ESTATE OF Colton PETERSON; et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. David KRUEGER, Missoula Police Detective, Defendant-Appellant, and City of Missoula, Montana; et al., Defendants, 685 F. App'x 631

MEMORANDUM Detective David Krueger challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for

summary judgment based on qualified immunity. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We reverse the district court’s decision denying qualified immunity and hold that Krueger is entitled to qualified immunity because the law was not clearly established at the time of the violation. 1. The district court denied Krueger’s motion for

summary judgment based on qualified immunity, finding that the contours of the law were sufficiently clear that Krueger may be said to have been on notice that his conduct was unlawful. The United States Supreme Court recently reiterated “the longstanding principle that ‘clearly established law* should not be defined ‘at a high level of generality.’ ” White v.

Pauly, — U.S. —, 137 S.Ct. 548, 552, 196 L.Ed.2d 463 (2017) (per curiam) (citing Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 742, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (2011)). “[T]he clearly established law must be ‘particularized’ to the facts of the case.” Id. (citing Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987)). The district court erred in failing to identify a case where an officer acting under similar circumstances as Krueger was held to have violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Instead, the district court relied on Munger v.

City of Glasgow Police Department, 227 F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 2000), Kennedy v. City of Ridgefield, 439 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir. 2006), and Patel v. Kent School District, 648 F.3d 965 (9th Cir. 2011), which lay out the state-created danger exception in markedly different circumstances and are applicable to this case only at a high level of generality. Accordingly, we conclude that

summary judgment based on qualified immunity was warranted because the law was not clearly established at the time of the alleged conduct. See White, 137 S.Ct. at 552. 2. Because we hold that Krueger is entitled to qualified immunity, we do not consider whether the alleged conduct constituted a constitutional violation. REVERSED. This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.