Robert ACEVEDO, Plaintiff, v. The CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, Defendant, 680 F. Supp. 2d 716

MEMORANDUM RONALD L. BUCKWALTER, Senior District Judge. Currently pending before the Court are the Motion for

Summary Judgment by Defendant City of Philadelphia (the “City”) and the Cross-motion for

Summary Judgment by Plaintiff Robert Acevedo. For the following reasons, Defendant’s Motion is granted in part and denied in part, and Plaintiffs Motion is denied in its entirety. I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY A. General Background of Regulation 32 This action focuses on the operation of Philadelphia Civil Service Regulation 32 (“Regulation 32” or the “Regulation”) and its alleged discriminatory effect on Plaintiff, as well as other individuals with disabilities in violation of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794, et seq. Philadelphia City Council passed Regulation 32 in 1953. (Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

D, Dep. of Hilary Cornell (“Cornell Dep.”), 6:16-23, Aug. 6, 2009.) The Regulation applies to disabled individuals with the purpose of “providing] benefits for ... all employees in the civil service except, temporary emergency, seasonal, and part-time employees, and those paid at established hourly rate.” (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

A (“Regulation 32”) §§ 32.011, 32.012.) According to this Regulation, a “disability” is: a physical or mental condition caused by injury or occupational disease, including heart and lung ailments, which is service-connected and prevents an employee from performing the essential functions of the job classification to which the employee is assigned, with or without accommodation.

For purposes of this section, disability does not include any condition which is self-inflicted or caused by another person for reasons personal to the employee and not because of this employment. (Id. § 32.033.) Once an employee is deemed disabled, he or she is entitled to either seventy-five or eighty percent of the base salary he/she was being paid on the date of disability (depending on whether the employee is required to make Social Security contributions). (Id. § 32.023.) For a police officer injured on duty as either “an immediate result of the violent conduct of a third party directed towards the officer or a member of the public,” or “an immediate result of performing other heroic action in an emergency situation in the line of duty,” Regulation 32 provides that such officer shall receive 100% of the officer’s pre-injury base pay, including longevity. (Id.) The Regulation defines the various types of disabilities that it covers.

A “partial disability” is one “which prevents an employee from performing the normal duties of the employee’s position, but which does not prevent the employee from performing the duties of some other position in the civil service.” (Id. § 32.026.) A “total disability” is one “which prevents an employee from performing any kind of gainful employment.” (Id. § 32.0210.) A “permanent disability” is a “disability determined as not medically correctable and likely to continue for the remainder of the employee’s life.” (Id. § 32.027.) Finally, a “temporary disability” is a “disability determined not to be permanent.” (Id. § 32.029.) According to Regulation 32, an employee who is “temporarily disabled” “may be continued in such status for a period not to exceed one year for each work-related injury,” unless extended in six month increments at the recommendation of the Medical Director. (Id. § 32.045.) An employee, however, may not be continued in temporary total disability status for more than three years. (Id.) Similarly, a “permanently and totally disabled” employee shall be compensated at disability salary for at least one year and potentially longer at the recommendation of the Medical Director, but for no longer than three years. (Id. § 32.0511.) Finally, and most important for the present case, a “permanently and partially disabled” employee shall be referred for re-employment in a position compatible with his or her disability, skills, abilities, and aptitudes, and shall receive supplemental compensation equaling the difference between the salary rate of the preinjury position and the salary rate of the secondary position. (Id. §§ 32.061, 32.06213.) If a secondary position is not available, either due to the lack of vacancies or the employee’s disability, the employee shall be compensated at disability salary for a period of up to six months, which may be extended for up to one year. (Id. § 32.0642.) An employee who is separated from his or her position as “permanently and partially disabled” and who seeks to receive his or her pension must apply to the Board of Pensions. (Cornell Dep. 16:25-18:9.) Such an employee may not receive both a service-connected disability pension and a workers’ compensation pension. (Id. 18:10-22.) An employee separated as permanently and either partially or totally disabled forfeits all accumulated sick leave and vacation time. (Regulation 32 §§ 32.053, 32.0642; Pl.’s Mot.

Summ. J., Ex. K, Response to Request for Admissions (“Response to Request”) No. 11.) B. Administration of Regulation 32 Wilhelmina Korevaar is the current Medical Director of the Employee Disability Program of Philadelphia. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. B, Wilhelmina Korevaar Aff. (“Korevaar Aff.”) ¶ 1.) As Medical Director, Dr.

Korevaar is responsible for the review of medical documentation regarding City employees who are participating in the disability programs offered by the City, including Regulation 32. (Id. ¶ 2.) In addition, she bears the initial responsibility for determining whether a City employee sustained a service-connected injury and whether that injury is total or partial and permanent or temporary. (Cornell Dep. 19:21-20:5; Regulation 32 § 32.031.) As explained by Dr.

Korevaar, the disability determination process begins when she first receives a notice from the employee’s health care providers stating that the employee has reached “maximum medical improvement.” (Korevaar Aff. ¶ 3.) Thereafter, she schedules a meeting with the employee to discuss his or her disability status and she reviews any medical documentation brought by the employees from their own medical providers, as well as medical documentation provided by the City’s third-party administrator. (Id.) In making her decision, Dr.

Korevaar considers the employee’s viewpoint, all submitted medical documentation, and the essential functions of the employee’s position. (Id. ¶ 5.) She does not examine the employee. (Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. K, Response to Request No. 16.) Both the treating doctor’s assessment and the individual employee’s assessment are given great weight. (PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

I, Dep. of Wilhelmina Korevaar (“Korevaar Dep.”) 33:16-25, 45:4-17, 52:19-53:12, Mar. 17, 2005.) She has never determined individuals to be permanently and partially disabled if they believed that they could do their pre-injury jobs. (Id. at 45:10-17.) In order for an employee to be deemed not disabled, for purposes of Regulation 32, he or she needs to be able to perform all of the essential functions of the job classification to which the employee is assigned. (Regulation 32 §§ 32.022, 32.026; Korevaar Aff. ¶ 5; Cornell Dep. 21:10-22:6.) To make such a determination, Dr.

Korevaar relies on each department’s requirements for full, active duty and standard job descriptions. (Korevaar Dep. 45:18-21.) Full, active duty refers to particular job classifications, not specific jobs within them. (Id. at 45:22-25.) In some more unusual job classifications, Dr.

Korevaar contacts the department to understand precisely what a classification encompasses and what opportunities actually exist. (Id. at 50:7-51:8.) Once the Medical Director makes the initial determination of the nature and extent of disability, either the disabled employee or the appointing authority has the right, within fifteen days after receipt by the employee of written notice of the Medical Director’s decision, to ask that a Medical Board review the determination of disability. (Regulation 32 § 32.0312.) The employee may then, at his or her own expense, obtain and present to the Medical Board any medical histories, reports, or testimony. (Id. § 32.0313.) Upon completing a review of the evidence, the Medical Board reports its findings and conclusions to the appointing authority and to the disabled employee or employee’s physicians. (Id. § 32.0314.) These findings and conclusions are subject only to appeal to the Civil Service Commission. (Id. §§ 32.0314, 32.12.) Civil Service Commission decisions are then appealable to the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County. 2 Pa.

Cons.Stat. § 752 (2008).

If someone is deemed to be “permanently and partially disabled,” he or she meets with the Medical Director to discuss various options such as participating in the “secondary employment” program — which is discussed in more detail below — or obtaining a reprieve of an additional few months for the condition to improve. (Cornell Dep. 29:5-30:3.) The “permanently and partially disabled” determination is not a finalization of disability status. {Id. at 29:23-30:3.) The discussion is rather informal and simply explores what the person wants to do and what they believe their medical condition to be. {Id. at 33:22-34:11.) Moreover, the Medical Director and employee may have additional meetings on the subject. {Id. at 35:8-36:7.) If the employee has reached a three-year aggregate or maximum at the time they meet with the Medical Director, however, there are no options available to that employee to remain within City employment other than the “secondary employment” program. {Id. at 34:20-35:4.) C.

The Secondary Employment Program For employees who are determined to be permanently and partially disabled under Regulation 32, the City maintains a secondary placement program, which operates to provide “possible re-employment in a position compatible with [the] employee’s disability, skills, abilities or aptitudes.” (Regulation 32 § 32.061.) The secondary employment program falls under the auspices of the City’s Personnel Department (“Central Personnel”), which handles personnel issues for the entire City. (PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

K, Response to Request No. 27.) The City’s Director of Central Personnel has the responsibility for, among other things, recommending changes to Regulation 32 for consideration by the Philadelphia Civil Service Commission. {Id. Response to Request No. 29.) Secondary employment is available not only to Police Department employees, but to all City employees. (Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

E, Dep. of Tahira Jiles (“Jiles Dep.”), 8:14-9:3, Aug. 6, 2009.) When individuals enter secondary employment, they are separated from their particular department’s payroll and put on the payroll of whatever secondary department they enter. {Id.) Although the individual receives the minimum pay step of the pay range for the new position, the pay for the secondary position is supplemented by the difference between the salary rate of the secondary position and the pre-injury salary rate, provided that as the employee receives pay step increases in the secondary position, the supplementary pay is decreased accordingly. (Regulation 32 §§ 32,0611, 32.06213.) Upon reaching retirement, or at the expiration of one year from the date of disability (whichever is later), supplementary pay shall cease. {Id. § 32.0623.) Secondary employment is not a guarantee. (Jiles Dep. 11:11-16.) In fact, an employee who is deemed permanently and partially disabled under Regulation 32 will only obtain a secondary employment if a position is available within six months, which may be extended at the discretion of the appointing authority for up to one year. {Id. at 11:17-24; Regulation 32 § 32.0642.) During that six-month window, if the individual cannot be placed either due to his or her physical disability or because of lack of vacancies, he or she shall continue to be compensated at disability salary. (Regulation 32 § 32.0642.) If, at the termination of the maximum one-year period, the individual is not yet placed in secondary employment, he or she shall be separated from City employment and forfeit all claims or rights to accumulated sick and vacation leave. {Id.; Jiles Dep. 22:4-9.) Likewise, an individual who refuses the offered secondary position may be separated from the City’s employment and lose right to leave time. (Regulation 32 § 32.0613.) Once an individual is separated from City employment under these provisions, he or she is placed on workers’ compensation benefits and can apply for various types of pensions. (Jiles Dep. 23:21-24:5.) D.

The Philadelphia Police Department and Regulation 32 The Philadelphia Police Department (“Police Department”) is the fourth largest metropolitan police department in the United States. (Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. K, Response to Request No. 46.) It employs approximately 6,700 sworn officers and 830 civilian employees. (Id. Response to Request No. 47.) Sylvester Johnson served as the Police Commissioner for.the City from January 4, 2002 until January 7, 2008. (Id.

Response to Request No. 49.) As the Police Commissioner, Johnson was the final decision maker regarding the making and implementation of polices, practices, and procedures within the Police Department. (Id. Response to Request No. 50.) The Personnel Director of the Police Department at the time relevant to this lawsuit was Lynda Orfanelli. (PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. L; PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. G, Dep. Of Albert D’Atlio (“D’Atilio Dep.”), 7:13-17, Aug. 21, 2009.) Further, at the times relevant to this lawsuit, Deputy Commissioner John J.

Gaittens oversaw the Bureau of Administration and Training, including the Safety Office and/or Division. (Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. K, Response to Request No. 56.) Deputy Commissioner Gaittens reports directly to the Police Commissioner. (Id. Response to Request No. 57.) Gaittens does not handle any training in matters under the ADA or the Rehabilitation Act. (PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

F, Dep. of John Gaittens (“Gaittens Dep.”), 13:11-14:20, Aug. 21, 2009.) That responsibility rests with Sergeant Henry Trusch, who works in the Labor Relations Unit and handles all requests for disability accommodation. (Id. at 14:21-15:21.) The City uses one job description for each of the positions of police officer, detective, sergeant, corporal, lieutenant, and captain, regardless of the actual job duties which an individual officer performs in a particular job assignment. (PL’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex.

K, Response to Request No. 72.) The Medical Director refers to these descriptions when making a disability assessment for a police officer. (Cornell Dep. 25:13-26:7.) There are no separate job specifications for officers who are in limited duty capacities. (PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

A, Dep. of Carol Madden (“Madden Dep.”), 66:23-67:2, Jul. 1, 2009.) Deputy Commissioner Gaittens testified that regardless of where an officer is assigned, he or she is responsible for being able to perform all of the duties as outlined in the job description. (Gaittens Dep. 22:12-22.) The written job description for a “Police Officer I” states, in relevant part as follows: GENERAL DEFINITION This is general duty police work on an assigned shift involving the protection of life and property, enforcement of laws, and investigation of crimes. Work is performed under the supervision of a police officer of high rank.

The employee has a controlling impact on the prevention of crime within an assigned area. Work requires regular exposure to uncontrolled and/or unpredictable conditions and the frequent exercise of moderate physical effort. TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF WORK (ILLUSTRATIVE ONLY) Patrols a designated area of the city, on foot or horseback, or in a car[ ], motorcycle, or police boat to prevent and discover the commission of crime and to enforce traffic and parking regulations; answers calls and complaints, taking the necessary police action.

Takes proper police action at scene of crime, administers first aid, gathers evidence, locates witnesses and makes arrest; appears in court to present evidence and testify against persons accused of crimes. Investigates persons suspected of being engaged in gambling, illegal sale of liquors, or other vice activities; checks the operation of taverns, poolrooms, dance halls, clubs, and similar establishments for compliance with laws and ordinances.

Ascertains validity of information or secures evidence for the arrest of persons alleged to have committed a crime; searches for and preserves evidence; interviews suspects, prisoners, complainants, and witnesses to obtain information about crimes; reports automobile accidents, interviews witnesses, takes information, and makes detailed reports.

Investigates complaints concerning juveniles; discusses the case with complainant, juvenile, parents and others who may be able to aid in the case; investigates crimes by and against juveniles; testifies in court concerning case, visits neighborhood boy’s clubs and recreations centers, counseling leaders on juvenile problems. May serve in the district operations office to perform necessary clerical procedures connected with police work. Performs related work as necessary.

SKILL IN: 1.the use and care of firearms ABILITY TO: 2. cope with situations firmly, courteously, tactfully and with respect for the rights of others. 3. analyze situations quickly and objectively, and to determine a proper course of action to be taken. 4. understand and carry out oral and written instructions. 5. write and speak effectively. 6. learn clerical procedures connected with police work.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGES, SKILLS AND ABILITIES KNOWLEDGE OF: • the use, care and safe handling of firearms. • the laws controlling, and the procedures, practices and techniques necessary to police patrol operations. • the laws, codes, statutes and regulations concerning criminal activity, especially when they apply to law enforcement operations. • the criminal justice system as it applies to law enforcement operations. • the techniques, practice and procedures necessary to the effective interaction with the general public, victims, suspects, and officers of other agencies and municipalities. • duty manuals, departmental organizations, administrative direction and applicable City ordinances.

MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE PHYSICAL AND MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS Ability to meet the physical and medical standards approved for this class. LICENSES, REGISTRATIONS AND/OR CERTIFICATES Possession of a valid proper class motor vehicle operator’s license as issued by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania pri- or to appointment and during tenure of employment as a Police Officer I. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

M.) Expanding on this description, Deputy Commissioner Gaittens noted that all police officers must be able to do the following: make arrests; take necessary police action to prevent the commission of a crime, including the use of a firearm where needed; and patrol on the street. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

C, John Gaittens Aff. (“Gaittens Aff.”) ¶ 24, Sep. 1, 2009.) Further, Gaittens averred that all officers must obtain a state certification each year showing an ability to carry and use his firearm. (Id. ¶ 3.) Without this certification, such an officer cannot carry a firearm and, thus, cannot perform the essential functions of his position. (Id.) While a police officer need not perform these functions everyday, the police officer position was created for the very purpose of having these essential functions be performed when called upon to do so. (Id. ¶ 4.) According to Gaittens, the Police Department has what it calls a “re-call register” for emergency situations. (Gaittens Dep. 25:16-19.) When a large-scale emergency arises, the Department may cancel days off or put people on twelve-hour shifts. (Id. at 25:19-27:20; Gaittens Aff. ¶ 5.) People on limited and restricted duty are then put inside for administrative work to replace the normal full-capacity administrative personnel who are deployed to the street. (Gaittens Dep. 27:21-29:23.) In certain particular departments, such as the Narcotics Field Team or City-wide Vice, an all-hands-on-deck type situation might require every officer to be out in the field at the same time. (Id. at 31:17-32:3.) On the other hand, in departments such as the Gun Permits Unit or Evidence Intake Unit, someone is always available to answer the phone. (Id. at 32:4-14.) The Police Department’s Safety Office and Division falls under the umbrella of the Police Department’s Bureau of Administration and Training. (Pl.’s Mot.

Summ. J., Ex. K, Response to Request No. 55.) At all times relevant to this lawsuit, Carol Madden, the Police Department’s Occupational Safety Administrator, ran the day-to-day operations of the Safety Office. (Id. Response to Request No. 58.) The Safety Office places police officers who have sustained service-connected injuries, but who have not been medically released to fully perform the regular duties of their job classification, in temporary “limited duty” assignments. (Id.

Response to Request No. 60; Gaittens Aff. ¶ 2.) The Police Department has always been able to provide a limited duty assignment to an officer who is capable and requests such a position, and itself imposes no restriction on how long a police officer may remain in a limited duty assignment. (Id.

Responses to Request Nos. 62-63.) Thus, an officer can remain gainfully employed until the Department has sufficient medical information to determine if the officer can return to full duty. (Gaittens Aff. ¶ 2.) On a day-to-day basis, the Police Department averages approximately 100 officers working in a limited duty capacity. (Gaittens Dep. 16:1-21:2.) Several different units of the Police Department have available limited duty assignments, whereas others do not.

Among those that have such available positions include Police Academy, Court Liaison, Evidence Custodian Unit, Traffic Court Liaison, Reports and Control, Differential Response, and Neighborhood Services (or Gun Recovery Reward Information Program). (Madden Dep. 55:11-59:12.) Other units that offer possible, but infrequent or non-routine limited duty placements include building security, crime scene, staff services, detention unit, narcotics, and research and planning. (Id. at 55:11-56:19.) The latter categories usually involve short-term assignments. (Id. at 57:19-58:5.) According to Dr.

Korevaar’s understanding, when making disability determinations for the Police Department, she relies on the classification for the “police officer” position because, in an emergency, all people classified as police officers, even those who would normally not be on the street, would have to be able to do what a full, active duty, on-the-street officer has to be able to do, including “shoot with both hands accurately, possibly run, jump, and respond to catastrophe in any shape.” (Korevaar Dep. 46:6-18.) She was given explicit oral instructions from several Police Department officials that an officer must qualify with both hands before he or she can go back to full active duty. (Id. at 46:20-24, 47:3-50:2.) In short, to be released for full active duty, an officer has to meet all of the above qualifications without consideration of any description of the duties that the individual actually performs (Cornell Dep. 25:20-26:7.) If Dr.

Korevaar finds an officer permanently and partially disabled, she explains to him or her, during their meeting, that she is recommending separation. (Madden Dep. 85:18-87:2.) Although the Medical Director makes the disability determination, it is not final and the officer cannot be terminated until the Police Commissioner approves the determination. (Id. at 84:22-85:13; Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

K., Response to Request No. 65.) Once the Police Commissioner signs off on the recommendation, the Safety Officer arranges a separation date with both the Personnel Office and the individual officer. (Madden Dep. 86:10-87:17.) During Police Commissioner Johnson’s tenure, he approved the separations of every police officer whom the Medical Director determined could not perform the essential functions of the police officer position. (PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. K, Response to Request No. 70.) E.

The Application of Regulation 32 to Plaintiff Plaintiff Robert Acevedo was hired as a police officer with the Philadelphia Police Department on June 23, 1986. (Id. Response to Request No. 87.) He was separated, pursuant to Regulation 32, on August 27, 2006, after twenty years and two months as a Philadelphia police officer. (Id. Responses to Request Nos. 88-89.) The events leading up to Plaintiffs separation began on June 21, 2004, when Plaintiff, while on-duty and during the course of making an arrest, was physically assaulted by a suspect. (Id.

Response to Request No. 90.) He sustained a stenar lesion to his right hand, which was, in essence, an injury to a ligament in his right thumb. (Id.) As a result, Plaintiff could not carry a weapon or shoot with his right hand, physically restrain a suspect, make arrests, or otherwise patrol. (PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

C, Dep. of Robert Acevedo (“Acevedo Dep.”), 18:3-22, 60:5-61:9, Jul. 17, 2009.) Plaintiff understood that such limitations precluded him from being a regular patrol officer. (Id.) On June 23, 2004, due to the functional effects of his work injury, the City’s medical provider placed Plaintiff in a “limited duty” work status and gave him an assignment at the Police Department’s Traffic Unit. (Id. at 9:22-10:12; 20:3-7; Pi’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. K, Response to Request No. 91.) His limited duty instructions were set forth in a document dated May 12, 2006. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

D.) In 2005, there were between 100 and 150 officers in the Traffic Unit, including both full and limited duty officers. (PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

B, Dep. of Corporal Patrice Six-Weigand (“Six-Weigand Dep.”), 23:2-16, Jul. 17, 2009.) Plaintiff was assigned to work under the Operations Room supervisor Corporal Patrice Six-Weigand. (Id. at 13:23-14:3.) On a typical day, two active duty officers, plus anyone in limited or restricted duty status — usually two to three officers — would be in the Operations Room. (Id. at 14:23-15:10.) Limited or restricted duty officers were given tasks such as answering phones, giving out police radios, and going through paperwork. (Id. at 16:15-21.) The duties assigned to such officers were dependent on their capabilities and restrictions as indicated in doctors’ notes. (Id. at 17:3-16.) Limited or restricted duty officers would perform some of the activities normally performed by active duty officers only if there were limited or no active duty officers in the Operations Room. (Id. at 43:15-44:3.) Corporal Six-Weigand, did not recall Plaintiff performing any of the processing activity or other functions of active duty police officers. (Id. at 44:4-45:23.) Plaintiff nonetheless satisfactorily performed his duties in the Traffic Division and, in his February 22, 2006 Performance Review, Corporal Six-Weigand wrote: “Although you have been in injured status, you have adjusted well to working inside and developing new skills.

You are always eager to learn the different aspects of the Operations Room and ready to help your coworkers when needed. Your work ethic is an asset to the Operations Room.” (Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

K, Response to Request No. 95; Six-Weigand Dep., Ex. 1.) Plaintiff generally got along with others, did everything asked of him, and showed up on time. (Six-Weigand Dep. 55:5-25.) It was no burden to keep him in the Operations Room. (Id. at 62:4-10.) In spite of Plaintiffs rehabilitative efforts, he did not recover from his injury to an extent that would allow him to resume all of the normal duties of the “police officer” classification in the Philadelphia Police Department. (Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

K, Response to Request No. 102.) In November 2005, Plaintiff applied for the City’s Deferred Retirement Option Plan with a projected retirement date of November 2009. (Id. Response to Request No. 103.) On June 22, 2006, after approximately two years of limited duty, Plaintiff was scheduled to meet with Dr. Korevaar to discuss his disability. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. E.) Plaintiff, however, failed to appear for his interview on June 28, 2006. (Defi’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. F; Korevaar Aff. ¶ 6; PL’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. K, Response to Request No. 107.) Based on a review of Plaintiffs medical records, Dr.

Korevaar diagnosed Plaintiff with “[w]eakness and pain [right] hand (thumb)” that would prevent him from using a firearm, acknowledged Plaintiffs physician’s report that he was at maximum medical improvement, and concluded to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that Plaintiff was permanently and partially disabled from returning to his pre-injury duties as a police officer with the City of Philadelphia. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Exs. F, G.) She further found, based on the available documentation, that “this permanent and partial disability is due solely to the June 21, 2004 work injury.” (Def.’s Mot. Summ.

J., Ex. F.) Dr. Korevaar believed that Plaintiff could not qualify for any job in the uniformed service of the Philadelphia Police Department because he no longer had the ability to shoot with both hands. (Korevaar Dep. 107:11-19.) On July 20, 2006, Dr. Korevaar sent Plaintiff a memorandum indicating her medical opinion that he would never be able to return to his pre-injury position with the City of Philadelphia and that this determination was the basis for his department to separate him from his employment with the City. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

I.) The memorandum further noted that he would continue to receive care for his work-related medical condition as long as it was medically required and would be recommended for a Service Connected Disability Pension. (Id.) He was advised both to make an appointment with someone from personnel to discuss the Secondary Employment Program and to call the Pension Board to fully understand his pension rights. (Id.) On August 25, 2006, Police Commissioner Johnson sent a letter to the Risk Management Division (which is responsible for administering Regulation 32), stating that he agreed that “if the medical evidence in the judgment of your Medical Director, precludes return to active duty in the foreseeable future, in the incumbent classification, the employee should be determined to be Permanently and Partially Disabled.” (Def.’s Mot.

Summ. J., Ex. I.) He further remarked that the Police Department was prepared to separate Plaintiff. (Id.) By way of additional letter of the same date, Commissioner Johnson notified Plaintiff that he was deemed permanently and partially disabled due to his work-related injury of June 21, 2004, and would no longer be able to perform active police duty. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

J.) The letter went on to inform Plaintiff that he would be separated from the Police Department as of 11:59 p.m. on August 27, 2006, and that the Board of Pensions and Retirement would make a determination relative to pension benefits. (Id.) Finally, Commissioner Johnson sent a third letter to the Board of Pensions and Retirement again indicating Plaintiffs disabled status and imminent separation from the Police Department. (Pi’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

K, Response to Request No. 120.) Plaintiff did not exercise his right of appeal to the Civil Service Commission of the decision that he was permanently and partially disabled. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. K.) F. Procedural History Plaintiff filed the present Complaint in this matter on February 29, 2008, against Defendant City of Philadelphia and Police Commissioner Charles Ramsey. The Complaint (1) alleged disability discrimination under

section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794, et seq.; (2) claimed that Regulation 32 is facially invalid and/or has a disparate impact on disabled individuals; and (3) asserted that Regulation 32 violated the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution by failing to provide an adequate interactive procedure. On July 25, 2008, the parties stipulated to dismissal of all claims against Defendant Ramsey. The remaining parties engaged in an extended discovery period and, on September 2, 2009, both parties filed Motions for

Summary Judgment. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW ON CROSS-MOTIONS FOR

SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A factual dispute is “material” only if it might affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). For an issue to be “genuine,” a reasonable fact-finder must be able to return a verdict in favor of the non-moving party. Id. On

summary judgment, it is not the court’s role to weigh the disputed evidence and decide which is more probative, or to make credibility determinations. Boyle v. County of Allegheny, 139 F.3d 386, 393 (3d Cir.1998) (citing Petruzzi’s IGA Super markets, Inc. v. Darling-Del. Co. Inc., 998 F.2d 1224, 1230 (3d Cir.1993)). Rather, the court must consider the evidence, and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (citing United States v.

Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962)); Tigg Corp. v. Dow Coming Corp., 822 F.2d 358, 361 (3d Cir.1987). If a conflict arises between the evidence presented by both sides, the court must accept as true the allegations of the non-moving party, and “all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Although the moving party bears the initial burden of showing an absence of a genuine issue of material fact, it need not “support its motion with affidavits or other similar materials negating the opponent’s claim.” Celotex Corp. v.

Catreit, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). It can meet its burden by “pointing out ... that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s claims.” Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Once the movant has carried its initial burden, the opposing party “must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to material facts.” Matsushita Elec., 475 U.S. at 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348. “There must ... be sufficient evidence for a jury to return a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party; if the evidence is merely colorable or not significantly probative,

summary judgment should be granted.” Armbmster v. Unisys Corp., 32 F.3d 768, 777 (3d Cir.1994), abrogated on other grounds, Showalter v. Univ. of Pittsburgh Med. Ctr., 190 F.3d 231 (3d Cir.1999). Notably, “[t]he rule is no different where there are cross-motions for

summary judgment.” Lawrence v. City of Philadelphia, 527 F.3d 299, 310 (3d Cir.2008). As stated by the Third Circuit, “ ‘[cjross-motions are no more than a claim by each side that it alone is entitled to

summary judgment, and the making of such inherently contradictory claims does not constitute an agreement that if one is rejected the other is necessarily justified or that the losing party waives judicial consideration and determination whether genuine issues of material fact exist.’ ” Id. (quoting Rains v. Cascade Indus., Inc., 402 F.2d 241, 245 (3d Cir.1968)). III. DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR

SUMMARY JUDGMENT The Court turns first to consideration of Defendant City of Philadelphia’s Motion for

Summary Judgment. Defendant sets forth five grounds for relief. First, it claims that Plaintiff cannot succeed on his claims for disability discrimination in Counts I and II of the Complaint because he is not a qualified individual and cannot perform the essential functions of a police officer with or without accommodation. Second, it asserts that Plaintiff lacks standing to bring a claim for a facial violation of the Rehabilitation Act. Third, Defendant avers that Plaintiffs disparate impact claim must fail on its merits.

Fourth, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has come forward with no evidence to prove a disparate impact violation. Finally, Defendant alleges that Plaintiffs due process claim is meritless because the procedures provided were adequate and, in any event, Plaintiff failed to take advantage of those procedures. The Court considers each argument individually. A.

Whether Plaintiff Is a “Qualified Individual” for Purposes of Disability Discrimination As set forth above, Counts I and II allege disability discrimination and intentional discrimination respectively under § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794, et seq. “Congress passed the Rehabilitation Act in 1973 to make certain that no individual with a disability would ‘be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.’ ” Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 206-07 (3d Cir.2009) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 794(a)).

Plaintiffs alleging violations of § 504 have a private right of action under federal law. Id. at 206-07 n. 2. To make out a prima facie case of discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act, the employee bears the burden of demonstrating: “(1) that he or she has a disability, (2) that he or she is otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of the job, with or without reasonable accommodations by the employer; and (3) that he or she was nonetheless terminated or otherwise prevented from performing the job.” Donahue v. Consol. Rail Corp., 224 F.3d 226, 229 (3d Cir.2000) (quoting Shiring v.

Runyon, 90 F.3d 827, 831 (3d Cir.1996)). “The plaintiff must make a prima facie showing that reasonable accommodation is possible.” Id. Once the plaintiff makes these requisite showings, the burden shifts to the defendant to prove “ ‘as an affirmative defense, that the accommodations requested by the plaintiff are unreasonable or would cause an undue hardship on the employer.’ ” Id. (quoting Shiring, 90 F.3d at 831). Defendant does not dispute that Plaintiff was, at all relevant times, a person with a disability or that Plaintiff was terminated because of his disability.

Rather, it focuses its Motion on the argument that Plaintiff was not “otherwise qualified” because he could not perform the essential functions of his job as a police officer. The ADA defines “qualified individual with a disability,” in relevant part, as “an individual with a disability who, with or without reasonable modifications to rules, policies, or practices ... or the provision of auxiliary aids and services, meets the essential eligibility requirements for the receipt of services or the participation in programs or activities provided by a public entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12131(2); see also Boioers v.

Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 118 F.Supp.2d 494, 511 (D.N.J.2000) (“An individual is a ‘qualified individual’ if that individual can meet essential requirements with or without reasonable modification.”). A two-part test is used to determine whether someone is “a qualified individual with a disability.” First, a court must consider whether “ ‘the individual satisfies the prerequisites for the position, such as possessing the appropriate educational background, employment experience, skills, licenses, etc.’ ” Gaul v.

Lucent Techs., Inc., 134 F.3d 576, 580 (3d Cir.1998) (quoting 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App. at 353-54). Second, the court must determine “ ‘whether or not the individual can perform the essential functions of the position held or desired, with or without reasonable accommodation.’ ” Id. (quoting 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App. at 353).

Under the Rehabilitation Act, “[a] handicapped individual who cannot meet all of the program’s requirements is not otherwise qualified if there is a factual basis in the record reasonably demonstrating that accommodating that individual would require either a modification of the essential nature of the program, or impose an undue burden on the recipient of federal funds.” Strathie v.

Dept. of Transp., 716 F.2d 227, 231 (3d Cir.1983). “The determination of whether an individual with a disability is qualified is made at the time of the employment decision,” Id. (quoting 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App. at 353-54), and is inherently a question of fact. Wilson v. Pa. State Police Dept., 964 F.Supp. 898, 912 (E.D.Pa.1997) (citing Sch. Bd. of Nassau County v. Arline, 480 U.S. 273, 287, 107 S.Ct. 1123, 94 L.Ed.2d 307 (1987)). In the present case, the parties agree that Plaintiff has the requisite education, experience, skills, and licenses for being a police officer.

The parties, however, dispute whether Plaintiff could perform the essential functions of the prior position with or without reasonable accommodation. That dispute again raises two separate questions. First, the Court must determine what the essential functions of a “police officer” were at the time in question. Second, the Court must inquire as to whether Plaintiff could perform all of those functions with or without reasonable accommodation. See Luckiewicz v. Potter, 670 F.Supp.2d 400, 407-10 (E.D.Pa.2009) (describing the two-part inquiry); Straw-bridge v. Potter, No.

CIV.A.08-2937, 2009 WL 2208577, at *9-10 (E.D.Pa. Jul. 22, 2009). Because a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the first of these inquiries, the Court focuses the discussion solely on that question. The ADA provides that “[t]he term essential functions means the fundamental job duties of the employment position the individual with a disability holds or desires. The term ‘essential functions’ does not include the marginal functions of the position.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(l). A job function may be considered “essential” for any of a number of reasons, including but not limited to the following: (

i) The function may be essential because the reason the position exists is to perform that function; (ii) The function may be essential because of the limited number of employees available among whom the performance of that job function can be distributed; and/or (iii) The function may be highly specialized so that the incumbent in the position is hired for his or her expertise or ability to perform the particular function. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(2).

A reviewing court attempting to define what the essential functions of a particular job are must consider “the employer’s judgment as to what functions of a job are essential, and if an employer has prepared a written description before advertising or interviewing applicants for the job, the description shall be considered evidence of the essential functions of the job.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8). In addition, the applicable regulations provide a non-exclusive list of what evidence should be considered in determining whether a particular function is essential: (

i) The employer’s judgment as to which functions are essential; (ii) Written job descriptions prepared before advertising or interviewing applicants for the job; (iii) The amount of time spent on the job performing the function; (iv) The consequences of not requiring the incumbent to perform the function; (

v) The terms of a collective bargaining agreement; (vi) The work experience of past incumbents in the job; and/or (vii) The current work experience of incumbents in similar jobs. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(3). Notably, “[b]y categorizing a ‘written description’ provided by an employer as evidence of what the essential functions of a job are, Congress clearly did not intend for an employer’s characterization of a job ‘requirement’ as an ‘essential function’ to be conclusive.” Tish v. Magee Women’s Hosp. of Univ. of Pittsburgh Med. Ctr., No. CIV.A.06-820, 2008 WL 4790733, at *14 (W.D.Pa. Oct. 27, 2008).

Indeed, “[w]hile an employer is free to craft requirements for the positions that it creates, it is not free to avoid the strictures of the ADA or the Rehabilitation Act by simply characterizing all ‘requirements’ as ‘essential functions.’ ” Id. (citing Johnson v. McGraw-Hill Cos., 451 F.Supp.2d 681, 704 (WD.Pa.2006)). A distinction must be made between the requirements of a given position and the essential functions of that position. Conneen v. MBNA Am. Bank, N.A, 334 F.3d 318, 329 (3d Cir.2003).

As is apparent, however, “ ‘[wjhether a particular function is essential is a factual determination that must be made on a case by case basis.’ ” Skerski v. Time Warner Cable Co., a Div. of Time Warner Entm’t Co., L.P., 257 F.3d 273, 279 (3d Cir.2001) (quoting EEOC Interpretive Guidance on Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App. 1630.2(n) (2000)). “It follows that none of the factors nor any of the evidentiary examples alone are necessarily dispositive.” Id.

Defendant puts forth two primary pieces of evidence to support its position that the tasks of patrolling, apprehension of suspects, and use of a firearm are “essential functions” of a police officer with the City of Philadelphia. First, it points to the “Typical Examples of Work” in the written description of a the police officer position, which references patrolling and making arrests. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

M.) Second, Defendant points to the affidavit of Deputy Commissioner Gait-tens, who avers that in order to work as a police officer, an individual must obtain a state certification demonstrating that he has the ability to carry and use his firearm. (Gaittens Aff. ¶ 3.) Gaittens goes on to list the essential functions of a police officer as follows: the ability to make arrests; the ability to take necessary police action to prevent the commission of a crime, including use of a firearm where needed; the ability to be on patrol on the street; and the ability to respond to emergency situations when called upon to do so. (Id. ¶¶4-5.) Although a police officer need not perform these essential functions every day, Gaittens notes that the police officer position was created for the very purpose of having these functions performed when necessary. (Id.) In response, Plaintiff offers three arguments to bolster his contrary position that such functions are not essential to all Philadelphia police officer positions.

First, he contends that the written description contradicts Gaittens’s representations as to the “essential functions” of a police officer position, and neither designates any particular physical requirements nor requires a state firearm certification. Second, Plaintiff argues that the Philadelphia Police Department contains literally hundreds of positions that do not entail regular patrol duties, thereby making it a falsity for the Police Department to singularly classify the “police officer” position without individualized job functions set out for the different jobs within the Department.

Finally, Plaintiff contends that the fact that the City continued to employ him as a police officer for two years after he was injured and unable to obtain a weapons certification from the state demonstrates that such a certification is not an “essential function of the job.” As to Plaintiffs third point — 'that he worked successfully in a limited duty position for two years — courts have held that the mere fact that a plaintiff is able to perform the responsibilities of a limited duty position, even over an extended period, does not make that plaintiff a “qualified individual” under the Rehabilitation Act.

Luckiewicz, 670 F.Supp.2d at 408-09. Under the Act, an employer need not create positions specifically for the handicapped employee. Shiring, 90 F.3d at 831 (citing Fedro v. Reno, 21 F.3d 1391, 1395 (7th Cir.1994)). Thus, the fact that Plaintiff worked at a light duty position for two years in which he was not required to carry a firearm does not bear oh whether or not the carrying of a firearm is an “essential function” of a police officer position. Nor must the Court consider an otherwise non-existent position as an accommodation that would make Plaintiff qualified.

Plaintiffs first two proffers of evidence, however, give this Court greater pause. As to the written description, Plaintiff accurately notes that, despite a whole

section of that document dedicated to the physical and medical requirements, nothing indicates that a police officer must be required to make arrests, shoot a gun, or apprehend a suspect. An officer need only have the ability to engage in “the frequent exercise of moderate physical effort.” (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. M.) Moreover, under the heading, “Licenses, registrations and/or certifications,” the only enumerated requirement is a motor vehicle operator’s license, with no reference to a firearm certification. (Id.) Although the

section entitled “Typical Examples of Work” lists patrolling, making arrests, and investigations, that

section does not suggest that these are “essential functions.” Quite to the contrary, the

section is specifically labeled “Illustrative Only,” meaning that these examples of work are not meant to constitute essential duties. (Id.) In addition, the

section lists a host of other possible, non-physical tasks such as performing necessary clerical procedures, counseling juveniles, interviewing suspects, and reporting automobile accidents, none of which Defendant claims to be essential. (Id.) The fact thus remains that the document does not contain any mention of requirements equivalent to those deemed essential by Defendant.

As the applicable regulations under the Rehabilitation Act specifically direct consideration of a written description, 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(3), the Court must find that this document calls into doubt Defendant’s definition of the essential functions of a police officer position. As to Plaintiffs contention that there are hundreds of positions performed by active duty officers that require no such physical abilities, this Court finds that this argument likewise creates a genuine issue of material fact.

The Court recognizes that uniform physical capacity require-merits for job classifications have been upheld, “even where the actual need for the worker to perform the required task was infrequent or remote.” Sturm v. UAL Corp., No. CIV.A.98-264, 2000 WL 1300396, at *14 (D.N.J. Sep. 5, 2000) (citing cases). Although the amount of time spent on a particular task may be considered when determining whether the task is “essential” an essential function “need not encompass the majority of an employee’s time, or even a significant quantity of time to be essential.” Basith v.

Cook County, 241 F.3d 919, 929 (7th Cir.2001) (citations omitted); see also Winfrey v. City of Chicago, 259 F.3d 610, 616 (7th Cir.2001) (The fact “that not all employees perform at a particular time all the essential job functions does not make those functions nonessential.”); Hoskins v. Oakland County Sheriff’s Dept., 227 F.3d 719, 727 (6th Cir.2000) (holding that although a correctional officer may only infrequently be required to restrain inmates, the potential for physical confrontation exists on a daily basis making the ability to restrain an essential function).

By the same token, however, federal regulations specifically mandate that a court consider “[t]he current work experience of incumbents in similar jobs.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(3)(vii) (2010). Thus, where there are positions within a particular job classification where an employee never has to perform certain alleged requirements, a genuine issue of material fact arises as to whether those requirements are in fact “essential.” See, e.g., Cripe v.

City of San Jose, 261 F.3d 877, 888-89 (9th Cir.2001) (finding genuine issue of material fact as to essential functions where city presented evidence that all police officers, even those working in lighter duty capacities, needed certain physical abilities in the event of emergencies and plaintiff responded with evidence that lighter duty police officers never engaged in strenuous activity); Dorris v. City of Kenhuood, No. CIV.A.94-249, 1994 WL 762219, at *3 (W.D.Mich.

Oct. 4, 1994) (finding that, where city presented written job description showing that all police officers have certain physical requirements and plaintiff responded with evidence that positions existed where such physical requirements were never required, a genuine issue of material fact remained as to essential functions of job).

In this case, Plaintiff has presented testimony that the Philadelphia Police Department employs in the following units uniformed officers whose typical job functions either infrequently or never include active patrol duties: Police Academy, Court Liaison, Evidence Custodian, Building Security, Crime Scene, Staff Services, Detention, Narcotics, Research and Planning, Reports Control, and Differential Response. (Madden Dep. 55:11-58:10.) The fact that there are multiple crucial positions for uniformed officers within the Philadelphia Police Department who have no need to apprehend suspects, patrol, or use a weapon significantly bolsters Plaintiffs position that these are not essential job functions for all police officers.

In an effort to eliminate this apparent issue of fact, Defendant makes two additional arguments. First, Defendant contends that Plaintiff effectively admitted that he could not do the essential functions of his job. Specifically, at his deposition, the following exchange occurred: Q. ... After you got hurt, were these things about the police officer job that you could not do? A. Right, the functions of a regular police officer. No, I couldn’t do the functions as a regular police officer, without being' — you know, if I was okay, yes. If I’m hurt, no. Q.

Anything other than carrying your weapon, physically restraining somebody that maybe was trying to get away, anything else- that you couldn’t do because of the injury? A. Yeah. Q. That, in your mind were regular functions- — • A. A regular patrol officer. Q. Couldn’t be on the street? A. Right, that was the main — that’s the main thing. (Acevedo Dep. 18:3-22.) A fair reading of this testimony, however, reflects only that Plaintiff conceded his inability to do the regular functions of a patrol officer, i.e. one who was out on the street.

Nothing in his testimony suggests an admission that he could not function as a police officer in another capacity, as he did in the Traffic Division. Nor does Defendant demonstrate that (

a) Plaintiff understood that question regarding “regular functions” was referencing the legal term “essential functions” as defined in the Rehabilitation Act; or (

b) Plaintiff had sufficient knowledge of what the official, established “essential functions” were for a Philadelphia police officer. Second, Defendant cites to a series of federal cases wherein courts found that police officers and other public safety officials who are unable to perform certain physical job functions, such as physically restraining others or discharging a weapon, are not “qualified individuals” under the disabilities laws. (Def.’s Mot. Summ.

J. 11-15.) All of these eases, however, made a determination, on the basis of the facts and evidence before the court at the time, that no genuine issue of fact existed as to the essential functions of the police officer positions in question. See, e.g., Frazier v. Simmons, 254 F.3d 1247, 1259-60 (10th Cir.2001) (finding that multiple physical requirements for police officer were essential functions where the written job description listed these multiple physical requirements and plaintiff had no probative contrary evidence); Hoskins v.

Oakland County Sheriffs Dept., 227 F.3d 719, 726-27 (6th Cir.2000) (finding that requirement of ability to restrain and search inmates was essential function of deputy sheriff position where written job description listed them and “potential for physical confrontation exist[ed] on a daily basis”; court noted that “inquiry into whether a function is essential is highly fact specific.”); Champ v.

Baltimore County, 91 F.3d 129 (4th Cir.1996) (affirming district court finding that certain physical requirements were essential functions of Baltimore police officer position where defendant provided evidence of that requirement and plaintiff offered no contrary evidence); Simon v. St.

Louis County, 735 F.2d 1082, 1085 (8th Cir.1984) (affirming conclusion that police department’s physical requirements were essential functions where defendant offered expert testimony that forceful arrest policy was nationwide standard that was reasonable, legitimate, and necessary, and plaintiff produced only testimony from some police officers from other states who testified that they were still employed notwithstanding a physical inability to make forceful arrests).

On the other hand, Defendant fails to acknowledge the similar multitude of cases that have declined to make a factual determination of the essential functions of a police officer position where probative, contradictory evidence was presented to the court.

See, e.g., Cripe, 261 F.3d at 888-89 (finding a factual dispute as to whether the ability to make a forcible arrest was an essential function of all the specialized-assignment positions in the police department that the plaintiffs sought the opportunity to fill, notwithstanding defendant’s assertion that all police officers needed to be able to respond in a city-wide emergency); Keys v. City of Philadelphia, No. CIV.A.04-766, 2005 WL 3234847, at *5 (E.D.Pa.

Nov. 29, 2005) (finding triable issue of fact as to what the precise essential functions of a Philadelphia Police Officer were where plaintiffs “testified that active patrol duties were not required in the jobs they held prior to their separation and that they were performing all the essential functions of those positions-even the marginal functions-without accommodations.”); King v. Town of Wallkill, 302 F.Supp.2d 279, 290 (S.D.N.Y.2004) (finding genuine issue of material fact as to essential functions for the police officer position at issue); Konewko v. Village of Westchester, No.

CIV.A.99-7277, 2000 WL 1038125, at *8 (N.D.Ill. Jul. 25, 2000) (finding genuine issue of material fact where defendant claimed ability of police officer to apprehend suspects was essential function of position and plaintiff countered with sufficient evidence that defendant had previously assigned police officers to duties that did not require them to apprehend suspects).

In short, taking all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court declines to conclusively rule on whether the ability to use a handgun, arrest suspects, and physically restrain individuals are essential functions of the police officer position within the Philadelphia Police Department. “Whether a particular function is essential is a factual determination that must be made on a case by case basis based upon all relevant evidence.” Turner v. Hershey Chocolate U.S., 440 F.3d 604, 612 (3d Cir.2006).

Contrasting the affidavit of Deputy Commissioner Gaittens with both the written description of the position and the evidence of other positions within the Police Department that do not require these physical abilities, the Court simply cannot make the inherently factual determination of whether these requirements are indeed “essential” within the meaning of the statute. This genuine issue of material fact thus precludes this Court from proceeding to the question of whether Plaintiff could perform those functions with or without a reasonable accommodation.

In turn, without resolution of these inquiries, Defendant cannot prove Plaintiffs inability to succeed on his discrimination claims. B.

Whether Plaintiff Has Standing to Bring a Claim for a Facial Violation of the Rehabilitation Act Count III of Plaintiffs Complaint alleges, in part, that Regulation 32 facially violates § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as follows: it purports to deny public employees of their employment on the basis of their disability based on, inter alia, (1) genesis of such disability; (2) without an interactive process; (3) automatically and without consideration of the individual nature of the disability, the individual’s vocational profile and whether or not they are otherwise qualified to continue their City employment; (4) without any consideration of how the individual could be accommodated in the position they hold or desire; and (5) by requiring that the individual have the capacity to perform all the duties of his/her pre-injury position without accommodation. (Compl. ¶ 33.) Defendant now counters that Plaintiff lacks standing to pursue this claim.

The question of standing “involves both constitutional limitations on federal court jurisdiction and prudential limitations on its exercise.” Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 162, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (quoting Worth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975)). The constitutional component of standing, which stems from

Article III of the United States Constitution, requires that a plaintiff demonstrate (1) that he or she suffered an “injury in fact;” (2) that the injury is “fairly traceable” to the actions of the defendant; and (3) that the injury “will likely be redressed by a favorable decision.” Id. (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) and Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Ams. United for Separation of Church and State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 471-72, 102 S.Ct. 752, 70 L.Ed.2d 700 (1982)).

Defendant maintains that the ADA and Rehabilitation Act are violated only where the employer fails to provide a reasonable accommodation where one is required. Because Plaintiff allegedly cannot perform the essential functions of his job, with or without accommodation, Defendant asserts that Plaintiff is not an otherwise qualified individual entitled to protection under the Act. Absent a cognizable injury in fact resulting from the application of Regulation 32 to him, Plaintiff appears to have no standing to pursue a facial invalidity claim.

Defendant’s contention, however, is misplaced for the same reasons that its challenge to Counts I and II fails. As noted above, a genuine issue of material fact remains as to what the essential functions were of the Philadelphia Police Officer position from which Plaintiff was terminated. This dispute precludes any determination as to whether Plaintiff is an “otherwise qualified individual,” such that he could perform the essential functions of his job, with or without accommodation. Absent such a determination, Defendant cannot prevail on its standing argument. C.

Whether Regulation 32 Facially Violates the Rehabilitation Act Defendant next asserts that, regardless of standing, Plaintiffs facial invalidity claim fails on its merits. Upon review of the parties’ arguments, this Court must agree. A statute that facially discriminates against disabled individuals faces a “skeptical inquiry under the ADA and Rehabilitation Act.” New Directions Treatment Serv. v. City of Reading, 490 F.3d 293, 301-02 (3d Cir.2007).

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act provides that “[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a disability ... shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). Relying on these principles, Plaintiff alleges that Regulation 32 facially violates

Section 504 because “it is a method of administration which has the purpose or effect of discriminating against persons with qualifying and statutorily protected disabilities.” (ComplJ 34.) Plaintiffs argument, however, is misplaced. The Rehabilitation Act “does not prohibit discrimination against any individual on the basis of disability, but, as a general rule, only protects from discrimination those disabled individuals who are able to perform, with or without reasonable accommodation, the essential functions of the job they hold or desire.” Hohider v.

United Parcel Serv., Inc., 574 F.3d 169, 191 (3d Cir.2009) (emphasis in original); see also Donahue, 224 F.3d at 229 (holding that a plaintiff must establish that “he or she is otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of the job with or without reasonable accommodation”) (quotation omitted). Nothing in the Act requires an employer to create positions or implement accommodations that pose an undue hardship to the employer in order to continue to employ a disabled individual. Shiring, 90 F.3d at 832.

In apparent recognition of these legal dictates, Regulation 32 specifically tracks the language of the Rehabilitation Act and defines “disability” as follows: a physical or mental condition caused by injury or occupational disease, including heart and lung ailments, which is service-connected and prevents an employee from performing the essential functions of the job classification to which the employee is assigned, ivith or tuithout accommodation. (Regulation 32 § 32.022 (emphasis added).) Accordingly, by its own terms, Regulation 32’s separation provision only operates when the employee has fallen outside the protection of the Rehabilitation Act.

To the extent that Regulation 32 allows the City to terminate employees who are permanently and partially disabled, such employees would be unable to make out a prima facie case under the Act. Accordingly, nothing on the face of Regulation 32 violates § 504. Alternatively, Plaintiff argues, without citation to any legal support, that the text of Regulation 32 — in direct violation of § 504 — does not provide an interactive process for determining whether a reasonable accommodation is possible, thereby rendering the entire Regulation improper.

Plaintiffs contention, however, relies on the faulty assumption that the Rehabilitation Act mandates an interactive process without the initial showing that the employee is “otherwise qualified.” Quite to the contrary, the Third Circuit has stated as follows: While ... we have admonished “employers [to] take seriously the interactive process,” ... we have not found an employer’s failure to engage in that process and grant an employee individualized consideration, with nothing more, amounts to discrimination prohibited under the ADA.

Rather, if the employee “is not a ‘qualified individual’ under the ADA, ... [the employer’s] alleged failure to investigate into reasonable accommodation is unimportant.” ... “If it turns out there is no job which the worker (-with or without accommodation) is capable of performing, then the company cannot be held liable for an ADA ... violation.” ... Accordingly, while “an employer who fails to engage in the interactive process runs a serious risk that it will erroneously overlook an opportunity to accommodate a statutorily disabled employee, and thereby violate the ADA,” Deane v. Pocono Med.

Ctr., 142 F.3d 138, 149 (3d Cir.1998) (en banc), failure to engage in the interactive process, in itself, does not constitute such a violation. Hohider, 574 F.3d at 193 (footnote and most internal citations omitted); see also Parker v. Verizon Pa., Inc., 309 Fed.Appx. 551, 560 (3d Cir.2009) (noting that to establish a prima facie case for failure to participate in the interactive process, plaintiff must show, in part, that the employee could have been reasonably accommodated but for the employer’s lack of good faith).

As noted above, Regulation 32’s separation procedure only applies where an employee is “disabled,” i.e. has a physical or mental impairment that prevents the employee from performing the essential functions of his or her position with or without reasonable accommodation. Accordingly, no interactive process is mandated. Even if it were, the mere absence of such an interactive process, without a showing that Regulation 32 routinely prohibits consideration of reasonable accommodations, would not render the Regulation facially invalid.

In short, the Court finds no basis on which to deem Regulation 32 facially violative of the Rehabilitation Act. Accordingly, we grant

summary judgment in favor of Defendant on this claim. D. Whether Plaintiff’s Disparate Impact Claim Fails on its Merits In addition to alleging facial invalidity, Count III of the Complaint asserts that Regulation 32 has a disparate impact on persons with qualifying or statutorily protected disabilities. Defendant contends that this claim must be dismissed because Plaintiff has not provided any statistical evidence showing that the method of administration of this Regulation has the effect of disproportionately excluding a protected class from certain opportunities. (Def.’s Mot. Summ.

J. 18.) In response, Plaintiff admits that he does not present statistical evidence, but claims that there is no need for him to do so “since it is plain that Regulation 32 has a disparate impact on individuals with disabilities.” (Pl.’s Resp. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. 13.) “A disparate impact violation is made out when an employer is shown to have used a specific employment practice, neutral on its face but causing a substantial adverse impact on a protected group, and which cannot be justified as serving a legitimate business goal of the employer.” E.E.O.C. v. Metal Serv. Co., 892 F.2d 341, 346 (3d Cir.1990).

In other words disparate-impact claims “involve employment practices that are facially neutral in their treatment of different groups but that in fact fall more harshly on one group than another and cannot be justified by business necessity.” Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 335-36, n. 15, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 52 L.Ed.2d 396 (1977). Under a disparate impact theory of discrimination, “a facially neutral employment practice may be deemed [illegally discriminatory] without evidence of the employer’s subjective intent to discriminate that is required in a ‘disparate-treatment’ case.” Raytheon Co. v.

Hernandez, 540 U.S. 44, 52-53, 124 S.Ct. 513, 157 L.Ed.2d 357 (2003) (quoting Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642, 645-646, 109 S.Ct. 2115, 104 L.Ed.2d 733 (1989)). A prima facie case of disparate impact discrimination requires that the plaintiff first identify “the specific employment practice that is challenged.” Watson v. Fort Worth Bank and Trust, 487 U.S. 977, 994, 108 S.Ct. 2777, 101 L.Ed.2d 827 (1988).

Second, the plaintiff must show causation by offering “statistical evidence of a kind and degree sufficient to show that the practice in question has caused the exclusion of applicants for jobs or promotions because of their membership in a protected group.” Id.; see also Foxworth v. Pa. State Police, 228 Fed.Appx. 151, 156-57 (3d Cir.2007). Notably, the Supreme Court has held that disparate impact, by itself, does not state a prima facie case under § 504. Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287, 299, 105 S.Ct. 712, 83 L.Ed.2d 661 (1985); see also Hollonbeck v. U.S.

Olympic Comm., 513 F.3d 1191, 1197 (10th Cir.2008), cert. denied,-U.S.-, 129 S.Ct. 114, 172 L.Ed.2d 240 (2008). “Rather, actionable disparate impact requires analysis of whether the individual is otherwise qualified and whether reasonable accommodations may provide meaningful access.” Hollonbeck, 513 F.3d at 1197 (citing Choate, 469 U.S. at 299-301, 105 S.Ct. 712); see also Crocker v.

Runyon, 207 F.3d 314, 321 (6th Cir.2000) (“The Rehabilitation Act’s ‘otherwise qualified’ language specifically allows for disabled people to be disparately affected by legitimate job criteria, so a wholesale importing of Title VIPs disparate impact cause of action into the Rehabilitation Act context might be inappropriate.”). Plaintiffs argument that “it is plain that Regulation 32 has a disparate impact on individuals with disabilities” fails to meet this standard. (Pl.’s Resp. Def.’s Mot. Summ.

J. 13.) Plaintiff can undoubtedly prove that Regulation 32 disparately impacts — and' in fact only impacts — individuals with disabilities. Not all individuals with disabilities, however, are protected by the dictates of § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Rather, as discussed above, § 504 protects only “qualified individuals.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8).

Accordingly, Plaintiff must put forth statistical evidence showing that Regulation 32 has disparately caused the exclusion or termination of employees solely on the basis of their disability, despite the fact that such employees could perform the essential functions of their position with or without accommodation. By his own admission, Plaintiff has no such statistical evidence in his possession.

Alternatively, Plaintiff argues the Police Department’s specific application of Regulation 32 has a disparate impact He explains that Police Commissioner Johnson has approved the separations of every police officer whom the Medical Director designated permanently and partially disabled, “even if the officer could fully perform the functions of his/her own job, either with or without accommodation.” (PL’s Resp. Def.’s Mot. Summ.

J. 11.) In support of this statement of fact, however, Plaintiff only cites to Defendant’s response to a request for admission, in which Defendant admitted solely that “Commissioner Johnson approved all separations of police officers who could not perform the essential functions of the police officer position.” (PL’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex.

K, Response to Request No. 70 (emphasis added).) Plaintiff cites to no testimonial evidence, statistics, or illustrative examples to establish that the Police Department has applied Regulation 32 in such a manner as to disparately impact individuals with disabilities who were otherwise qualified for their positions. Finally, in his Cross-motion for

Summary Judgment, Plaintiff attempts to equate Regulation 32 with a “full duty recovery policy” which categorically excludes individuals with disabilities from being employed as police officers. According to Plaintiff such policies are facially invalid “as they purport to evade the ADA’s mandatory duty to individually assess the nature of an employee’s restrictions and the feasibility of accommodations with regard to a particular job.” (PL’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 13-14.) This argument, however, is inapposite.

In the cases cited by Plaintiff, the challenged policies precluded disabled individuals from obtaining or returning to particular jobs unless they were “100% healed” from their impairments, without individual consideration of whether they could perform all the essential functions of those jobs — as opposed to marginal or non-essential functions — with or without accommodation. Regulation 32, on the other hand, is not remotely akin to a fully-healed policy.

By its own terms, the determination of whether an employee is disabled is made entirely on an individualized basis by the Medical Director and is premised on medical histories, reports from the employee’s physician, testimony, or other evidence submitted by either the employee or the City’s third-party administrator. (Regulation 32 § 32.03.) In making the disability determination, the Medical Director considers the employee’s viewpoint, all submitted medical documentation, and the essential functions of the position in which the employee is serving. (Korevaar Aff. ¶ 5.) Both the treating doctor’s assessment and individual employee’s assessment are given great weight. (Korevaar Dep. 33:16-25, 45:4-17; 52:19-53:12.) Only if an employee cannot perform all of the essential functions of the job classification to which the employee is assigned, with or without accommodation, is the employee deemed “disabled” under the Regulation. (Regulation 32 §§ 32.022, 32.026; Korevaar Aff. ¶ 5; Cornell Dep. 21:10-22:6.) Such individualized assessment is a far cry from the fully healed policies struck down as per se violative of the Rehabilitation Act.

Therefore, Plaintiff has failed to create a genuine issue of material fact as to the viability of his disparate impact claim. Although bearing the burden of doing so, Plaintiff has not produced any evidence to establish that Regulation 32 disparately results in the separation of “otherwise qualified” disabled individuals from their positions as Philadelphia Police Officers. Absent such a showing, the Court must grant Defendant’s Motion for

Summary Judgment on this claim. E. Whether Plaintiff Alleges a Viable Due Process Claim In the final count of the Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Regulation 32 violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. He reasons that he had a property interest in his public employment which was procedurally protected by the Due Process Clause, and that Defendant, as a state actor, dismissed Plaintiff from his employment without affording him proper procedural protections. Defendant now contends that this claim must fail because

(1) Regulation 32 provides sufficient due process prior to separation and

(2) Plaintiff failed to take advantage of those available procedures. In Cleveland Bd. of Ed. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985), the United States Supreme Court held that the Due Process Clause recognizes that public employees have a property right in continued employment and may not be deprived of that property right by the state without due process of law. Id. at 541-42, 105 S.Ct. 1487. In defining what process was due, the Court found that the public employee was entitled to “some kind of a hearing” and a “pretermination opportunity to respond.” Id. at 542, 105 S.Ct. 1487.

The Court went on to explain that the hearing did not need to be an “elaborate” or “full adversarial evidentiary hearing,” recognizing that the formality and procedural requirements could vary depending on the importance of the interests involved and the nature of subsequent proceedings. Id. at 545, 105 S.Ct. 1487.

It further noted that the hearing “need not definitively resolve the propriety of discharge,” and that “[i]t should be an initial check against mistaken decisions — essentially, a determination of whether ' there are reasonable grounds to believe that the charges against the employee are true and support the proposed action.” Id. at 545^46, 105 S.Ct. 1487.

Ultimately, the Court held that the sole essential requirements of due process were notice and an opportunity to respond by presenting “reasons, either in person or in writing, why proposed action should not be taken.” Id. at 546, 105 S.Ct. 1487; see also Gilbert v. Homar, 520 U.S. 924, 929, 117 S.Ct. 1807, 138 L.Ed.2d 120 (1997) (“pretermination process need only include oral or written notice of the charges, an explanation of the employer’s evidence, and an opportunity for the employee to tell his side of the story.”). The analogous Third Circuit case of Wilson v.

MVM, 475 F.3d 166 (3d Cir.2007) defined some of the due process boundaries in cases of medically-based terminations. In that matter, three court security officers (“CSO’s”), employed by the U.S. Marshall’s Service (“USMS”) were deemed medically disqualified due to various medical conditions and were thus terminated. Id. at 171. They brought suit claiming, in part, that the USMS violated their due process rights. Id. The Third Circuit acknowledged that the CSO’s had a constitutionally protected property interest in their employment and were entitled to notice and opportunity to be heard. Id. at 177-78.

In order to define what process was due, the court balanced the plaintiffs’ interest in continued employment against the government’s interests in providing “healthy, physically qualified security to protect its court houses and employees,” and then examined “the risk of error in the procedure used compared with the degree of improved accuracy that additional procedures would provide.” Id. at 178-79 (citing

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