R. Edward BATES, Claimant-Appellant, v. R. James NICHOLSON, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Respondent-Appellee, 398 F.3d 1355

Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge DYK. Concurring opinion filed by Circuit Judge BRYSON. DYK, Circuit Judge. The Secretary, acting through the General Counsel, terminated appellant R. Edwards Bates’ (“Bates”) accreditation to represent claimants before the Department of Veteran Affairs (“VA”). Bates sought review before the Board of Veterans Affairs (“the Board”). The Secretary declined to issue the Statement of the Case (“SOC”) that Bates required to pursue his appeal.

He then sought mandamus from the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims to order the Secretary to issue the SOC so that he could appeal to the Board. The court found that the Board had no jurisdiction over the appeal, and accordingly, the court would have no jurisdiction over an appeal from the Board, thus rendering mandamus unavailable. We reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims and remand with instructions to issue the requested writ of mandamus. BACKGROUND Appellant Bates is an attorney who represents claimants for benefits before the VA.

Such representation is permissible only if an attorney is accredited by the VA pursuant to 38 U.S.C. §§ 5901 and 5904(a). Bates was accredited. On July 28, 2003, following a hearing, the General Counsel of the VA (“GC”), acting on behalf of the Secretary, terminated Bates’ accreditation, acting under the authority of 38 U.S.C. § 5904(

b) and 38 C.F.R. § 14.633.

The GC concluded that Bates had “engaged in unlawful practice and violated laws administered by the Secretary.” (J.A. at 49.) In particular, the GC found that Bates had “accepted unlawful compensation for preparing, presenting, and prosecuting claims for VA benefits in violation of 38 U.S.C § 5904(c)(1), ... solicited and contracted for illegal fees in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 5905(1) ... [and] deceived and misled a claimant.” (Id.) Bates was also accused of violating 38 U.S.C. § 5904(c)(2) by seeking unreasonable fees from his clients, although the GC did not directly address that violation in making his decision, finding it subsumed in the other charges. (Id. at 48.) Bates urged that the Secretary’s action was reviewable by the Board, because the Board’s jurisdictional statute provides for review of “decision[s] by the Secretary under a law that affects the provision of benefits,” 38 U.S.C. § 7104(a) (2000) (incorporating by reference, 38 U.S.C. § 511(a)), and because the Secretary’s decision to cancel his accreditation under 38 U.S.C. § 5904(

b) was such a decision. Accordingly, in August 2003, Bates filed a Notice of Disagreement (“NOD”) as to the Secretary’s decision with the VA’s regional office and requested that the Secretary issue an SOC so that he could appeal to the Board. An SOC is a mandatory prerequisite to a Board appeal. 38 U.S.C. §§ 7105(

a) and (d) (2000). The Secretary refused to issue the SOC, and thereby prevented a Board appeal. In October 2003, Bates filed a petition for extraordinary relief in the nature of a writ of mandamus in the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, requesting the court to order the Secretary to provide the SOC. The parties appeared to agree that Bates’ entitlement to the writ under the All Writs Act (“AWA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), turned on whether the Board had jurisdiction to review the Secretary’s action and whether the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims ultimately had jurisdiction to review the Board’s action.

The court held that it would possess jurisdiction to issue the writ only if the granting of Bates’ petition could lead to a Board decision over which the court would have jurisdiction. The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims held that the Board lacked jurisdiction in the first instance, and as a consequence, the court lacked jurisdiction, and therefore there was no authority to issue a writ of mandamus. 38 U.S.C. § 7252 (2000). The court concluded that the provision which the Secretary noted,

section 5904(b), was not “a law that affects the provision of benefits,” and was therefore outside the Board’s jurisdiction under 38 U.S.C. §§ 511(

a) and 7104(a), and that the court therefore lacked jurisdiction under 38 U.S.C. § 7252. In holding

section 511(

a) to be inapplicable, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims distinguished our decision in Cox v. West, 149 F.3d 1360 (Fed.Cir.1998). Bates v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 443 (Vet.App.2004). Cox held that 38 U.S.C. § 5904(d), which authorizes the Secretary to withhold a portion of past-due benefits owed to a VA claimant and to pay those withheld benefits to an attorney, pursuant to an otherwise valid fee agreement, was a provision that “affects the provision of benefits” and therefore that the Secretary’s decisions under the statute were subject to review pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 511(a). 149 F.3d at 1365.

The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims distinguished 38 U.S.C. § 5904(d), at issue in Cox, from 38 U.S.C. § 5904(b), at issue in Bates’ case. The court found the latter provision to “pertain[ ] to a decision to terminate the accreditation of an attorney [and to] ... say[ ] nothing about VA benefits.” Bates, at 445. Thus, the court dismissed Bates’ petition for lack of jurisdiction. Id. at 445. Bates timely appealed to this court. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 7292. Cox, 149 F.3d at 1362.

DISCUSSION Our review of this question is governed by 38 U.S.C. § 7292(d)(1), which provides that this court, in reviewing decisions of the Court of Appeals of Veterans Claims, “shall decide all relevant questions of law, including interpreting constitutional and statutory provisions.” Such legal

interpretations are reviewed without deference. Jones v. Brown, 41 F.3d 634, 637 (Fed.Cir.1994); Mayer v. Brown, 37 F.3d 618, 619 (Fed.Cir.1994). As we confirmed in Cox, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims “has the power to issue writs of mandamus in aid of its jurisdiction under the AWA.” 149 F.3d at 1363; see also FTC v. Dean Foods Co., 384 U.S. 597, 603, 86 S.Ct. 1738, 16 L.Ed.2d 802 (1966) (“The exercise of this [AWA] power ... extends to the potential jurisdiction of the appellate court where an appeal is not then pending but may be later perfected.”).

The propriety of a writ of mandamus in this case turns on the question of whether the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims would have jurisdiction to review the GC’s decision. By virtue of 38 U.S.C. § 7252, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims has jurisdiction to review decisions of the Board, but it does not have jurisdiction to review other decisions of the. Secretary. Thus, the question is whether the Board had jurisdiction over the appeal.

Section 7104(

a) of 38 U.S.C. limits the Board’s jurisdiction to “all questions in a matter which under

section 511(

a) of this title is subject to decision by the Secretary.”

Section 511(

a) states: The Secretary shall decide all questions of law and fact necessary to a decision by the Secretary under a law that affects the provision of benefits by the Secretary to veterans or the dependents or survivors of veterans. Subject to subsection (b), the decision of the Secretary as to any such question shall be final and conclusive and may not be reviewed by any other official or by any court, whether by an action in the nature of mandamus or otherwise. 38 U.S.C. § 511(a) (2000) (emphasis added).

The ultimate question before us is whether this case arises “under a law that affects the provision of benefits.” Id. I The Secretary here, in deciding to terminate Bates’ certification, acted pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 5904(b).

Section 5904(

b) authorizes the Secretary to “suspend or exclude” agents and attorneys from practice before the VA. Bates argues that'

section 5904(

b) is itself a “law that affects the provision of benefits” because if he is unable to practice, his clients will not be able to secure the benefits to which they are entitled. We cannot agree. The relationship between the canceling of the appellant’s accreditation and the securing of benefits by his clients is far too attenuated. Bates has made no showing that the cancellation of his accreditation has affected the delivery of benefits to any VA claimant.

Not only could the appellant’s clients find another attorney, the VA system provides claimants with a wide choice of possible representatives, including representatives of recognized veterans service organizations and claims agents in good standing with the VA. 38 C.F.R. §, 14.629 (2004). The argument that 38 U.S.C. § 5904(

b) is itself a “law that affects the provision of benefits” is unpersuasive. This is not the end of the matter. A further question is whether subsection 5904(

b) should be considered as a “law” separate and apart from the remainder of

section 5904, or whether the entirety of

section 5904 should be considered part of a single “law.” Other subsections of

section 5904 deal with matters closely related to the decertification provisions in subsection 5904(b). Subsection 5904(

a) authorizes the Secretary to certify individuals for practice before the VA. Subsection 5904(

c) regulates when, and what types, of fees may be charged by agents and attorneys, and subsection 5904(d), involved in our decision in Cox, authorizes contingency fees limited to 20% of the total amount of past-due benefits awarded, and provides for direct payment of such fees by the VA when appropriate. 38 U.S.C. § 5904 (2000). If

section 5904 is itself a single law, we have already held that subsection 5904(d), which governs the amount that may be awarded to attorneys on a contingency basis from past-due benefits, “affects the provision of benefits.” Cox, 149 F.3d at 1365. In that case, Cox, an attorney, represented . a veteran before the VA in a claim for benefits, subject to a twenty percent contingent fee arrangement under which the Secretary was to pay the fee to the lawyer out of any past-due benefits as provided in subsection 5904(d).

We reasoned that Cox’s claim to entitlement to his fee was justiciable by the Board, as the claim required the Secretary, in reaching his decision, to necessarily interpret subsection 5904(d), a provision “that affects the provision of benefits.” Id. Thus, if

section 5904 is to be considered as a whole, subsection 5904(

b) is part of a “law that affects the provision of benefits,” and the Board -has jurisdiction. II We think that

section 511’s reference to a “law” is to a single statutory enactment that bears a Public Law number in the Statutes at Large. Congress has not specifically defined the term “law,” but both the Constitution and

Section 106a of Title 1 of the United States Code make clear that a law is a bill that has been duly approved by both Houses of Congress and signed by the President (or enacted over his veto). U.S. Const., art. I, § 7, cl. 2; 1 U.S.C. § 106a (2000). Congress has also made clear that such laws, once duly enacted, are to be published in the Statutes at Large. 1 U.S.C. § 112 (2000). Thus, a “law” is a Public Law appearing in the Statutes at Large.

There is no basis in the statutory language, legislative history, or case authority for construing the term “law” to be limited to a particular statutory subsection, as the government urges. Nor is there a basis for construing the term “law,” as the concurrence apparently seems to do, to be a particular statutory section. The cases cited by the concurrence, where the term “law” is used to describe a specific

section of a statute, can hardly be read to hold as a matter of statutory construction that the term “law” should be limited to a particular numbered

section of the law. Concurring Op., post at 1368 n. 2. Here, the relevant “law” is the public law that originally enacted

section 5904, the Veterans Act of 1936, ch. 867, 49 Stat. 2031. Title II of the Veterans Act of 1936, entitled “Agents and Attorneys,” was the predecessor of 38 U.S.C. § 5904. Title II differed from the current

section 5904 only in limited respects, including the imposition of a $10-per-claim limitation on attorney fees (and consequently the absence of a separate provision regarding contingency fees), and the inclusion of the criminal penalty provisions for improper practice (now separately codified as 38 U.S.C. § 5905). Compare Veterans Act of 1936, § 201, 49 Stat. at 2032, with 38 U.S.C. § 5904 (2000). Title II of the Veterans Act of 1936 has never been repealed and, as noted, has remained largely unchanged since originally enacted in 1936. The current codification of

section 5904 reflects a series of amendments to the original law, as well as the placement of that law, together with other laws related to veterans that do not necessarily involve the provision of benefits, into Title 38. These changes have transpired through the promulgation of consolidation statutes passed, inter alia in 1958 and 1988. Act of Sept. 2, 1958, Pub.L. No. 85-857, § 3404, 72 Stat. 1105, 1238-39; Veterans Judicial Review Act, Pub.L. No. 100-687, § 104(a), 102 Stat. 4105, 4108 (1988); renumbered § 5904 and amended by, Department of Veterans Affairs Health-Care Personnel Act of 1991, Pub.L.

No. 102-40, § 402, 105 Stat. 187-238-39; amended by VPub.L. 102-40, Title IV, § 402(b)(1), (d)(1), May 7; 1991, 105 Stat. 238, 239; amended by, Veterans Programs Enhancement Act of 1998, Pub.L. No. 105-368, § 512, 112 Stat. 3315, 3341.

Neither the history of the amendments to the law, nor its changing position in the United States Code through the passage of a series of consolidation statutes, alters the fact that, as originally enacted, 38 U.S.C. § 5904 was part of a Public Law “that affects the provision of benefits” and therefore is subject to review by the Board and the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims under the terms of 38 U.S.C. § 511. Ill The history and purpose of

section 511(

a) confirm the correctness of our

interpretation. In this connection, some understanding of the history of

section 511(

a) is necessary. With minor exceptions, from the origin of federal provision of veterans’ benefits until 1988, the Congressional philosophy was that benefits decisions by the executive should not be subject to judicial review. This philosophy was reflected in the predecessors to

section 511, which generally precluded judicial review of benefits decisions. The predecessor to

section 511(a), namely

section 211(a), was originally enacted as two separate provisions that were consolidated in 1958, resulting in 38 U.S.C. § 211(a). This provision barred judicial review of the Administrator’s decisions “on any question of law or fact concerning a claim for benefits or payments under any law administered by the Veterans’ Administration.” 38 U.S.C. § 211(a) (1958).

In 1970, Congress amended the statute expressly to tighten up “an apparent gaping hole” in the bar to judicial review that had been opened by a line of District of Columbia Circuit cases narrowly construing the language of the statute to bar review only of initial filings of claims. H.R.Rep. No. 100-963, at 18 (1988), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5782, 5800 (citing Wellman v. Whittier, 259 F.2d 163 (D.C.Cir.1958), Tracy v. Gleason, 379 F.2d 469 (D.C.Cir.1967), and the Act of August 12, 1970, Pub.L. No. 91-376, § 8(a), 84 Stat. 787, 790 (other citations omitted)).

This amendment was intended to preclude review of “any decision of the Administrator ‘on any question of law or fact under any law administered by the Veterans’ Administration.’ ” Id. at 18-19, reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5800. Thus, prior to 1988,

section 211(

a) provided that, with the exception of review of decisions regarding life insurance and small business and housing loans, [T]he decisions of the Administrator on any question of law or fact under any law administered by the Veterans’ Administration providing benefits for veterans and their dependents or survivors shall be final and conclusive and no other official or any court of the United States shall have power or jurisdiction to review any such decision by an action in the nature of mandamus or otherwise. 38 U.S.C. § 211(a) (1982) (codifying Act of Aug. 12, 1970, § 8(a), 84 Stat. at 790).

No independent judicial review of benefits decisions was available. As noted by the Supreme Court in Johnson v. Robison, 415 U.S. 361, 94 S.Ct. 1160, 39 L.Ed.2d 389 (1974), the' two primary purposes of this pre-1988 version of the provision were “to insure that veterans’ benefits claims will not burden the courts and the Veterans’ Administration with expensive and time-consuming litigation, and ... to insure that the technical and complex determinations and applications of VA policy connected with veterans’ benefits decisions will be adequately and uniformly made.” Id. at 370, 94 S.Ct. 1160 (footnotes omitted).

If this objective of precluding judicial review had continued, it would have been appropriate to give a narrow construction to

section 511(a), as is done with all provisions precluding judicial review. See Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 140, 87 S.Ct. 1507, 18 L.Ed.2d 681 (1967) (recognizing a basic presumption in favor of judicial review); see also de De Magno v. United States, 636 F.2d 714, 721 (D.C.Cir.1980) (“[JJurisdictional limitations are interpreted narrowly, with an eye both to avoiding potential constitutional difficulties, and to preserving the Courts’ traditional role of deciding legal disputes.”). But in 1988, the purpose, but not the language, of this

section changed dramatically- The passage of the Veterans’ Judicial Review Act (‘VJRA”) provided veterans with their day in court. See Forshey v. Principi, 284 F.3d 1335, 1344-45 (Fed.Cir.2002) (en banc) (summarizing the major changes to judicial review with the enactment of the VJRA); Beamon v. Brown, 125 F.3d 965, 967 (6th Cir.1997) (same). As noted by one of the original House sponsors, the legislation was “intended to produce timely, consistent, and fair decisions for veterans in a truly independent court which will not be burdened by other cases having nothing to do with veterans.” 134 Cong. Rec.

H9258 (daily ed. Oct. 3, 1988) (statement of Rep. Solomon). One might have expected this reversal of congressional policy concerning judicial review to have brought about the repeal of

section 211(a). It did not. Rather,

section 211(

a) continued to broadly bar judicial review of benefits decisions, but an exception was created for judicial review of such decisions by the newly created

Article I court. 38 U.S.C. § 511(b)(4). At the same time, Congress added new sections to Title 38, reflected in today’s versions of Chapters 71 and 72, reforming the existing internal mechanisms for the review of benefits decisions by the VA regional offices and by the Board; specifically providing for independent judicial review of the Board’s final decisions by a new

Article I Court of Veterans Appeals (today known as the Court of Veterans Appeals for Veterans Claims); and providing the Federal Circuit with exclusive appellate jurisdiction over the decisions of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. Veterans’ Judicial Review Act, § 301 (codified as amended at 38 U.S.C. § 7251 et seq.).

Section 511(a) (then

section 211(a)) — originally designed to bar judicial review entirely — became the provision that defined the scope of the Board’s jurisdiction, and therefore, that of the new

Article I court. Thus, the effect of the 1988 legislation was to generally place judicial review of Secretarial decisions “under a law that affects the provision of benefits” within the specialized review process. Congress plainly preferred this approach as a matter of policy, both because it avoided overburdening the district court system and because the district courts lacked the necessary expertise. As the House Report noted, the “courts already have far too many cases to handle,” H.R.Rep.

No. 100-963, at 22, reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5804, and the legislation aimed to prevent reviewing courts from being “put in a position where [they have] no idea of an agency’s views on a particular legal question.” Id. at 27, reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5809. In view of the history of

section 511(a), we see nothing to suggest that

interpretation of the

section in accordance with its plain language would disserve congressional intent behind the passage of the 1988 legislation. To the contrary, an

interpretation of

section 511(

a) that generally places review of Secretarial decisions under a single piece of legislation relating in whole or in part to benefits first in the Board, and then in the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, clearly serves the congressional purpose. This is particularly clear from the fact that Secretarial decisions under subsection 5904(

b) are, as in this case, also likely to involve

interpretations of other subsections that themselves are subject to the specialized review process. We held in Cox that subsection 5904(

d) is subject to the specialized review process. 149 F.3d at 1365. We have also held that the Board has jurisdiction over actions taken under subsection 5904(c). See, e.g., Scales v. Principi, 282 F.3d 1362, 1366 (Fed.Cir.2002) (discussing Board’s power to assess reasonableness of attorney fees and order their reduction if necessary under § 5904(c)(2)); Cox, 149 F.3d at 1364 (same); In re Wick, 40 F.3d 367, 369 (Fed.Cir.1994) (same).

One of the grounds for terminating Bates’ certification was an alleged violation of 38 U.S.C. § 5904(c)(1), for charging attorney fees to various claimants prior to their receipt of a final Board decision on their claims. Bates was also initially accused of violating of 38 U.S.C. § 5904(c)(2), for charging unreasonable fees. The facts of Bates’ case thus illustrate the interrelatedness between the various subsections of 5904, and the likelihood that any Secretarial action to certify or decertify an attorney under 38 U.S.C. §§ 5904(

a) or (

b) will necessarily implicate

interpretations of 38 U.S.C. §§ 5904(

c) and (d). To hold that the latter subsections (

c) and (

d) are justiciable by the Board, but subsections (

a) and (

b) are not, would invite piecemeal adjudication of closely related issues, and undermine the congressional purpose. IV The concurrence proposes to depart from the plain meaning

interpretation of

section 511 on the theory that the majority’s

interpretation of the provision could, in the case of omnibus statutory enactments, confer jurisdiction over disputes that Congress could not have intended to refer to the Board, such as disputes over contracts or employment appeals. Concurring Op., post at 2-3. We need not address this interpretative issue here, since the law in question is not such an omnibus statutory enactment. In any event, our holding does not go so far as the concurrence suggests, and does not confer jurisdiction in the Board over the myriad disputes that may arise under every “law” that “affects the provision of benefits.”

Section 511(

a) does not apply to every challenge to an action by the VA. As we have held, it only applies where there has been a “decision by the Secretary.” Hanlin v. United States, 214 F.3d 1319, 1321 (Fed.Cir.2000). In the context of the history of this provision, the statute plainly contemplates a formal “decision” by the Secretary or his delegate. Even where there has been a formal decision by the Secretary, other provisions of federal law specifically confer jurisdiction on other tribunals to resolve particular disputes, such as contract or employment disputes. See, e.g., Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 606 and 609(a) (2000); 5 U.S.C. § 7701 (2000). As we noted in Hanlin, with respect to

section 511(

a) itself, “when two statutes are capable of co-existence, it is the duty of the courts, absent a clearly expressed congressional intention to the contrary, to regard each as effective.” Hanlin, 214 F.3d at 1321 (quoting Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535, 551, 94 S.Ct. 2474, 41 L.Ed.2d 290 (1974)). Just as we held that

section 511(

a) cannot be read to preclude Tucker Act jurisdiction,

section 511(

a) cannot be read to preclude jurisdiction in other tribunals when that jurisdiction is specifically conferred by Congress. Id. at 1322. In the case of contract and employment disputes, these other review mechanisms have been held to be exclusive. Contractor appeals may be pursued exclusively in the Court of Federal Claims or the appropriate agency board of contract appeals. England v. Sherman R. Smoot Corp., 388 F.3d 844, 852 (Fed.Cir.2004) (citing the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 606 and 609(a)).

Employment disputes under the Civil Service Reform Act are exclusively appealable, if at all, to the Merit Systems Protection Board, under 5 U.S.C. § 7701, as part of the “integrated statutory scheme set up by Congress to protect civil servants.” United States v. Fausto, 484 U.S. 439, 444-51, 453, 108 S.Ct. 668, 98 L.Ed.2d 830 (1988) (holding that Civil Service Reform Act precluded review in the Court of Federal Claims of the underlying personnel decision giving rise to the claim for back pay).

Nothing we say today suggests that the Board has jurisdiction to review controversies that are committed by statute to other tribunals. CONCLUSION For these "reasons we conclude that the Board had jurisdiction; that the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims had jurisdiction; and that a writ of mandamus should issue to direct the Board to decide the matter. Accordingly, the decision of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims is REVERSED AND REMANDED. COSTS No costs. . The exceptions set forth in 38 U.S.C. § 511(

b) are: (1) matters subject to 38 U.S.C. § 502 (Federal Circuit jurisdiction over Administrative Procedure Act review of VA rule-making); (2) matters covered by 38 U.S.C. §§ 1975 and 1984 (jurisdiction of federal district courts over suits on Veterans’ Group Life Insurance, National Service Life Insurance and U.S. Government life insurance); (3) matters arising under

chapter 37 of title 38 (involving VA housing and small business loans); and (4) matters arising under

chapter 72 of title 38, (covering the appeals process to the Board, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, and, ultimately, this court and the Supreme Court). .

Section 5904, titled "Recognition of agents and attorneys generally,” reads in its entirety: (

a) The Secretary may recognize any individual as an agent or attorney for the preparation, presentation, and prosecution of claims under laws administered by the Secretary. The Secretary may require that individuals, before being recognized under this section, show that they are of good moral character and in good repute, are qualified to render claimants valuable service, and otherwise are competent to assist claimants in presenting claims. (

b) The Secretary, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, may suspend or exclude from further practice before the Department any agent or attorney recognized under this

section if the Secretary finds that such agent or attorney— (1) has engaged in any unlawful, unprofessional, or dishonest practice; (2) has been guilty of disreputable conduct; (3) is incompetent; (4) has violated or refused to comply with any of the laws administered by the Secretary, or with any of the regulations or instructions governing practice before the Department; or (5) has in any manner deceived, misled, or threatened any actual or prospective claimant. (c)

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (3), in connection with a proceeding before the Department with respect to benefits under laws administered by the Secretary, a fee may not be charged, allowed, or paid for services of agents and attorneys with respect to services provided before the date on which the Board of Veterans' Appeals first makes a final decision in the case. Such a fee may be charged, allowed, or paid in the case of services provided after such date only if an agent or attorney is retained with respect to such case before the end of the one-year period beginning on that date.

The limitation in the preceding sentence does not apply to services provided with respect to proceedings before a court.

(2) A person who, acting as agent or attorney in a case referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection, represents a person before the Department or the Board of Veterans’ Appeals after the Board first makes a final decision in the case shall file a copy of any fee agreement between them with the Board at such time as may be specified by the Board. The Board, upon its own motion or the request of either party, may review such a fee agreement and may order a reduction in the fee called for in the agreement if the Board finds that the fee is excessive or unreasonable.

A finding or order of the Board under the preceding sentence may be reviewed by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims under

section 7263(

d) of [Title 38].

(3) A reasonable fee may be charged or paid in connection with any proceeding before the Department in a case arising out of a loan made, guaranteed, or insured under

chapter 37 of [Title 38], A person who charges a fee under this paragraph shall enter into a written agreement with the person represented and shall file a copy of the fee agreement with the Secretary at such time, and in such manner, as may be specified by the Secretary. (d)

(1) When a claimant and an attorney have entered into a fee agreement described in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the total fee payable to the attorney may not exceed 20 percent of the total amount of any past-due benefits awarded on the basis of the claim. (2)(

A) A fee agreement referred to in paragraph (1) is one under which the total amount of the fee payable to the attorney— (

i) is to be paid to the attorney by the Secretary directly from any past-due benefits awarded on the basis of the claim; and (ii) is contingent on whether or not the matter is resolved in a manner favorable to the claimant. (

B) For purposes of subparagraph (

A) of this paragraph, a claim shall be considered to have been resolved in a manner favorable to the claimant if all or any part of the relief sought is granted.

(3) To the extent that past-due benefits are awarded in any proceeding before the Secretary, the Board of Veterans' Appeals, or the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, the Secretary may direct that payment of any attorneys’ fees under a fee arrangement described in paragraph (1) of this subsection be made out of such past-due benefits.

In no event may the Secretary withhold for the purpose of such payment any portion of benefits payable for a period after the date of the final decision of the Secretary, the Board of Veterans' Appeals, or Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims making (or ordering the making of) the award. 38 U.S.C. § 5904. . Titled "Promulgation of laws,” 1 U.S.C. § 106a sets forth the procedures by which a bill, order, resolution or vote of the Congress, "having been approved by the President, or not having been returned by him with his objections, becomes a law or takes effect.” .

The other provisions of the 1936 Act dealt with related issues: Title I relaxed restrictions on compensation for World War Widows and Children; Title III provided the VA with the authority to issue subpoenas, make investigations, and administer oaths when processing benefits claims; Title IV covered miscellaneous areas, all relating to benefits claims; and Title V provided hurricane relief for World War veterans and their dependents. 49 Stat. at 2031-35. .

The first provision was enacted in 1933, under the Economy Act, ch. 3, 48 Stat. 9 (1933) and the latter in 1940 as an amendment to the World War Veterans’ Act of 1924, see Act of Oct. 17, 1940, ch. 893, § 11, 54 Stat. 1193, 1197. Frederick Davis, Veterans’ Benefits, Judicial Review, and the Constitutional Problems of "Positive" Government, 39 Ind. L.J. 183, 186 n. 12 (1964) (tracing the 1958 version of

section 511(a) — 38 U.S.C. § 211(a) (1958) — back through the conversion tables to these two original enactments). . A narrow exception to the foreclosure rule was carved out by the Supreme Court in Johnson, id. at 367, 94 S.Ct. 1160, for certain constitutional challenges to the VA’s actions. .

Section 211(

a) was renumbered as

section 511(

a) in 1991. Department of Veterans Affairs Codification Act, Pub.L. No. 102-83, § 2, 105 Stat. 378, 388-89 (1991). . In keeping with the new role for the provision, Congress noted that ''[t]he effect of [replacing 'under any law administered by the Veterans’ Administration providing benefits' with 'under a law that affects the provision of benefits'] is to broaden the scope of

section 211,” and provided the example of a decision regarding the potential conflict in VA regulations with another law prohibiting discrimination against disabled persons as being reviewable through the VA appeals process as a decision under a law that affects the provision of benefits. H.R.Rep. No. 100-963, at 27, reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5809. .The only listed exceptions to this overall scheme were rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary which are reviewed directly in this court under 38 U.S.C. §§ 511(b)(1) and 502; insurance disputes, which are reviewable in the district courts under 38 U.S.C. §§ 511(b)(2) and 1975; and matters arising under

Chapter 37, pertaining to housing and small business loans, which, under 38 U.S.C. §§ 511(b)(3) and 3720, allow for suits against the Secretary in state or federal court.