule 26 disclosures. Spahr made no initial disclosures.

Two days later, Defendants filed a case management statement. The initial case management conference was scheduled for November 30. Defense counsel and Spahr appeared at the scheduled time, but the court continued the conference to January 18, 2007. The court ordered counsel for both parties to confer before January 18 and ordered Spahr to provide Rule 26 disclosures within two weeks. Spahr did neither. According to her sworn statement provided to the district court, Lai called Spahr in mid-December 2006 to check on the status of her case.

She recounts that Spahr told her that he had participated in a conference call with defense counsel and the district court judge, that the judge wanted the parties to settle the case, and that the next meeting would take place in approximately two to three months. He did not tell her about the scheduled January 18 case management conference. Neither Spahr nor Lai appeared at the January 18 management conference. Lai states that she did not know about the hearing and that she would have appeared, either with or without Spahr, had she known about it.

On January 19, the district court entered a written order directing Lai and Spahr to show cause why sanctions should not be imposed “including dismissal of the complaint for failure to prosecute and/or monetary sanctions for her repeated refusal to comply with the court’s orders.” The court set a hearing on the order to show cause for February 1 and warned that “[i]f plaintiff fails to appear her complaint will be dismissed.” Neither Lai nor Spahr appeared on February 1. Lai states that she did not know about this second hearing.

At the hearing, counsel for Defendants stated that they had received no communications from Spahr and renewed a previous request that the court dismiss the case. The next day, in a written order, the district court dismissed for failure to prosecute pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). Lai states that she called Spahr in March to check on her case. She states that Spahr told her that Defendants needed more time for discovery. Lai left Spahr a voicemail on June 1. Spahr replied in a text message, telling Lai that he would call her that evening. But Spahr did not call.

Spahr left a voicemail about a week later, telling Lai that he was in the process of filing pre-trial motions and that Webb had tentatively agreed to work on her case again. Lai left another voicemail for Spahr in August, but he did not respond. Lai then called Webb’s office and left a message for Webb. Webb also did not respond. Lai left another voicemail for Spahr in September. He finally returned her call on September 21. He told her he had scheduled depositions in her case for late November.

When Lai asked about additional depositions, Spahr said it would be better to wait to discuss her case until Webb returned the following week. Spahr then scheduled a conference call for himself, Webb, and Lai for September 25. Spahr did not call at the time scheduled for the conference call. Lai called Spahr 30 minutes later and left a voicemail. She then sent him an email the next day about their failed conference call. She received no response to either her voicemail or email.

Lai states that she called attorney Wynn Herron at about this time to “get a second opinion.” Herron returned her call on October 1, 2007. He told Lai that the district court had dismissed her ease on February 2, 2007, because Spahr had failed to appear for a hearing. Lai states that she was shocked and told Herron she was never informed of this development. Herron advised her to file a complaint with the California State Bar. Lai asked Herron about the merits of her case, but Herron told Lai that he did not handle such cases. Lai states that she called Spahr later that same day.

Spahr told her that he had missed the district court hearing for a good reason and that he had re-filed her case in state court. Lai asked for copies of the papers he filed, along with the case numbers. Lai then called Herron again and asked him to find the state court case Spahr claimed he filed on her behalf. Herron could find no pending cases filed on behalf of Lai or her son. Lai states that she called Spahr the next day, October 2, to get copies of the documents he claimed to have filed.

Spahr told her he needed 24 to 48 hours to retrieve the documents, that he had moved offices, and “if anything fell through the cracks, that he would make it up to me.” Lai was distraught and spoke to her priest, who called Spahr. Spahr left Lai a message on her voicemail at work at 7:00 p.m. on October 3, suggesting that they set up a meeting the next morning to discuss Spahr’s plans for Lai’s case. Lai states that she was not at work on the morning of October 4, and did not receive the message in time to meet with Spahr.

It is unclear whether the meeting would have actually taken place if Lai had received the message in time. Lai filed a complaint with the State Bar eight days later, on October 12. Spahr called her that same day and told her he was filing a “pre-hearing motion” in her case. Lai again asked for copies of all of the documents filed in her case. After not receiving anything for another two weeks, Lai called Spahr again. Spahr said he would deliver the papers to her house that evening, but he never came. Lai called the State Bar in November and spoke with Willis Shalita, the investigator assigned to her complaint.

Shalita advised Lai to get another attorney. Lai attempted to retain attorney Paula Canny that same day. Lai was told that Canny was undergoing chemotherapy and might not be able to take on her case, and that she would need to read everything before making a decision. Lai states that a person in Canny’s office told her “a couple of weeks later” that Canny had a conflict of interest and could not represent her. Lai then called several other attorneys, all of whom declined to help her. On December 27, Lai contacted attorney Sydney Fairbairn.

Fairbairn advised Lai to demand that Spahr turn over her case files and to hire a service to obtain copies of her case files from federal and state court. Lai called Fairbairn back four days later to say that she had hired a service. She then met with Fairbairn on January 5, 2008. Lai formally retained Fairbairn on January 22. On January 25, 2008, Fairbairn filed a motion for substitution of counsel and a motion for relief from judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60. The Rule 60 motion was supported by sworn declarations from Fairbairn and Lai.

The district court held a hearing on the Rule 60 motion for relief from the dismissal for failure to prosecute on March 5, and denied the motion two days later. The court expressed doubt about the applicability of our decision in Tani, 282 F.3d 1164, in which we held that an attorney’s gross negligence was a ground for granting a motion for relief from a default judgment. The court went on to hold that, even if Tani applied, Lai had not diligently pursued relief under Rule 60(b)(6) and that her delay prejudiced Defendants. Lai timely appealed. II.

Standard of Review We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s dismissal of an action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(

b) for failure to prosecute. Hearns v. San Bernardino Police Dep’t, 530 F.3d 1124, 1129 (9th Cir.2008). We also review for abuse of discretion a district court’s decision to deny a Rule 60(

b) motion. Cal. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Leavitt, 523 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir.2008). We review de novo “any questions of law underlying the district court’s decision” to deny a Rule 60(

b) motion. Jeff D. v. Kempthorne, 365 F.3d 844, 850-51 (9th Cir.2004). III. Discussion Lai appeals both the district court’s order dismissing her action for failure to prosecute and the order denying her motion for relief from judgment. We address each in turn. A. Dismissal for Failure to Prosecute The district court dismissed Lai’s suit under Rule 41(

b) on February 2, 2007. Rule 41(

b) states that “[ujnless the dismissal order states otherwise, a dismissal under this subdivision (b) ... operates as an adjudication on the merits.” The district court order dismissing Lai’s action did not state otherwise and was therefore an adjudication on the merits. Because the dismissal order ended Lai’s suit on the merits, it is a final decision appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(1)(

A) provides, “In a civil case ... the notice of appeal ... must be filed with the district clerk within 30 days after the judgment or order appealed from is entered.” Lai filed her notice of appeal on March 24, 2008, over one year after the district court dismissed her action.

Under the version of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(4)(A)(vi) then in effect, the 30-day deadline for filing a notice of appeal started to run from the time the court entered an order disposing of a Rule 60 motion, so long as the Rule 60 motion was filed “no later than 10 days after the judgment [was] entered.” However, Lai filed her Rule 60 motion on January 25, 2008, long after the court’s February 2, 2007 dismissal order. We therefore do not have jurisdiction to review the district court’s dismissal of Lai’s action for failure to prosecute. B. Relief from Judgment Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(

b) provides, in relevant part: On motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (6) any other reason that justifies relief. A motion under Rule 60(b)(6) “must be made within a reasonable time.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 60(c)(1). We use Rule 60(b)(6) “sparingly as an equitable remedy to prevent manifest injustice.” United States v. Alpine Land & Reservoir Co., 984 F.2d 1047, 1049 (9th Cir.1993).

To receive relief under Rule 60(b)(6), a party must demonstrate “extraordinary circumstances which prevented or rendered him unable to prosecute [his case].” Tani, 282 F.3d at 1168 (citing Martella v. Marine Cooks & Stewards Union, 448 F.2d 729, 730 (9th Cir. 1971) (per curiam)). An attorney’s actions are typically chargeable to his or her client and do not ordinarily constitute extraordinary circumstances warranting relief from judgment under Rule 60(b)(6). See Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 633-34, 82 S.Ct. 1386, 8 L.Ed.2d 734 (1962); Ringgold Corp. v. Worrall, 880 F.2d 1138, 1141 — 42 (9th Cir.1989).

But there are exceptions to this general principle. In Community Dental Services v. Tani, 282 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir.2002), we joined the Third, Sixth and Federal Circuits in holding that an attorney’s gross negligence constitutes such an extraordinary circumstance. We followed the Third Circuit in defining gross negligence as “neglect so gross that it is inexcusable.” Id. at 1168 (quoting Boughner v. Sec’y of Health, Educ. & Welfare, 572 F.2d 976, 978 (3d Cir.1978)).

The attorney in Tani “virtually abandoned his client by failing to proceed with his client’s defense despite court orders to do so” and deliberately deceived his client about what he was doing (or not doing). Id. at 1170-71. The district court issued a default judgment. When Tani learned of the default judgment, he promptly hired a new attorney and filed a motion for relief from the default judgment under Rule 60(b)(6). Id. at 1167. The district court denied the motion.

We held that the behavior of Tani’s first attorney constituted gross negligence and that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to grant Tani relief under Rule 60(b)(6). We wrote, “[C]onduct on the part of a client’s alleged representative that results in the client’s receiving practically no representation at all clearly constitutes gross negligence, and vitiat[es] the agency relationship that underlies our general policy of attributing to the client the acts of his attorney.” Id. at 1171.

We apply Tani to this case and hold that an attorney’s gross negligence resulting in dismissal with prejudice for failure to prosecute constitutes an “extraordinary circumstance” under Rule 60(b)(6) warranting relief from judgment. Dismissal with prejudice under Rule 41(

b) for failure to prosecute is the converse of a default judgment. In both instances, the consequence of the attorney’s action (or inaction) is a loss of the case on the merits. The only significant difference is that the plaintiff rather than the defendant suffers the adverse judgment. Our holding is consistent with Latshaw v. Trainer Wortham & Co., Inc., 452 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir.2006). The plaintiff-appellant in Latshaw requested Rule 60(b)(6) relief from a judgment resulting from her acceptance of an offer of judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 68. Id. at 1102-03.

She stated that she accepted the offer based on her attorney’s coercion and erroneous legal advice, and she argued that his conduct constituted gross negligence meriting Rule 60(b)(6) relief. Id. We distinguished default judgments, which are disfavored, from Rule 68 judgments, which are “actively supported” by courts. Id. at 1103. We therefore declined to extend Tani to allow relief from judgments entered under Rule 68, holding that the plaintiff-appellant’s attorney’s conduct, even if grossly negligent, did not constitute grounds for Rule 60(b)(6) relief. A dismissal for failure to prosecute under Rule 41(

b) is much more like a default judgment than a Rule 68 judgment. We based our decision in Tani on “the well-established policy considerations we have recognized as underlying default judgments and Rule 60(b).” Tani, 282 F.3d at 1169. The same policy considerations underlie dismissal for failure to prosecute. We have stated that dismissal under Rule 41(b) “is so harsh a penalty it should be imposed as a sanction only in extreme circumstances.” Dahl v. City of Huntington Beach, 84 F.3d 363, 366 (9th Cir.1996).

This is almost identical to our stance on default judgments, which are “appropriate only in extreme circumstances.” Falk v. Allen, 739 F.2d 461, 463 (9th Cir.1984) (per curiam). It is obvious that the conduct of Lai’s attorney constituted gross negligence. The facts recounted in Lai’s sworn statement are not disputed. The similarities between the attorney’s conduct in Tani and Spahr’s conduct in this case are striking. First, both attorneys “virtually abandoned [their] client[s] by failing to proceed with [their] clients’] [case] despite court orders to do so.” Tani, 282 F.3d at 1170.

The attorney in Tani filed the answer late and never provided plaintiffs with a copy. He “failed to contact [plaintiff] for preliminary settlement discussions despite being ordered to do so, failed to oppose [plaintiffs] motion to strike the answer, and failed to attend various hearings.” Id. at 1171. Spahr failed to make initial Rule 26 disclosures after being ordered to do so; failed to meet, confer, and participate in the joint case management conference after being ordered to do so; and failed to attend hearings.

Second, both the attorney in Tani and Spahr “deliberately misle[d] [their clients] and deprived] [them] of the opportunity to take action to preserve [their] rights.” Id. Tani’s attorney “explicitly represented to Tani that the case was proceeding properly.” Id. Tani only learned of the default judgment against him when the judgment was mailed to his office. Id. at 1167. Similarly, Spahr continued to tell Lai that her case was moving forward even after it had been dismissed.

In mid-December 2006, Spahr told Lai that the next meeting on her case would be in two to three months, even though the case management conference was scheduled for January 18, 2007. Although the district court had dismissed Lai’s action for failure to prosecute on February 2, 2007, Spahr told her in March that Defendants needed more time for discovery. On September 21, 2007, Spahr lied to Lai, telling her he had scheduled depositions in her case for November. On October 1, Spahr told Lai that he had refiled her suit in state court. On October 12, Spahr told Lai he was filing a “prehearing motion” in her case.

Throughout October, Spahr repeatedly assured Lai that he would give her copies of all of the documents he falsely claimed to have filed in her case. In these circumstances, we hold that Spahr acted with gross negligence and that Lai has demonstrated “extraordinary circumstances” beyond her control that merit relief under Rule 60(b)(6). After expressing doubt about whether Tani should be applied to grant Rule 60(b)(6) relief from a dismissal for failure to prosecute under Rule 41(b), the district court went on to deny relief even on the assumption that Tani applied. The court relied on two grounds.

First, the district court held that Lai had not pursued Rule 60(b)(6) relief diligently. We disagree. Not quite four months elapsed between when Lai learned on October 1, 2007 that her case had been dismissed and when she filed her motion for relief. During all of October, Spahr told her that he was working on her case. Two weeks after learning that her case had been dismissed, Lai filed a complaint with the State Bar. Lai called the State Bar in November and tracked down the investigator assigned to her complaint. The investigator advised her to get a new attorney.

Lai contacted Paula Canny’s office that same day. Canny took “a couple of weeks” before deciding not to take the case. Lai then contacted several other attorneys, none of whom agreed to take her case. On December 27, 2007, Lai contacted Sydney Fairbairn. Fairbairn told Lai how to obtain copies of the documents filed in her case. Lai obtained the documents and met with Fairbairn on January 5, 2008. Fairbairn then acted promptly to assess Lai’s case. Fairbairn filed a substitution of attorney motion and a Rule 60(b)(6) motion, accompanied by sworn statements, on January 25.

Second, the district court held that Defendants would suffer significant prejudice if Lai’s Rule 60(b)(6) motion were granted. Here, too, we disagree. The court relied on a declaration from Professor Robert Bjork, Chair of the Psychology Department at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Bjork specializes in “directed forgetting,” which he describes as the “forgetting process triggered by an explicit or implicit instruction that some information presented or studied earlier should now be forgotten.” Defendants’ counsel had sent defendants Newman and Otterby letters dated March 22, 2007, informing them that Lai’s case had been dismissed on the merits and that the dismissal was final because the time for appealing the order had lapsed.

Bjork stated that the dismissal of Lai’s case “served as an unambiguous cue to the officers that they were free to move on with their lives — and free to not keep remembering and replaying memories of a highly traumatic episode that happened almost two years earlier.” Bjork stated that “the officers’ testimony will be lacking in the color and detail expected of police officers in such situations, meaning, among other things, that it may appear less credible than it would have had the officers not been lead to believe that the resolution in their favor was final.” Newman and Otterby shot and killed Lai’s husband on March 6, 2005.

Lai’s case was dismissed almost two years later, on February 2, 2007. On March 22, 2007, Defendants’ counsel informed Newman and Otterby that Lai’s case had been dismissed. Ten months elapsed between the time they were informed that the case had been dismissed and the time Lai filed her Rule 60(b)(6) motion on January 25, 2008.

Even if it is true that Defendants’ memories significantly deteriorated during these ten months, and that this deterioration was assisted by what Professor Bjork calls “directed forgetting,” we do not agree with the district court that such a deterioration would constitute sufficient prejudice to warrant denying Lai’s motion.

Defendants’ initial disclosures, filed in the district court in November 2006, make clear that there were eleven CHP officers besides Newman and Otterby who were “witnesses on scene at [the] time of the incident.” An undisclosed number of “witness officer interviews” were conducted by yet another CHP officer. The CHP conducted an investigation of the shooting, and there are tape recorded statements of twelve CHP officers taken in connection with that investigation. Finally, there are written transcripts of contemporaneous statements by both Newman and Otterby.

Given this wealth of evidence, despite whatever “directed forgetting” Newman and Otterby might have done, Defendants cannot convincingly argue that the evidence in this case has been so compromised as a result of any delay in bringing a Rule 60(b)(6) motion that they have been substantially prejudiced. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, we hold that Lai’s Rule 60(b)(6) motion for relief from judgment should have been granted. We reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for further proceedings. REVERSED and REMANDED. .

Rule 4(a)(4)(A)(vi) was amended in 2009 to provide a 28-day limit rather than a 10-day limit for filing the Rule 60 motion. At all times relevant to this case, the 10-day limit applied.