Derek ANDREWS, et al. v. GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, INC., et al., 191 F.R.D. 59

LETTER OPINION ORIGINAL ON FILE WITH CLERK OF THE COURT POLITAN, District Judge. This matter comes before the Court on the appeal by plaintiffs from Magistrate Judge Ronald J. Hedges’ Letter Order filed February 16, 1999. This Court heard oral argument on April 8, 1999. For the reasons stated more particularly herein, the Order by Magistrate Judge Hedges is REVERSED. STATEMENT OF FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY On June 12, 1998, plaintiffs Derek Andrews, Erie Brown, Lanette Brown, Gregory Butler, Carlos Cortijo, Richard Foendoe, Ernestine Foendoe, George Hudson, Tanya Hudson, Joseph J.

Lee, Elizabeth Lee, Jonathan Ratliff, Andrea Ratliff, Nolan Reaves, Elaine Mac-Reaves, Cornell Ross, Demaris Ross,'David Simmons, and Doris Simmons (hereinafter collectively referred to as “plaintiffs”) filed a Complaint against defendants Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc. (hereinafter “Goodyear”), Thomas Martin, Joseph Ma-lyska, Jr., William A. Petri, Ralph. G.

So-den, Gerald Myslinski and John Feastor in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, in Middlesex County alleging: (1) racial discrimination pursuant to the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination, N.J.S.A. § 10:5-12(a),(e); (2) failure to promote; (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress; and (4) loss of consortium. See Complaint filed June 12,1998. On June 19, 1998, Goodyear filed a Notice of Removal in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. See Notice of Removal filed June 19, 1998.

In the Notice of Removal, Goodyear asserted that plaintiffs’ case was removable pursuant to the Labor Relations Management Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185, because plaintiffs comprise Goodyear employees who are parties to a collective bargaining agreement. See id. On June 30, 1998, plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint to include Daryl Butler as a plaintiff to the pending action. See Amended Complaint filed June 30, 1998. On July 14, 1998, defendants filed their respective Answers to plaintiffs’ Complaint and also asserted various counterclaims therein. See Amended Complaint filed June 30, 1998.

On July 20,1998, plaintiffs filed an Answer to the counterclaims asserted by defendants. See Answer filed July 20,1998. The factual background of this case was relatively uneventful during the nascent stage of the proceedings. The ease, however, takes an interesting turn on or about September 16,1998 as a result of a conversation which took place during a meeting between plaintiffs’ counsel, Glenn Bergenfield (hereinafter “Bergenfield”), and counsel for Goodyear, Marilyn Sneirson (hereinafter “Sneirson”).

See Affidavit of Glenn Bergen-field in Support of Motion Pursuant to Local Rule of Civil Procedure 72.1 for Appeal of the Letter Order of Magistrate Judge Ronald J. Hedges dated February 16, 1999, Exhibit C (hereinafter “Bergenfield Affidavit”). Apparently, during the course of that meeting, the issue of whether Bergenfield had made ex parte communications in violation of the New Jersey Rules of Professional Conduct (hereinafter “RPCs ”) was born. On September 25, 1998, Sneirson wrote a letter to Bergenfield memorializing part of the conversation which occurred during that pivotal September 16 meeting. See id. .

The letter provided, in pertinent part: At our meeting on September 16, you disclosed that you have contacted two Goodyear management level employees, one of whom is retired and one a current employee ... You have now apparently ignored the Rules of Professional Conduct concerning ex parte communications with management level employees of Goodyear. This is to demand that you immediately cease communications with Goodyear management and to further advise you that we will be making an appropriate application to the Court concerning this issue.

See id.; see also Defendant Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Inc.’s Appendix in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Appeal to Reverse the Letter Order of Magistrate Judge Ronald J. Hedges dated February 16, 1999, Exhibit F (hereinafter “Goodyear Appendix”). On October 30, 1998, Sneirson once again corresponded with Bergenfield via a letter. This letter informed Bergenfield that Sneir-son had requested a telephone conference call with the Magistrate Judge' concerning Bergenfield’s alleged ex parte communications with Goodyear employees, specifically Bergenfield’s communications with Lawrence G.

Guffey (hereinafter “Guffey”), a Zone Manager at Goodyear. See Goodyear Appendix, page 2. As a result of Sneirson’s letter to the Court, the Magistrate Judge granted Goodyear’s request and, accordingly, arranged a telephone conference call for November 9,1998 at 2:45 p.m. See id. Subsequent to the conference call on November 9, Bergenfield wrote a letter to the Magistrate Judge indicating that he was “mystified by what Defendants’ lawyers were talking about during our conference call on Monday.” See id., Exhibit 4.

In seeking to clarify what he believed to be a “misunderstanding” by Goodyear, Bergenfield also wrote a letter to Sneirson dated November 11, 1998 wherein he attempted to explain that his conduct in contacting A1 Venezia (hereinafter “Venezia”), another Goodyear employee, did not violate the RPCs. See id. Bergenfield explained, only with regard to Venezia, that: I am surmising that Mr. Venezia told you that I called him up and told him that I represented Goodyear. Let me point out what actually happened.

I called up and told him that I was the lawyer representing some black workers who were suing Goodyear and that I heard that he might want to speak to me. He said, “you have a tough case.” I said to him that I felt we had a good case, that some of the managers had already confirmed much of the racism at the plant. He interrupted me and asked, do you represent Goodyear or the blacks? And I said, again, the black workers. He said that he did not want to talk to me any further. I asked him if he was sure, he said he was and we said goodbye. See id.

Perhaps momentarily accepting Bergem field’s explanation with regard to his contacts with Venezia, Goodyear again began to focus on Bergenfield’s contacts with Guffey, as exemplified by the Proposed Discovery Order submitted by Goodyear to the Magistrate Judge. On November 16, 1998, the Judge entered the Order which provided: 1.

Plaintiffs shall provide supplemental responses to defendant, Goodyear’s Interrogatory No. 8 which seeks information concerning “each individual from whom a statement relating to any allegation asserted by Plaintiffs in their Amended complaint was taken by Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs’ counsel or any other agent or representative of Plaintiff[s]” with “statements” being defined in Goodyear’s Interrogatories as Federal Rule 804 definition encompassing oral as well as -written statements; 2.

A [deposition] shall be taken of Goodyear’s current management employee, Larry Guffey, on the issue of whether plaintiffs’] counsel acted in accordance with the Rules of Professional Conduct in engaging in ex [] parte communications with Mr. Guffey; 3. Upon the conclusion of the Guffey [] deposition counsel may submit to this Court any application concerning ex parte communications; and 4.

Plaintiffs’ counsel shall review and respond to the deficiency notice provided by counsel for the individual defendants within 7 days and if the parties are unable to resolve the discovery issues counsel will so notify the Court. See id., Exhibit 6. Pursuant to said Order, Guffey’s deposition was taken on November 17, 1998 solely on the issue of whether Bergenfield acted in accordance with the RPCs in engaging in ex parte communications with Guffey. See Goodyear Appendix, Exhibit 1.

The relevant line of questioning by Sneirson (who, for the first time, professed to be Guffey’s attorney) on direct examination and the corresponding testimony was as follows: Q. Okay. And when was the first time that there was a communication between yourself and Mr. Bergenfield? A. Mr. Bergenfield phoned me at my home on Labor Day evening, September 2, 1998, at about 8:30 p.m. Q. Did you invite Mr. Bergenfield to telephone you? A. No. Q. Was that the first communication you had with Mr. Bergenfield ever? A. Yes. Q. What did Mr. Bergenfield say to you, to the best of your recollection? A.

He told me that he represented the plaintiffs in the case at North Brunswick, and asked me if I was aware that the company had filed a countersuit for libel and slander. Q. At any time during this telephone conversation, did Mr. Bergenfield ask you if you were represented by counsel? A. No. Q. At any time during this telephone conversation, did Mr. Bergenfield ask you if you were part of a litigation control group? A. No. Q. At any time during this conversation, did Mr. Bergenfield ask you whether you were entitled to legal representation by Goodyear or any other attorney? A. No. Q. At any time, did Mr.

Bergenfield ask you if you had requested legal representation by Goodyear? A. No. Q. At any time during this conversation, did Mr. Bergenfield tell you that you had the right to refuse to talk to him during this telephone conversation? A. No. See id., pages 6-8. On cross-examination by Bergenfield, Guf-fey testified, in pertinent part: Q. When you and I spoke, did I tell you that I was a lawyer for certain black employees who were suing Goodyear based upon their claims of racial discrimination of certain managers in North Brunswick? A.

When we spoke, as best I recall, you said you were representing a group of black associates who had filed a suit against Goodyear from the North Brunswick facility, yes. Q. And I think you said earlier in response to one of Ms. Sneirson’s questions that I also told you that they had been sued for libel and slander by Goodyear and its employees for some of the things that they had said about the lawsuit and their treatment. A. That is correct. Q. So I discussed both with you, is your best recollection? A. That’s correct. Q.

And it may be obvious, but did you understand that I was the lawyer for the black associates who were suing Goodyear, and not the lawyer for Goodyear, when I spoke to you? A. Yes. Q. And did you speak to me freely and voluntarily? A. Yes. * 5ji * * * * Q. Do you remember my telling you that Goodyear had- or during our phone conversation that Goodyear had for itself lawyers representing its interests in the lawsuit? A. I don’t recall your saying that. Q. Do you recall how long we spoke that night? A. Probably 20, 25 minutes. Q. I take it you don’t remember everything I said during that conversation? A.

The ballgame was on. It’s a holiday. Q. So you had one ear listening to me, and you were watching a football game at the same time? A. That’s the scene. Q. Okay. Did I tell you that there was a lawsuit, in addition to anything against Goodyear itself, against Thomas Martin, Gary Soden, S-O-D-E-N, William Petry, Joseph Myliska, Gerald Myslinski and John Feastor. A. I don’t remember that. Q. And when you say you don’t remember that, do you think that it did happen, or you just generally don’t remember? A. I really don’t remember. Q. Okay.

Do you remember me telling you that the lawyers for Goodyear and those four represented them, and not you? A. I don’t recall that. Q. Do you recollect you discussing whether you needed a lawyer in a subsequent conversation, and if you don’t remember, I guess that is what you have to say; but if you do, tell me. A. I remember a follow-up conversation that wasn’t this conversation. Q. It wasn’t the Labor Day conversation? A. It wasn’t the Labor Day conversation. Q. Right. A.

But the conversation went along the line that if I got in trouble because I was voicing my wife’s concern, you said you would seek me help in getting me the best kick-ass lawyer in Ohio. Q. And that was in response to your wife’s concerns and your concerns if you got fired for talking to me? A. Yes. ****** See id., pages 9-38. On November 23, 1998, Bergenfield drafted a letter to the Magistrate Judge wherein he advised the Court of “profoundly troubling, unethical behavior by Goodyear in the defense of [the pending ease].” See id., page 44.

In that letter, Bergenfield first summarized plaintiffs’ allegations and defendants’ denial of the alleged charges of discrimination. See id., pages 44-45. Bergenfield also contended that he had uncovered some disturbing evidence of discrimination toward African American employees of Goodyear during the course of his investigation of the case. See id., page 46. The “evidence” of discrimination to which Bergenfield referred included, but was not limited to, a memo that Guffey had written on Goodyear’s letterhead and subsequently forwarded to Bergenfield.

The memo included phrases such as: “Tom Martin [one of the individually named defendants] referred to blacks as ‘Spoons’ and said that none were qualified for promotion” and “[w]hen I asked what ‘spoons’ were, he said, ‘that is what you Southern boys know as niggers.’ ” See Bergenfield Affidavit, Exhibit D. Apparently displeased with what he perceived to be Guffey’s less than truthful testimony during the deposition, Bergenfield further explained how he came to talk to Guffey about the working conditions at Goodyear. See Goodyear Appendix, page 46.

Bergenfield stated that he received Guffey’s name from a former plant manager in North Brunswick, Robert Whyler (hereinafter “Whyler”), who, incidentally, also provided him with “evidence” of discrimination which allegedly took place at Goodyear. See id., page 45. Bergenfield explained: Whyler told me that there were other managers and former managers who knew of the racism at Goodyear’s North Brunswick warehouse.

He told me that one of those managers, his boss in North Brunswick, Zone Manager Larry Guffey had also read of Adante’s [a Goodyear Vice President] comments in The Beacon Journal and wanted to speak to me. Whyler gave me Guffey’s phone number, telling me that he wanted me to call him at home. Why-ler thought that Guffey might have memos concerning the racism, at Goodyear’s North Brunswick warehouse when he was there, since Guffey was a careful notetaker. See id.

Bergenfield also submitted a Certification by Whyler dated January 14, 1999 which corroborates Bergenfield’s contention that Guffey was interested in speaking with Ber-genfield and that Guffey suggested that Whyler give Bergenfield his home phone number for purposes of discussing the pending case. See Bergenfield Affidavit, Exhibit A. With regard to Bergenfield’s conversation with Guffey, Bergenfield maintained that he “followed Ethics Rule 4.3.” See Goodyear Appendix, page 46. He then continued to describe the information he received from Guffey, including a copy of the memo he had received from Guffey. See id.

The remaining portion of Bergenfield’s letter expresses Bergenfield’s overall dissatisfaction with Goodyear’s Rule 26 disclosures. See id, pages 47-49. In response to Bergenfield’s letter, Goodyear forwarded a letter dated December 7, 1998 to the Magistrate Judge requesting an opportunity both to respond to Bergenfield’s letter and to submit to the Court Goodyear’s legal position as to Bergenfield’s alleged violation of RPCs 4.2 and 4.3. See id, page 50. Goodyear also enclosed a copy of the deposition transcript of Guffey for the Judge’s review. See id.

On January 4, 1999, the Magistrate Judge issued a Letter Order which contained a preliminary ruling that Bergenfield “may” have violated RPCs 4.2 and 4.3. See id, page 51. Specifically, the Judge, upon review of Guffey’s deposition transcript, determined that “[n]othing in the deposition transcript indicates that Bergenfield asked whether Guffey was represented by counsel, whether Guffey was part of defendants’] control group, or whether Guffey knew that he did not have to speak with Bergenfield.” See id, page 52. Relying significantly upon the case of Michaels v.

Woodland, 988 F.Supp. 468 (D.N.J.1997), the Judge concluded that, “Michaels implies that an attorney has some obligation to determine whether an individual is either represented by counsel or is part of a litigation control group before initiating contact with the individual. There is no indication that Bergenfield made such inquiries before his discussion with Guffey on September 2, 1998.” See id, page 53 (emphasis in original). Bergenfield submitted a response to the preliminary ruling on January 15, 1999. See id, page 55. Bergenfield vehemently argued that he violated neither RPCs 4.2 nor 4.3.

Specifically, Bergenfield asserted that RPC 4.2 is simply inapplicable to his case because “Guffey made clear at his deposition that at the time I spoke with him he was not represented by a lawyer nor was he within the ‘litigation control group’ and, therefore represented by Goodyear’s lawyer.” See id, page 56.

Bergenfield also argued that he did not violate RPC 4.3 because: (1) he told Guffey that he represented the plaintiffs; (2) he informed Guffey that lawyers in New Jersey were representing Goodyear and several employees he had worked with while in New Brunswick; and (3) he asked Guffey if he had a lawyer or if he had spoken with the Goodyear lawyers. See id, page 57. He maintained the position that RPCs 4.2 and 4.3 do not require “civil Miranda warnings” to be given by attorneys to potential witnesses. See id, page 58.

Bergenfield summarized what he believed to be his ethical obligation as follows: “My job was to tell him truthfully who I represented, use reasonable diligence to make certain that he was not represented, actually, or by being in the litigation control group, and I had to tell him that, as far as I knew, he was not being represented by Goodyear’s attorney.” See id, page 59. Finally, Bergenfield attached a Certification dated January 15, 1999 wherein he swore, for the first time, that: I called Guffey at home on Labor Day, September 7th. I had with me a Xerox copy of ethics rule 4.3.

I had already researched the issue and had read copies of the cases decided prior to 1996 ... I told Guffey who I represented. He told me that he was expecting my call and had notes that he wanted to get before we spoke. I told him that he did not have to speak to me and I asked him if he had a lawyer. I also asked him if he’d spoken to the Goodyear lawyers in New Jersey. I told him that one lawyer represented Goodyear and another represented Tom Martin and the supervisors. He told me that he did not have a lawyer and he’d had no contact with Goodyear’s lawyers. See Bergenfield Affidavit, Exhibit B, ¶¶ 3,4.

On January 26, 1999, Goodyear responded to Bergenfield’s submission in the form of a letter brief. See Goodyear Appendix, Exhibit F. Goodyear argued that:

(1) Bergenfield should be disqualified from representing plaintiffs in the pending action as a result of serious violations of RPCs 4.2 and 4.3 concerning the ex parte communications; (2) the Court should preclude the use of any and all information obtained as a result of ex parte communications, including Guffey’s memo; and (3) the Court should order plaintiffs to comply with the Court’s earlier Order to produce any and all statements, information, telephonic recordings or evidence obtained through ex parte communications. See id.

More specifically, Goodyear first attacked the credibility of Bergenfield’s Certification arguing that, based upon Guffey’s deposition and despite Bergenfield’s evidential proffer, Bergenfield never asked Guffey if he was a member of Goodyear’s litigation control group, if he was represented by Goodyear’s counsel, if he was represented by any counsel, that Guffey could refuse to answer his questions or that he had a right to counsel. See id. Essentially, Goodyear argued that Bergenfield’s Certification was “a transparent and desperate attempt to rewrite history ...” See id, page 149.

Goodyear emphasized that at no time prior to the submission of Bergenfield’s Certification did Bergenfield state that he had complied with the RPCs. See id., page 150. Goodyear also argued that Bergenfield should be disqualified from the case because he “neither sought prior guidance from this Court nor alerted Defendant of his intent to conduct ex parte interviews of its current and former management employees.” Id., page 151-52.

Goodyear emphasized that the Mi-chaels case stands for the proposition that an attorney has an obligation to determine whether an individual is represented by counsel or is part of the litigation control group before initiating contact with the individual. See id., page 154. Goodyear argued that because Bergenfield does not claim that he did “anything” before contacting Guffey other than “check the pleadings,” he must be disqualified and the ill-gotten gains suppressed. See id.

Upon receipt and review of the submissions from the parties, the Magistrate Judge, on February 17,1999, issued a Letter Order addressing whether:

(1) Bergenfield violated RPCs 4.2 and 4.3; (2) if Bergenfield is found to have violated RPCs 4.2 and/or 4.3, he should be disqualified from the case; and (3) if Bergenfield is deemed to have violated RPCs 4.2 and/or 4.3, any information secured in violation of RPCs 4.2 and/or 4.3 should be precluded from use in the pending ease. See id. The Judge concluded that Bergenfield violated RPCs 4.2 and 4.3.

Although the Magistrate Judge reiterated Bergenfield’s argument that RPC 4.2 is inapplicable because RPC 4.2 only applies to those persons actually represented by counsel or those in the litigation group, he found this argument to be without merit. The Magistrate Judge supported his conclusion by stating that RPC 4.2 applies to this case because “[w]hat Ber-genfield overlooks is that it must be determined whether an individual is represented by counsel before contacting that individual.” See id. (emphasis in original).

Since the Judge found that Bergenfield did not “seek the necessary information before contacting Guffey,” he concluded that Bergenfield was not in compliance with RPC 4.2. See id. (emphasis in original). The Magistrate Judge also concluded that Bergenfield violated RPC 4.3. He remarked that “[n]othing in the transcript of Guffey’s deposition indicates that Bergenfield asked whether Guffey was represented by counsel, whether Guffey was part of Goodyear’s control group, or whether Guffey knew that he did not have to speak with Bergenfield.” See Letter Order filed February 17, 1999.

Although the Judge acknowledged Bergen-field’s response to the preliminary ruling (which included Bergenfield’s Certification wherein he asserted that he did use reasonable diligence), he opined that “[tjhere is no indication that Bergenfield sought this information or that he used ‘reasonable diligence’ to secure the information before contacting Guffey.” See id. (emphasis in original). Based upon the fact that the Judge found that Bergenfield violated RPCs 4.2 and 4.3, the Judge then addressed the “disqualification” issue.

The Judge stated that “[e]ven if use of information from Guffey were to be precluded, Bergenfield would still retain knowledge of that information, which was obtained through violation of RPC 4.2 and RPC 4.3.” Reasoning that the disqualification of Bergenfield would not cause plaintiffs any prejudice since the case was in its early stages, the Judge concluded that Goodyear met its burden of demonstrating that continued representation by Bergenfield would violate the RPCs. See id.

Finally, the Magistrate Judge determined that because Bergenfield’s discussion with Guffey violated RPCs 4.2 and 4.3 and was “related to the essence of the action,” the Judge ruled that “any information secured in violation of RPC 4.2 and 4.3 [is] ... precluded from use.” See id. On February 26, 1999, plaintiffs appealed the Magistrate Judge’s February 17, 1999 Letter Order to this Court. See Notice of Appeal filed February 26, 1999. Goodyear and the individual defendants timely filed opposition memoranda.

On March 8, 1999, the National Employment Lawyers’ Association/New Jersey filed a Notice of Motion for Leave to Appear as Amicus Curiae in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion Pursuant to Local Civil Rule 72.1 for Appeal from Magistrate Judge Ronald J. Hedges’ Letter Order filed February 17, 1999. See Notice of Motion filed March 8, 1999. On March 17, 1999, Goodyear filed a Notice of Motion to Find Bergenfield in Contempt of Judge Hedges’ February 17, 1999 Order, for Sanctions and for a Protective Order Concerning Any Information Relating to Guffey’s Memorandum. See Notice of Motion filed March 17,1999.

On April 8, 1999, the New Jersey Corporate Counsel Association filed a Notice of Motion for Leave to Appear as Amicus Curiae in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion Pursuant to Local Civil Rule 72.1 for Appeal from Magistrate Judge Ronald J. Hedges’ Letter Order filed February 17,1999. See Notice of Motion filed April 8,1999. This Court heard oral argument in connection with plaintiffs’ appeal on April 8, 1999.

At that time, the Court requested supplemental briefing from the parties and the amici regarding the following issues: (1) whether it is necessary for this Court to conduct a plenary hearing to determine whether a violation of RPCs 4.2 or 4.3 has occurred; (2) whether, if a violation of RPC 4.2 and/or 4.3 is found, Guffey’s statement should be suppressed; and (3) assuming that this Court upheld the Magistrate Judge’s Order, thereby disqualifying Bergenfield, can the new attorney representing plaintiffs be precluded from using Guffey’s memorandum in the litigation and trial of this case.

On April 9, 1999, this Court granted both motions by the National Employment Lawyers Association/New Jersey and the New Jersey Corporate Counsel Association for Leave to Appear as Amici CuHae. The Court also ordered that Goodyear’s motion was stayed pending this Court’s decision in connection with plaintiffs’ appeal which was taken under advisement on April 8, 1999. In response to the Court’s request, both the parties and the amici filed supplemental memoranda between May 3 and May 11, 1999.

The following issues before this Court are: (1) whether, pursuant to RPCs 4.2 and 4.3, Bergenfield was obligated to determine if Guffey was in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel “before making contact” with Guffey; (2) whether, upon review of the substantive conversation which took place between Bergenfield and Guffey, Bergenfield violated RPCs 4.2 and/or 4.3; (3) whether, if this Court determines that Bergenfield violated RPCs 4.2 and/or 4.3, he should be disqualified from this case; and (4) whether, if this Court determines that Bergenfield violated RPCs 4.2 and/or. 4.3, any information secured in violation of those Rules should be precluded from use in the pending case.

DISCUSSION This matter involves a determination by the Magistrate Judge that plaintiffs’ attorney, Bergenfield, violated RPCs 4.2 and 4.3. Based on that conclusion, the Judge issued a Letter Order disqualifying Bergenfield and precluding from use any information obtained by Bergenfield in violation of RPCs 4.2 and 4.3. I. STANDARD OF REVIEW The legal standard of review applicable to a determination made by a magistrate judge depends upon whether the issue to be addressed is dispositive or non-dispositive of the case.

Pursuant to the Federal Magistrate Act of 1979, a United States Magistrate Judge may “hear and determine any [nondispositive] pretrial matter pending before the court.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A) (West 1999). If a magistrate judge directly rules on a non-dispositive pretrial matter and issues an order, a United States District Court Judge may reconsider the order only where it has been shown that the magistrate judge’s order is “clearly erroneous or contrary to law.” See id. By way of comparison-, a magistrate judge may also “conduct hearings, including eviden-tiary hearings,” into dispositive matters.

See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) (West 1999). However, since a magistrate judge cannot directly rule on a dispositive issue, he must submit to a district judge “proposed findings of fact and recommendations” for disposition, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B). If, within ten days after being served with a copy of the magistrate judge’s proposed findings of fact and recommendations, a party files written objections, a district court judge must make a de novo determination of those portions of the report and recommendation to which objection is made. See id.

Matters concerning the disqualification of counsel and pretrial discovery matters are invariably treated as non-dispositive pretrial motions by courts in this jurisdiction and elsewhere. See, e.g., Essex Chemical Corporation v. Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co. et al., 993 F.Supp. 241, 245-46 (D.N.J. 1998); Cardona v. General Motors Corporation, 942 F.Supp. 968, 971-73 (D.N.J.1996), motion to certify appeal denied, 939 F.Supp. 351 (D.N.J.1996); Williams v. American Cyanamid, 164 F.R.D. 615, 617 (D.N.J.1996); Sherwood Group v. W. Riterreiser, No. 90-2414, 1991 WL 87578, at *1 (D.N.J. May 20, 1991).

See also Hutchinson v. Pfeil, 105 F.3d 562, 565 (10th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 914, 118 S.Ct. 298, 139 L.Ed.2d 230 (1997); Gray v. Rhode Island Department of Children, Youth and Families, et al., 937 F.Supp. 153, 156 (D.R.I.1996); Doe v. Marsh, et al., 899 F.Supp. 933, 934 (N.D.N.Y.1995); United States v. Premises Known as 281 Syosset Woodbury Road, 862 F.Supp. 847, 851 (E.D.N.Y.1994), aff'd, 71 F.3d 1067 (2d Cir.1995); Schwartz v. Marketing Publishing Company, 153 F.R.D. 16, 22 (D.Conn.1994).

Accordingly, this Court may only set aside the Magistrate Judge’s Order if it is found to be clearly erroneous or contrary to law. “A finding is ‘clearly erroneous’ when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948). See also United States v. W.R. Grace & Co.Conn., 185 F.R.D. 184, 188 (D.N.J.1999); Cardona v.

General Motors Corporation, et al., 942 F.Supp. 968, 971 (D.N.J.1996), motion to certify appeal denied, 939 F.Supp. 351 (D.N.J.1996); South Seas Catamaran, Inc. v. Motor Vessel “Leeway”, 120 F.R.D. 17, 21 (D.N.J.1988), aff'd, 993 F.2d 878 (3d Cir.1993). A district judge’s simple disagreement with the magistrate judge’s findings is insufficient to meet the clearly erroneous standard of review. See Toth v. Alice Pearl, Inc., et al., 158 F.R.D. 47, 50 (D.N.J.1994) (citing Anderson v.

City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985) (opining that, “[wjhere there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.”) (citations omitted)). Recognizing that the Magistrate Judge’s determination is entitled to great deference, this Court must be satisfied that the Order is clearly erroneous or contrary to law. See Cooper Hospital/University Medical Center v. Sullivan, et al., 183 F.R.D. 119, 127 (D.N.J.1998); Kresefky v.

Panasonic Communications and Systems Co., et al., 169 F.R.D. 54, 64 (D.N.J.1996); Exxon Corporation v. Halcon Shipping Co., Ltd., et al., 156 F.R.D. 589, 591 (D.N.J.1994); Harter v. GAF Corporation, 150 F.R.D. 502, 508 (D.N.J. 1993); Miller v. Beneficial Management Corporation, 844 F.Supp. 990, 997 (D.N.J. 1993). II. GENERAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.

OF THE NEW JERSEY RULES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Prior to the New Jersey Supreme Court’s adoption of the RPCs, the conduct of attorneys practicing in the State of New Jersey was governed by the Disciplinary Rules of the American Bar Association’s Code of Professional Responsibility, as adopted and amended by the New Jersey Supreme Court. See Report of the New Jersey Supreme Court Committee on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 112 N.J.L.J., July 28, 1988, supp. at 1.

In July 1982, the New Jersey Supreme Court appointed a special committee “for the purpose of reviewing the American Bar Association’s proposed Model Rules of Professional Conduct and recommending to the Court whether those Rules should be adopted in whole or in

part in New Jersey.” Id. The special Committee officially was known as “the New Jersey Supreme Court Committee on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct” and was commonly referred to as “the Debe-voise Committee” after the esteemed Chair of the Committee, the Honorable Dickinson R. Debevoise, U.S.D.J. See Kevin H. Mi-chels, New Jersey Attorney Ethics 3 (Gann 1998). In its report dated June 24, 1983, the Debevoise Committee recommended that the New Jersey Supreme Court adopt the Model Rules along with the modifications suggested by the Committee in its report.

See Report of the New Jersey Supreme Court Committee on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 112 N.J.L.J., July 28,1983, supp. at 2. On July 12,1984, the New Jersey Supreme Court adopted the Model Rules, including many of the modifications suggested by the Committee. See Rules of Professional Conduct, 114 N.J.L.J., July 19, 1984, supp. at 1. The Court also added some of its own changes to the Model Rules. See Kevin H. Michels, New Jersey Attorney Ethics 3 (Gann 1998).

The Rules of Professional Conduct were published in the New Jersey Law Journal on July 19, 1984 wherein it was noted that the Rules of Professional Conduct would become effective on September 10, 1984. See Rules of Professional Conduct, 114 N.J.L.J., July 19,1984, supp. at 1-16. At that time, Rule 1:14, as set forth in the Rules of General Application

section of the New Jersey Court Rules, was amended to provide that the RPCs “shall govern the conduct of the members of the bar.” Id. at l. The New Jersey Supreme Court adopted neither the explanatory comments that followed the Rules nor the A.B.A. Comments. See id.; see also Kevin H. Michels, New Jersey Attorney Ethics 3 (Gann 1998). III. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT RULES: 4.2, 4.3,1.13 A. RPC 4.2 As aforementioned, in June 1983, the De-bevoise Committee advised the New Jersey Supreme Court to adopt the Model Rules, including the 1982 Model Rules version of Rule 4.2.

See Report of the New Jersey Supreme Court Committee on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 112 N.J.L.J., July 28, 1983, supp. at 1, 23. The Debevoise Committee reviewed Model Rule 4.2 which, at that time, provided: In representing a client, a lawyer shall not communicate about the subject of the representation with a party the lawyer knows to be represented by another lawyer in the matter, unless the lawyer has the consent of the other lawyer or is authorized by law to do so. Rules of Professional Conduct, 114 N.J.L.J., July 19,1984, supp. at 11.

Recognizing that Rule 4.2 of the Model Rules was “substantially identical” to DR 7-104(A)(1) of the Disciplinary Rules of the American Bar Association’s Code of Professional Responsibility (which previously governed the conduct of New Jersey attorneys), the Debevoise Committee recommended neither expansion nor modification of the terms of Model Rule 4.2. See Report of the New. Jersey Supreme Court Committee on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 112 N.J.L.J., July 28, 1983, supp. at 23.

The Debevoise Committee simply noted in its commentary that Model Rule 4.2 “prohibits an attorney from communicating about the subject of a representation with a party whom the attorney knows to be represented by another lawyer in the matter absent either consent of that lawyer or authorization by law.” Id. As aforementioned, the New Jersey Supreme Court adopted the recommendation of the Debevoise Committee on July 12, 1984. See Rules of Professional Conduct, 114 N.J.L.J., July 19,1984, supp. at 11.

Because the New Jersey Supreme Court adopted neither the explanatory comments nor the A.B.A. commentary to the Model Rules when it adopted the Model Rules, attorneys practicing law in the State of New Jersey between July 12, 1984 and December 14, 1993 were operating under the amorphous auspices of RPC 4.2 with little guidance from the specific terms of the Rule. This situation naturally posed some difficulty to the members of the Bar. For example, the Rule became unworkable when the litigants involved were not individual persons but, instead, were corporations or organizations.

This is because Model Rule 4.2/RPC 4.2 prohibited an attorney’s ex parte communications with a represented “party.” Accordingly, the

interpretation given to the definition of “party” was the key to the scope of the prohibition. Thus, if the litigants were individual persons, it was easy to ascertain who was a “represented party” and, therefore, who was off-limits. If, however, one of the litigants in a case was an organization or corporation, the attempt to define the scope of the protected class (ie., current and/or former employees, management or low-level employees) became more challenging.

Since a corporation or organization is only capable of acting through natural persons and because the Rule did not define which natural persons within the organization/corporation should be considered “represented parties,” this aspect of the Rule was left to the

interpretation of attorneys and the courts. See Public Service Electric and Gas Company v. Associated Electric & Gas Insurance Services, Ltd., et al., 745 F.Supp. 1037, 1039 (D.N.J.1990) (hereinafter “PSE & G ”). Nevertheless, it is understood by this Court that the explanatory comments, the A.B.A. Comments and the comments made by the Debevoise Committee did operate as sources of edification for attorneys during that period of time. See State v.

CIBA-GEIGY, Corp., 247 N.J.Super. 314, 319 n. 4, 589 A.2d 180 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.1991), leave to appeal granted, 126 N.J. 338, 598 A.2d 895 (1991), appeal dismissed as moot, 130 N.J. 585, 617 A.2d 1213 (1992). At that time, the A.B.A.

Comment provided: In the case of an organization, this Rule prohibits communications by a lawyer for one party concerning the matter in representation with persons having a managerial responsibility on behalf of the organization, and with any other person whose act or omission in connection with that matter may be imputed to the organization for purposes of civil or criminal liability or whose statements may constitute an admission on the part of the organization.

If an agent or employee of the organization is represented in the matter by his or her own counsel, the consent by that counsel to a communication will be sufficient for purposes of this Rule ... This rule also covers any person, whether or not a party to a formal proceeding, who is represented by counsel concerning the matter in question. Hanntz v. Shiley, Inc. A Division of Pfizer, Inc., 766 F.Supp. 258, 266 (D.N.J.1991), (citing Comment to Rule 4.2), abrogation recognized, In re The Prudential Insurance Company of America Sales Practices Litigation, 911 F.Supp. 148, 151 n. 2 (D.N.J.1995).

Other sources of guidance, of course, came directly from both the state and federal courts of New Jersey which attempted to clarify the nondescript terms of the Rule. For example, in PSE & G, this Judge, based upon the language and history of the Rule at that time, was one of the first to undertake the task of creating a bright-line test for attorneys practicing under the auspices of RPC 4.2, which at that time mirrored Model Rule 4.2. See Public Service Electric and Gas Company v. Associated Electric & Gas Insurance Services, Ltd., et al., 745 F.Supp. 1037, 1039 (D.N.J.1990).

The issue before this Court was to what extent did RPC 4.2 regulate a defendant’s ex parte contacts with “former” employees of a plaintiff corporation. See id. at 1037. In PSE & G, this Judge held that both current and former employees of an organization could not, according to the terms of the Rule at that time, be the subject of informal ex parte investigative findings. See id. at 1042. Although some commentators praised the decision and even deemed it a “sensible approach to Model Rule 4.2,” the decision sparked much controversy and was widely criticized for creating such a bright-line rule.

The decision also created a jurisprudential split in this district, and others, as well as, at the State level regarding whether the Rule applied to ex parte communications with “former” employees of an organization. See Action Air Freight, Inc. v. Pilot Air Freight Corp., 769 F.Supp. 899, 903 (E.D.Pa.1991), appeal dismissed, 961 F.2d 207 (3d Cir. 1992). See also Goff v. Wheaton Industries, 145 F.R.D. 351, 354 (D.N.J.1992) (holding that RPC 4.2 does not apply to a corporation’s former employees); Curley v.

Cumberland Farms, Inc., et al., 134 F.R.D. 77, 80 (D.N.J.1991) (opining that “[tjhis Court agrees with Magistrate Simandle that RPC 4.2 does not create a bright-line test prohibiting all ex parte contacts with former employees of a corporate party____”); Hanntz v. Shiley, Inc.

A Division of Pfizer, Inc., 766 F.Supp. 258, 263 (D.N.J.1991) (holding that the RPC 4.2 permits attorneys to communicate with and interview former employees of a corporate litigant, except to the extent that attorney-client privilege would be invoked), abrogation recognized, In re The Prudential Insurance Company of America Sales Practices Litigation, 911 F.Supp. 148, 151 n. 2 (D.N.J.1995); Neil S. Sullivan Associates, Ltd. v.

Medco Containment Services, Inc., 257 N.J.Super. 155, 162, 607 A.2d 1386 (1992) (relying upon the “explicit” language of RPC 4.2, court permitted the attorney for the plaintiff to conduct an ex parte interview with a former employee of a corporate defendant); Erickson v. Winthrop Laboratories, 249 N.J.Super. 137, 142, 592 A.2d 33 (1991) (adopting the Curley test and, therefore, rejecting the bright-line test).

It is clear that PSE & G and the ease law that followed the decision served as the catalysts for extensive commentary both by the Bar and the public which ultimately led the New Jersey Supreme Court to reexamine the Rule. Amidst the controversy surrounding ex parte communications with former employees of a corporation, this State’s Appellate Division focused on the scope of RPC 4.2 with respect to ex parte communications with “current” employees of a corporation in State v. CIBA-GEIGY Corp., 247 N.J.Super. 314, 589 A.2d 180 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.1991) (hereinafter “CIBA-GEIGY”).

In CIBA-GEIGY, the Appellate Division relied upon the reasoning set forth in the New York Court of Appeals case of Niesig v. Team I, et al., 76 N.Y.2d 363, 558 N.E.2d 1030, 559 N.Y.S.2d 493 (1990) and held that an attorney could not engage in ex parte communications with a current employee of a corporation if that employee’s communications could be “imputed to the corporation for purposes of liability ... All other employees may be interviewed informally.” State v. CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, 247 N.J.Super. 314, 325, 589 A.2d 180 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.1991).

On June 27, 1991, the New Jersey Supreme Court granted leave to appeal the Appellate Division’s decision in CIBA-GEIGY. State v. Cibar-Geigy Corp., 126 N.J. 338, 598 A.2d 895 (1991). Seeing this overture as the first step by the New Jersey Supreme Court toward clarifying the Rule, members of the Bar, professors, and the media eagerly anticipated the New Jersey Supreme Court’s decision. Regardless, the appeal was dismissed as moot on April 28, 1992. State v. Ciba-Geigy Corp., 130 N.J. 585, 617 A.2d 1213 (1992).

As a result of an advisory committee opinion issued in 1992 which extended the CIBA-GEIGY reasoning to ex parte interviews with former employees of a corporate litigant, the New Jersey Supreme Court began taking a more proactive role in attempting to define RPC 4.2, beginning with the Court’s opinion in, In the Matter of Opinion 668 of the Advisory Committee on Professional Ethics, 134 N.J. 294, 633 A.2d 959 (1993) (hereinafter “Opinion 668 ”).

In Opinion 668, the New Jersey Supreme Court articulated at the outset that it merely was establishing interim rules dealing with the ethical restraints on attorneys conducting ex parte interviews of current and former employees until such time as a special advisory committee could research the issue and render an advisory opinion. See Opinion 668, 134 N.J. at 297, 633 A.2d 959. Notwithstanding the difficulty in balancing the competing interests, the Court stated that' RPC 4.2 shall be limited in the organizational context to: “(

a) the control group, which, for now, we interpret to mean those employees of the organization trusted with the management of the ease or matter in question, and (

b) the employee or employees whose conduct, in and of itself, establishes the organization’s liability.” Id. at 303, 633 A.2d 959. Regarding the latter group, the -Court interpreted RPC 4.2 to “require notice to, rather than consent from, the organization’s attorney----” Id. The Court supported its conclusion by stating: Were we to adopt a blanket rule prohibiting interviews with all employees whose statements might be admissible against a corporation, virtually no pre-filing investigations of claims against corporations could be conducted without the consent of corporate counsel.

Real problems have been posed concerning how an attorney preparing, for example, an employment discrimination case would be able to satisfy himself or herself that the complaint was well-founded in fact and was not frivolous. On the other hand, we agree that a corporation should not be at a trial disadvantage by virtue of its corporate status. Hence, those employees trusted with conducting a suit or claim on behalf of a corporation should receive the same ethical respect from adversary counsel under RPC 4.2 as an individual would in managing his or her own claim.

We also believe, although we are not yet certain of this point, that a category of employees may exist whose conduct is so directly linked to the corporation that adversary counsel should not have unrestricted ex parte access to such individuals. Id. at 300-01, 638 A.2d 959. Despite the Justices’ efforts, the legal community criticized Opinion 668 for its vagueness. See 132 N.J.L.J. 614 (Nov. 9,1992), Ex Parte Contacts O.k., But Still an Ethics Risk by Richard Pliskin.

In fact, the Opinion appeared to do nothing to quell the debate which continued to rage between plaintiffs’ attorneys and corporate defense attorneys seeking to establish a rule which maintained a balance between the two competing interests regarding ex parte communications or, at the very least, could consistently be applied by practitioners. B. RPC 4.3 Similar to the history surrounding RPC 4.2, the Debevoise Committee advised the New Jersey Supreme Court to adopt the 1982 Model Rules version of Rule 4.3.

See Report of the New Jersey Supreme Court Committee on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 112 N.J.L.J., July 28, 1983, supp. at 23-24. The Debevoise Committee reviewed Model Rule 4.3 which provided: In dealing on behalf of a client with a person who is not represented by counsel, a lawyer shall not state or imply that a lawyer is disinterested. When the lawyer knows or reasonably should know that the unrepresented person misunderstands the lawyer’s role in the matter, the lawyer shall make reasonable efforts to correct the misunderstanding.

See Rules of Professional Conduct, 114 N.J.L.J., July 19,1984, supp. at 11. The only comments proffered by the Debe-voise Committee in its report were that Model Rule 4.3 “has no direct counterpart” and that “under some circumstances it may be sufficient to suggest that the unrepresented person retain counsel.” See Report of the New Jersey Supreme Court Committee on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 112 N.J.L.J., July 28, 1983, supp. at 23.

The New Jersey Supreme Court adopted the recommendation of the Debevoise Committee on July 12, 1984 and adopted RPC 4.3, specifically noting that “it may be sufficient merely to suggest that the unrepresented person retain counsel.” See Rules of Professional Conduct, 114 N.J.L.J., July 19,1984, supp. at 11. C.

RPC 1.13 In June 1983, the Debevoise Committee recommended the adoption of Model Rule 1.13, which applied to the conduct of an attorney representing an organization, stating only that although “[t]here is no counterpart to Rule 1.13 in the existing Disciplinary Rules ... [t]he increasing complexity of corporate representation highlights the necessity for such a rule.” Accordingly, the Committee recommended its adoption. See Report of the New Jersey Supreme Court Committee on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 112 N.J.L.J., July 28, 1983, supp. at 10. At that time, Model Rule 1.13 provided: (

a) A lawyer employed or retained to represent an organization represents the organization as distinct from its directors, officers, employees, members, shareholders or other constituents. (

b) If a lawyer for an organization knows that an officer, employee or other person associated with the organization is engaged in action, intends to act or refuses to act in a matter related to the representation that is a violation of a legal obligation to the organization or is a violation of law which reasonably might be imputed to the organization, and is likely to result in substantial injury to the organization, the lawyer shall proceed as is reasonably necessary in the best interest of the organization.

In determining how to proceed, the lawyer shall give due consideration to the seriousness of the violation and its consequences, the scope and nature of the lawyer’s representation, the responsibility in the organization and the apparent motivation of the person involved, the policies of the organization concerning such matters and any other relevant considerations. Any measures taken shall be designed to minimize disruption of the organization and the risk of revealing information relating to the representation to persons outside thé organization.

Such measures may include among others: (1) asking reconsideration of the matter; (2) advising that a separate legal opinion on the matter be sought for presentation to appropriate authority in the organization; and (3) referring the matter to higher authority in the organization, including, if warranted by the seriousness of the matter, referral to the highest authority that can act in behalf of the organization as determined by applicable law. (

c) When the organization’s highest authority insists upon action, or refuses to take action, that is clearly a violation of a legal obligation to the organization, or a violation of law which reasonably might be imputed to the organization, and' is likely to result in substantial injury to the organization, and the lawyer reasonably believes to be in the best interest of the organization.

Such action may include revealing information otherwise protected by RPC 1.6 only if the lawyer reasonably believes that: (1) the highest authority in the organization has acted to further personal or financial interests of members of that authority which are in conflict with the interests of the organization; and (2) revealing the information is necessary in the best interest of the organization. (

d) In dealing with an organization’s directors, officers, employees, members, shareholders or other constituents, a lawyer shall explain the identity of the client when the lawyer believes that such explanation is necessary to avoid misunderstanding on their part. (

e) A lawyer representing an organization may also represent any of its directors, officers, employees, members, shareholders or other constituents, subject to the provisions of RPC 1.17. If the organization’s consent to the dual representation is required by RPC 1.17, the consent shall be given by an appropriate official of the organization other than the individual who is represented or by the shareholders. See Rules of Professional Conduct, ,114 N.J.L.J., July 19,1984, supp. at 6-7.

The New Jersey Supreme Court adopted the recommendation of the Debevoise Committee on July 12, 1984 and adopted RPC 1.13, noting only that the rule did not have a Disciplinary Rule counterpart. See Rules of Professional Conduct, 114 N.J.L.J., July 19, 1984, supp. at 7. IV. SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RPC 4.2 (and, incidentally, 4.3 and 1.13) Following the publication of Opinion 668, the New Jersey Supreme Court created the “Special Committee on RPC 4.2” to study the ethical issues surrounding ex parte interviews. See Notices to the Bar, 139 N.J.L.J. 1161, 1193 (March 20, 1995).

In 1995, the Special Committee on RPC 4.2 (hereinafter “the Committee”) published a report wherein the Committee determined that, after a thorough review of the case law and various literature relied upon by the legal community, it would enforce the absolute bar to ex parte communications with represented parties. See id. More important, the Committee believed it had developed a functional approach for adjudging who was a represented party, (and, therefore, within the purview of RPC 4.2) for those situations involving organizational parties.

Among other things, the Committee considered in great detail, and ultimately rejected, various judicial tests and frameworks for resolving the confusion surrounding current and former employees of corporations and organizations, particular-Jy the following: (1) “the blanket prohibition test”; (2) “the facts and circumstances test”; (3) “the control group test”; (4) “the alter-ego test”; (5) “the managing speaking agent test”; and (6) the Opinion 668 test. See id. The Committee then set forth its reasoning supporting the unanimous recommendations, which included essentially three amendments to the Rules.

First, the Committee recommended that RPC 1.13 be amended to include language providing that organizational representation be extended only to the “litigation control group.” See id. The Committee stated that “[t]he amendment of paragraph (

a) of this rule lies at the heart of the Committee’s proposal for defining those persons who, for the pmpose of R.P.C. U.2, are deemed to be represented by the organization’s attorney and hence who may not be communicated with by an attorney representing the interest of another in the subject matter.” Id. (emphasis added). Accordingly, the Committee recommended that the litigation control group be defined to include current and former employees of an organization, corporate or non-corporate, who are or were responsible for or significantly involved in the determination of the organization’s legal position.

See id. Although not proposed to be expressly defined in the Rule, the Committee stated that “significant involvement would be defined to require involvement greater than merely providing factual information or data regarding the matter in question.” Id. The Committee referred to this test as the “legal position” test. Rejecting the distinction between current or former employees for purposes of RPC 1.13 (and 4.2), the Committee expanded upon this part of the analysis: “[t]he key is not the agent’s or employee’s status but role in determining the organization’s legal position.” Id.

Furthermore, the Committee reasoned that “[t]he fact that an agent or employee may impute liability, in and of itself, does not determine whether he or she is represented by the organization’s counsel, thus implicating the ex parte communication bar.” Id. Consequently, an organization would be precluded from attempting to cast its protective litigation control group web over the typical fact witness.

The Committee stated: “[ojnly in those situations where the fact witness would also be significantly involved, in ways other than just supplying information, in determining the organization’s legal position would the bar apply.” Id. Thus, the fact that an employee was involved in the subject matter of the litigation in some limited way would not, according to the Committee, place that employee within the confines of the litigation control group. As a result of the aforementioned proposed amendment to RPC 1.13, the Committee proposed a second amendment consisting of two parts.

First, RPC 4.2 should be amended to include members of the organization’s litigation control group among those persons protected by the ex parte communications bar. See id. Second, RPC 4.2 should be amended to include language providing that it is the approaching attorney’s responsibility to exercise “reasonable diligence” in ascertaining whether a person is represented or, in the case of an employee of a corporation or organization, a member of the litigation control group. See id.

The proposed amendment would indicate that reasonable diligence would include, but would not be limited to, an initial communication designed to ascertain such representation or entitlement to representation. See id. Finally, the Committee also suggested a third amendment: RPC 4.3 should be amended to include language which would require an attorney to advise a person, once the attorney ascertains that the person is not represented by the organization’s attorney (i.e., within the purview of RPC 1.13(

a) or RPC 1.13(e)) or entitled to such representation, that as far as he understands the interviewee is not represented by the organization’s attorney. See id. Ultimately, the special committee recommended various language to be used in the amendments to RPCs 4.2, 4.3 and 1.13. See id. Upon publication of the initial report by the Special Committee on RPC 4.2, the Court received an abundance of comments. As a result of those comments, the Committee reconvened and filed a Supplemental Report on May 6, 1996. See Notice to the Bar, 145 N.J.L.J. 318 (July 15, 1996).

Therein, the Committee noted that it was adhering to the reasoning set forth in the initial report with the exception of minimal modifications to RPCs 4.2 and 1.13 as set forth in the supplemental report. See id. The first modification to the original report involved “former” employees of a corporation and their recommended status as members of the litigation control group. See id. The Committee reaffirmed its initial position that former employees of a corporation presumptively should be deemed members of the litigation control group.

The Committee added, however, that, because both current and former employees of a corporation do not lose their right to seek independent legal advice as a result of their current or former employment, RPC 4.2 should be amended to reflect that option. The second modification to the initial report also involved former employees of a corporation.

The Committee recognized that because the interests of a former employee may become adverse to the present interests of a corporation, an approaching attorney making communications pursuant to RPC 4.3 “may inquire as to whethér the former employee disavows organizational representation or not.” Id. Thus, the Committee recommended amending RPC 1.13 to reflect such “disavowing” language.

In conclusion, the Committee suggested that, if the recommended amendments to the RPCs caused any confusion for an attorney seeking to inquire about representation pursuant to RPC 4.2, the attorney could consult the scripts set forth in In re Prudential Insurance Company of America Sales Practices Litigation, 911 F.Supp. 148, 152 n. 5 (D.N.J.1995) and In re Environmental Insurance Declaratory Judgment Actions, 252 N.J.Super. 510, 523, 600 A.2d 165 (1991). V.

ANALYSIS OF THE PRESENT RPCs On June 28, 1996, the New Jersey Supreme Court adopted the amendment to RPC 4.3 as proposed by the Committee in the initial report and also adopted those amendments to RPCs 4.2 and 1.13 as proposed in both the initial and supplemental reports. See id. The amendments to RPCs 4.2, 4.3 and 1.13 became effective on September 1,1996. See id.

Today, RPC 4.2, as amended, provides as follows: In representing a client, a lawyer shall not communicate about the subject of the representation with a person the lawyer knows, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should know, to be represented by another lawyer in the matter, including members of an organization’s litigation control group as defined by RPC 1.13, unless the lawyer has the consent of the other lawyer, or is authorized by law to do so, or unless the sole purpose of the communication is to ascertain whether the person is in fact represented.

Reasonable diligence shall include, but not be limited to, a specific inquiry of the person as to whether that person is represented by counsel. Nothing in this rule shall, however, preclude a lawyer from counseling or representing a member or former member of an organization’s litigation control group who seeks independent legal advice. New Jersey Rules Of Professional Conduct Rule 4.2 (West 2000).

The purpose of the Rule remains the same: “[t]he Rule aims at preserving the integrity of the attorney-client relationship .and ‘the posture of the parties within the adversarial system.’ Principally, the Rule seeks to protect the lay person who may be prone to manipulation by opposing counsel.” Michaels v. Woodland, 988 F.Supp. 468, 470 (D.N.J.1997) (citing Goff v. Wheaton Industries, 145 F.R.D. 351, 354 (D.N.J.1992)). RPC 4.3 provides: In dealing on behalf of a client with a person who is not represented by counsel, a lawyer shall not state or imply that the lawyer is disinterested.

When the lawyer knows or reasonably should know that the unrepresented person misunderstands the lawyer’s role in the matter, the lawyer shall make reasonable efforts to correct the misunderstanding. If the person is a director, officer, employee, member, shareholder or other constituent of an organization concerned with the subject of the lawyer’s representation but not a person' defined by RPC 1.13(a), the lawyer shall also ascertain by reasonable diligence whether the person is actually represented by the organization’s attorney pursuant to RPC 1.13(

e) or who has a right to such representation on request, and, if the person is not so represented or entitled to representation, the lawyer shall make known to the person that insofar as the lawyer understands, the person is not being represented by the organization’s attorney. New Jersey Rules Of Professional Conduct Rule 4.3 (West 2000). Finally, the Court amended RPC 1.13. The pertinent language is as follows: (

a) A lawyer employed or retained to represent an organization represents the organization as distinct from its directors, officers, employees, members, shareholders or other constituents. For the purposes of RPC 4.2 or 4.3, however, the organization’s lawyer shall be deemed to represent not only the organizational entity but also the members of its' litigation control group.

Members of the litigation control group shall be deemed to include current agents and employees responsible for, or significantly involved in, the determination of the organization’s legal position in the matter whether or not in the litigation, provided, however, that “significant involvement” requires involvement greater, and other than, the supplying of factual information or data respecting the matter.

Former agents and employees who were members of the litigation control group shall presumptively be deemed to be represented in the matter by the organization’s lawyer but may at any time disavow said representation. New Jersey Rules Of Professional Conduct Rule 1.13(a) (West 2000). In the matter at bar, it is clear from the record that, prior to the date upon which Bergenfield contacted Guffey, any knowledge Bergenfield had about Guffey came from Whyler.

Specifically during that short period of time, it appears that Bergenfield knew only a few things about Guffey, particularly that Guffey: (1) was employed as a Zone Manager at Goodyear; (2) was not a party to the pending case; and (3) may have had “evidence” of discrimination toward African Americans at Goodyear’s North Brunswick facility. Prior to engaging in any substantive ex parte communications about the “subject of the representation,” Bergenfield was primarily obligated to determine if Guffey was in the “litigation control group” within the meaning of RPC 1.13(

a) or otherwise represented by counsel. See New Jersey Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 4.2 (West 2000). It is at this point in the analysis that this Court finds that the Magistrate Judge’s decision with respect to whether, pursuant to RPC 4.2, Bergenfield was obligated to determine if Guffey was in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel “before making contact” with Guffey is clearly erroneous and contrary to law. It is clear that the RPCs do not provide for such an

interpretation.

In fact, RPC 4.2 by it’s very terms provides that, if an attorney does not “know” that a person is represented, either by individual counsel or by virtue of being a member of the litigation control group, an approaching attorney may communicate about the subject of the representation if “the sole purpose of the communication is to ascertain whether the person is in fact represented.” Further, an approaching attorney cannot simply state that he believed that the person was not represented or not a member of the litigation control group, and, therefore, begin engaging in substantive ex parte communications.

Instead, RPC 4.2 charges an approaching attorney with the duty of exercising “reasonable diligence” in ascertaining such representation. The Rule expressly provides that reasonable diligence shall include a “specific inquiry” of the person as to whether or not that person is represented or in the litigation control group.

The Special Committee on RPC 4.2 went so far as to note in its Report that “such a direct inquiry of the person involved will not in every case satisfy the requirement of ‘reasonable diligence.’ ” The Committee emphasized that “[t]he attorney making the inquiry, will ... have to exercise a high degree of caution and circumspection in making the inquiry of a person who may be or presumptively is a member of an organization’s litigation control group.” The Committee concluded that the proposed “reasonable diligence obligation” would serve as 'the single exception to the bar on ex parte communications and would allow communication by the approaching attorney for the sole purpose of ascertaining the fact of representation.

See Notices to the Bar, 139 N.J.L.J. 1161, 1193 (March 20, 1995). From a policy perspective, this Court agrees with both Bergenfield and the National Employment Lawyers Association/New Jersey’s position that if the Magistrate Judge’s decision were allowed to stand, the goals and objectives which the New Jersey Supreme Court attempted to achieve by amending the RPCs would be eviscerated. As a practical matter, that

interpretation would require the approaching attorney to first alert his adversary of his plan to contact the potential witness, via notice to the court or notice directly to the adversary. This, however, was not the intent of the New Jersey Supreme Court in amending the RPCs. With respect to current or former employees of a corporation, it has been recognized that “[t]he import of the change is to place beyond communication reach of the attorney for a party adverse to the entity only those persons who constitute the entity’s litigation control group.

No notice in respect of any other employees of the entity is required.” Pressler, Current N.J. Ct. R., Comment 4:10 — 2[3] (Gann 1999). It is also significant to emphasize that Magistrate Judge Rosen’s opinion in Mi-chaels v. Woodland, 988 F.Supp. 468 (D.N.J. 1997) does not imply that an attorney must determine whether a person is in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel before initiating contact.

To the contrary, Judge Rosen’s opinion recognizes that an attorney must first determine whether a person is in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel prior to engaging in any substantive ex parte communications not before initiating contact with an individual. It is also worth noting that the Michaels case is a unique case which appears to be limited to the facts before the court. The Michaels case before that Judge was the unusual ease where the plaintiff petitioned the court for an Order permitting ex parte contacts with potential fact witnesses employed by the defendant organization.

Accordingly, it was the Magistrate Judge who was in the shoes of the approaching attorney and was the person who performed the in-depth analysis of the potential fact witnesses and determined that they were not in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel. An

interpretation of Judge Rosen’s opinion which requires attorneys to determine if a person is in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel before contacting that person is unjustified and, in fact, clearly erroneous. Thus, Bergenfield could contact Guffey for the purpose of finding out whether he was in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel. The Court would also like to point out at this juncture that Goodyear’s understanding of RPC 4.2 and how it relates' to RPC 1.13(

a) is misguided. At the beginning of this saga, Sneirson, on behalf of Goodyear, wrote Ber-genfield: “You have now apparently ignored the Rules of Professional Conduct concerning ex parte communications with management level employees of Goodyear. This is to demand that you immediately cease communications with Goodyear management____” See Bergenfield Affidavit, Exhibit C; see also Goodyear Appendix, Exhibit F. Sneirson also reiterated this argument that “management level employees” are off-limits at the beginning of the oral argument in this case. See Transcript of Proceedings dated April 8, 1999.

Apparently, Goodyear is under the misimpression that all management-level employees are presumptively off-limits. This is simply not true. A thorough review of the history of RPC 4.2 reveals that the New Jersey Supreme Court ultimately rejected the interim test used in Opinion 668, ie., the “control group” and “employee liability” factors, the latter of which required “notice to, rather than consent from, the organization’s attorney____” See Opinion 668, 134 N.J. at 303, 633 A.2d 959.

Instead, the Committee created, and the Court adopted, the “legal position” test and significantly narrowed the scope of those persons who would fall into the “off-limits” group. The legal position test does not focus on management-level employees. By limiting the scope of the ex parte communications bar to those persons in the litigation control group, the Committee and, clearly, the Court recognized that the bar could not apply to all employees since the interests of different employees may, in fact, actually contravene those interests of the corporation/organization.

In that case, it could not be said that those employees were “speaking for” the organization. Consequently, an organization is precluded from attempting to cast its protective litigation control group web over the typical fact witness. Attorneys, therefore, should be focusing only on the “legal position” test for purposes of RPC 4.2. Once the approaching attorney has ascertained that a person is not in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel, the attorney’s ethical obligations are not over.

In other words, the attorney is not free under the RPCs to then engage in a substantive conversation with the potential witness, especially one that is employed by an organization.

The approaching attorney must consider the requirements of RPC 4.3, which further addresses an attorney’s communications with an “unrepresented person” and “employees of an organization.” Thus, assuming at this point that the attorney has established to his satisfaction that the person is neither represented by individual counsel nor in a litigation control group, the approaching attorney must, first and foremost, not appear “disinterested.” See New Jersey Rules Of Professional Conduct Rule 4.3 (West 2000).

If the attorney “knows or reasonably should know” that the unrepresented person misunderstands their role in the case, the attorney has an obligation pursuant to RPC 4.3 to correct the misunderstanding. See id. Furthermore, if the person to whom the attorney is speaking is an employee of an organization (but not a member of the litigation control group), the attorney must again exercise reasonable diligence in determining whether the person is actually represented by the organization’s attorney pursuant to 1.13(

e) or has a right to such representation. See id. If the approaching attorney ascertains that the person is neither actually represented by the organization’s attorney nor has a right to such representation, the attorney has an obligation to “make known to the person that insofar as the lawyer understands, the person is not being represented by the organization’s attorney.” Id. Nowhere in RPC 4.3 is there an obligation to secure any of this information before initiating contact with a potential witness.

The Special Committee on RPC 4.2 clearly anticipated direct communication between an approaching attorney and the potential fact witness under RPC 4.3. Thus, the Magistrate Judge’s ruling with respect to whether, pursuant to RPC 4.3, Bergenfield was obligated to determine if Guffey was in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel “before making contact” with Guffey is clearly erroneous.

Prior to addressing the substantive conversation between Bergenfield and Guffey in order to determine if Bergenfield violated the RPCs, this Court must first note that Bergenfield was not obligated to follow an exact script when speaking with Guffey. If that were the case, the Special Committee on RPC 4.2 would have suggested a general script to be universally applied by practitioners. Furthermore, it is simply impractical to suggest, as Goodyear does, that every attorney, seeking to determine if a current employee of an organization is represented, is required to read in robot-like fashion from the same script.

In fact, this Court believes such a requirement would seriously hinder an investigation by an attorney into the merits of a case. In spite of that belief, this Court recognizes that there should be a general format to which an approaching attorney should adhere in confronting a current or former employee of an organization which would insure that an attorney is abiding by his ethical obligations. Based upon a review of the entire record of this case, this Court finds that Bergenfield did not violate the RPCs when he contacted Guffey.

The Court’s review of the substantive conversation between Bergenfield and Guffey was initially complicated by the fact that a review of both Guffey’s deposition testimony about the pertinent conversation and Bergen-field’s recollection of the conversation as set forth in his Certification revealed, at first blush, a considerable factual discrepancy. It actually appears that Bergenfield, a practicing attorney for 20 years, put his professional responsibilities aside and, instead, verbally attacked Guffey on the telephone without any regard for determining whether he was represented.

Nevertheless, after a careful comparison of the deposition transcript containing Guffey’s testimony with Bergenfield’s recollection of the conversation, this Court finds that Guffey’s deposition testimony is incredible for several reasons. First, Guffey’s entire deposition testimony reeks with concern over being involved in a lawsuit concerning racial discrimination.

Yet, for someone who admittedly was concerned about being involved as a potential witness in a lawsuit involving working conditions which occurred at the plant where he was a Zone Manager, Guffey testified that he was not really paying attention to Bergen-field during his conversation because “the ballgame was on.” See Goodyear Appendix, Exhibit 1 at page 191. Second, Guffey testified that it just so happened that when Bergenfield'called him on September 7, 1998, he had a copy of the memo he had written at his fingertips.

Coincidentally, the memo was printed out three days earlier and documents, in significant detail, what could be described as evidence of discrimination. However, in what this Court perceives as objectionable behavior on the part of Sneirson despite the narrow scope of the deposition, Sneirson instructed Guffey not to answer Bergenfield’s questions about why he had a copy of the memo by the telephone on that day.

Apparently, this Court should simply accept that a potential witness, who was concerned about a lawsuit involving working conditions that allegedly occurred under his supervision, happened- to be cavalierly sitting by the phone, watching a ballgame and, perhaps, to keep busy during commercials, kept a memo about his thoughts on discrimination in the workplace on his coffee table. To the contrary, the fact that Guffey was sitting by the phone with a copy of that memo indicates to this Court that Guffey was awaiting Bergenfield’s call.

Third, the cross-examination of Guffey revealed that Goodyear’s in-house counsel contacted Guffey only after Bergenfield spoke with Guffey on the telephone for the first time on September 7, 1998. Perhaps Guffey spoke more freely with Bergenfield on the telephone on that fateful day since he hadn’t met with anyone from Goodyear. This is not to suggest that Goodyear’s lawyers did anything inappropriate or unethical, but it is quite possible that Guffey could have become intimidated after speaking with Goodyear’s attorneys. Conceivably, Guffey could have started to think he might lose his job.

Whatever the reason, it is highly coincidental that, after Goodyear’s counsel spoke with Guffey and Guffey was then deposed, Guffey’s recollection of the pertinent conversation differed so drastically from what Bergenfield said happened. Quite simply, Guffey’s testimony does not have the ring of truth. This Court would be hard-pressed to believe that Bergenfield, other than identifying that he was an attorney representing African American plaintiffs in a lawsuit against Goodyear, asked no questions about whether Guf-fey was represented by counsel.

Even a cursory review of the RPCs. would tip off a lawyer that he must ascertain whether a party is represented. That is the essential purpose of the Rule which is titled: “Communication with Person Represented by Counsel.” As aforementioned, prior to engaging in any ex parte communications about the “subject of the representation,” Bergenfield was primarily obligated to determine if Guffey was in the “litigation control group” within the meaning of RPC 1.13(

a) or otherwise represented by counsel. Although this Court finds that Bergenfield satisfied his ethical obligations in determining whether Guffey was in the litigation control group or otherwise represented by counsel, this Court also recognizes that Bergenfield could have done a more methodical job of questioning Guffey. His method is certainly not one that should be followed by others.

Nonetheless, Bergen-field did exercise “reasonable diligence” and did, in fact, ascertain to the satisfaction of this Court that Guffey neither was represented by counsel nor in the litigation control group prior to engaging in a substantive conversation. It bears repeating that Ber-genfield swore in his Certification dated January 15,1999 that: I told Guffey who I represented. He told me that he was expecting my call and had notes that he wanted to get before we spoke. I told him that he did not have to speak to me and I asked him if he had a lawyer.

I also asked him if he’d spoken to the Goodyear lawyers in New Jersey. I told him that one lawyer represented Goodyear and another represented Tom Martin and the supervisors. He told me that he did not have a lawyer and he’d had no contact with Goodyear’s lawyers. See Bergenfield Affidavit, Exhibit B. It is also worth noting that Bergenfield spoke with Guffey on September 7, 1998-an entire three months after Bergenfield filed the lawsuit against Goodye

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