Arthur J. LOMAX, Petitioner v. Christina ORTIZ-MARQUEZ, et al., 140 S. Ct. 1721

Justice KAGAN delivered the opinion of the Court. To help staunch a "flood of nonmeritorious" prisoner litigation, the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PLRA) established what has become known as the three-strikes rule. Jones v. Bock , 549 U.S. 199, 203, 127 S.Ct. 910, 166 L.Ed.2d 798 (2007). That rule generally prevents a prisoner from bringing suit in forma pauperis (IFP)-that is, without first paying the filing fee-if he has had three or more prior suits "dismissed on the grounds that [they were] frivolous, malicious, or fail[ed] to state a claim upon which relief may be granted." 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).

Today we address whether a suit dismissed for failure to state a claim counts as a strike when the dismissal was without prejudice. We conclude that it does: The text of

Section 1915(g) 's three-strikes provision refers to any dismissal for failure to state a claim, whether with prejudice or without. I Petitioner Arthur Lomax is an inmate in a Colorado prison. He filed this suit against respondent prison officials to challenge his expulsion from the facility's sex-offender treatment program. As is common in prison litigation, he also moved for IFP status to allow his suit to go forward before he pays the $400 filing fee. For that motion to succeed, Lomax must avoid

Section 1915(g). That provision bars further IFP litigation once a prisoner has had at least three prior suits dismissed on specified grounds. And Lomax is no rookie litigant. During his time in prison, he has already brought three unsuccessful legal actions (against various corrections officers, prosecutors, and judges). If the dispositions of those cases qualify as strikes under

Section 1915(g), Lomax may not now proceed IFP. The courts below ruled that Lomax had struck out. The District Court denied his motion for IFP status, finding that all three of his prior suits had been dismissed for failure to state a claim-one of the grounds specified in

Section 1915(g). See App. 65-66. On appeal, Lomax argued that two of those dismissals should not count as strikes because they were without prejudice, thus allowing him to file a later suit on the same claim. The Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit rejected that argument. Relying on Circuit precedent, the Court held it "immaterial to the strikes analysis" whether a dismissal was with or without prejudice. 754 Fed.Appx. 756, 759 (2018) (quoting Childs v. Miller , 713 F.3d 1262, 1266 (CA10 2013) ). The Courts of Appeals have long divided over whether a dismissal without prejudice for failure to state a claim qualifies as a strike under

Section 1915(g). In line with our duty to call balls and strikes, we granted certiorari to resolve the split, 589 U. S. ----, 140 S.Ct. 428, 205 L.Ed.2d 244 (2019), and we now affirm. II This case begins, and pretty much ends, with the text of

Section 1915(g). Under that provision, a prisoner accrues a strike for any action "dismissed on the ground[ ] that it ... fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted." That broad language covers all such dismissals: It applies to those issued both with and without prejudice to a plaintiff 's ability to reassert his claim in a later action. A strike-call under

Section 1915(

g) thus hinges exclusively on the basis for the dismissal, regardless of the decision's prejudicial effect. To reach the opposite result-counting prejudicial orders alone as strikes-we would have to read the simple word "dismissed" in

Section 1915(

g) as "dismissed with prejudice." But this Court may not narrow a provision's reach by inserting words Congress chose to omit. See, e.g., Virginia Uranium, Inc. v. Warren , 587 U. S. ----, ----, 139 S.Ct. 1894, 1900, 204 L.Ed.2d 377 (2019) (lead opinion of GORSUCH, J.). Indeed, to do so would violate yet another rule of statutory construction: "In all but the most unusual situations, a single use of a statutory phrase must have a fixed meaning" across a statute. Cochise Consultancy, Inc. v. United States ex rel. Hunt , 587 U. S. ----, ----, 139 S.Ct. 1507, 1512, 203 L.Ed.2d 791 (2019).

The PLRA includes three other provisions mentioning "dismiss[als]" for "fail[ure] to state a claim"-each enabling courts to dismiss sua sponte certain prisoner suits on that ground. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), 1915A(b) ; 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c). No one here thinks those provisions deprive courts of the ability to dismiss those suits without prejudice. See Reply Brief 15; Brief for Respondents 21-24; Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 21-22. Nor would that be a plausible position.

The broad statutory language-on its face covering dismissals both with and without prejudice-tracks courts' ordinary authority to decide whether a dismissal for failure to state a claim should have preclusive effect. So reading the PLRA's three-strikes rule to apply only to dismissals with prejudice would introduce inconsistencies into the statute. The identical phrase would then bear different meanings in provisions almost next-door to each other. Still, Lomax maintains that the phrase "dismissed [for] fail[ure] to state a claim" in

Section 1915(

g) is a "legal term of art" referring only to dismissals with prejudice. Reply Brief 4. To support that view, he relies on a procedural rule used to answer a different question. When a court dismisses a case for failure to state a claim, but neglects to specify whether the order is with or without prejudice, how should a later court determine its preclusive effect? Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b), codifying an old equitable principle, supplies the answer: It tells courts to treat the dismissal "as an adjudication on the merits"-meaning a dismissal with prejudice. See Durant v. Essex Co. , 7 Wall. 107, 109, 19 L.Ed. 154 (1869). According to Lomax, "

Section 1915(

g) should be interpreted in light of this legal backdrop." Brief for Petitioner 17. He reasons: Because Rule 41(

b) presumes that an order stating only "dismissed for failure to state a claim" is with prejudice, the same language when used in

Section 1915(

g) should bear that same meaning. And if so, the provision would assign a strike to only with-prejudice dismissals for failure to state a claim. But that argument gets things backwards. The Rule 41(

b) presumption (like its older equitable counterpart) does not convert the phrase "dismissed for failure to state a claim" into a legal term of art meaning "dismissed with prejudice" on that ground. To the contrary, Rule 41(

b) is necessary because that phrase means only what it says: "dismissed for failure to state a claim"-whether or not with prejudice. In other words, the phrase's indifference to prejudicial effect is what creates the need for a default rule to determine the import of a dismissal when a court fails to make that clear. Rule 41(b), then, actually undercuts Lomax's position: Its very existence is a form of proof that the language used in

Section 1915(

g) covers dismissals both with and without prejudice. And here too, confirmation of the point comes from the PLRA's other provisions referring to "dismiss[als]" for "fail[ure] to state a claim." See supra, at 1725. If that phrase had really become a legal term of art implying "with prejudice," then those provisions would prevent courts from dismissing prisoner suits without prejudice for failure to state a claim. But Lomax himself does not accept that improbable reading. See ibid .

His supposed "term of art" is strangely free-floating, transforming ordinary meaning in one place while leaving it alone in all others. Lomax also makes an argument based on the two other grounds for dismissal listed in

Section 1915(g). Recall that the provision counts as strikes dismissals of actions that are "frivolous" or "malicious," along with those that fail to state a claim. See supra, at 1723, 1724, n. 1. In Lomax's view, the first two kinds of dismissals "reflect a judicial determination that a claim is irremediably defective"-that it "cannot succeed and should not return to court." Brief for Petitioner 11, 22 (internal quotation marks omitted). To "harmonize [all] three grounds for strikes," he continues, the same must be true of dismissals for failure to state a claim.

Id., at 23; see id., at 21 (invoking the "interpretive canon noscitur a sociis , a word is known by the company it keeps" (internal quotation marks omitted)). So

Section 1915(g), Lomax concludes, must capture only the subset of those dismissals that are issued with prejudice-the ones disposing of "irredeemable" suits. Id., at 21. As an initial matter, the very premise of that argument is mistaken. Contra Lomax's view, courts can and sometimes do conclude that frivolous actions are not "irremediably defective," and thus dismiss them without prejudice. See, e.g., Marts v. Hines , 117 F.3d 1504, 1505 (CA5 1997) ; see also Jackson v.

Florida Dept. of Financial Servs. , 479 Fed.Appx. 289, 292 (CA11 2012) (similarly if less commonly, dismissing a malicious action without prejudice). Indeed, this Court has suggested that a trial court might abuse its discretion by dismissing an IFP suit with prejudice if "frivolous factual allegations [can] be remedied through more specific pleading." Denton v. Hernandez , 504 U.S. 25, 34, 112 S.Ct. 1728, 118 L.Ed.2d 340 (1992). So on Lomax's own metric-whether down the road the plaintiff 's claim might return-the dismissals he claims would be outliers in

Section 1915(

g) in fact would have company. And because that is true, his reason for excluding those decisions from the provision collapses. If dismissals without prejudice for frivolousness count as a strike under

Section 1915(g), then why not for failure to state a claim too? Still more fundamentally, Lomax is wrong to suggest that every dismissed action encompassed in

Section 1915(

g) must closely resemble frivolous or malicious ones. The point of the PLRA, as its terms show, was to cabin not only abusive but also simply meritless prisoner suits. Before the PLRA, the statute governing IFP claims targeted frivolous and malicious actions, but no others. See Neitzke v. Williams , 490 U.S. 319, 328, 109 S.Ct. 1827, 104 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989). In the PLRA, Congress chose to go further-precisely by aiming as well at actions that failed to state a claim.

The theory was that a "flood of nonmeritorious claims," even if not in any way abusive, was "effectively preclud[ing] consideration of " suits more likely to succeed. Jones , 549 U.S. at 203, 127 S.Ct. 910. So we cannot, in the interest of "harmonization," interpret the phrase "failure to state a claim" based on the pre-existing terms "frivolous" and "malicious." Cf. Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter, Communities for Great Ore., 515 U.S. 687, 702, 705, 115 S.Ct. 2407, 132 L.Ed.2d 597 (1995) (rejecting use of the noscitur canon when "the Senate went out of its way to add" a "broad word" to a statute).

That would defeat the PLRA's expansion of the statute beyond what was already there. III The text of the PLRA's three-strikes provision makes this case an easy call. A dismissal of a suit for failure to state a claim counts as a strike, whether or not with prejudice. We therefore affirm the judgment below. It is so ordered. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co. , 200 U.S. 321, 337, 26 S.Ct. 282, 50 L.Ed. 499.

Justice THOMAS joins all but footnote 4 of this opinion. The full text of the three-strikes provision reads: "In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding [in forma pauperis ] if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury." 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).

Two of the cases were dismissed under Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994), which holds that a claim challenging the validity of a conviction or sentence under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 "does not accrue until the conviction or sentence has been invalidated." 512 U.S. at 490, 114 S.Ct. 2364. In concluding that those two Heck dismissals were for failure to state a claim, the District Court followed Circuit precedent. See Smith v. Veterans Admin. , 636 F.3d 1306, 1312 (CA10 2011). Not all Courts of Appeals accept that view. See, e.g., Mejia v. Harrington , 541 Fed.Appx. 709, 710 (CA7 2013).

But Lomax did not raise that issue, and we therefore do not address it. Four Circuits treat dismissals without prejudice for failure to state a claim as strikes. See Orr v. Clements , 688 F.3d 463, 465 (CA8 2012) ; Paul v. Marberry , 658 F.3d 702, 704 (CA7 2011) ; O'Neal v. Price , 531 F.3d 1146, 1154 (CA9 2008) ; Day v. Maynard , 200 F.3d 665, 667 (CA10 1999) (per curiam ). Two Circuits do the opposite. See Millhouse v. Heath , 866 F.3d 152, 162-163 (CA3 2017) ; McLean v. United States , 566 F.3d 391, 396-397 (CA4 2009).

Note, however, that the provision does not apply when a court gives a plaintiff leave to amend his complaint. Courts often take that path if there is a chance that amendment can cure a deficient complaint. See Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 15(a) (discussing amendments to pleadings). In that event, because the suit continues, the court's action falls outside of

Section 1915(

g) and no strike accrues. See Brief for Respondents 31-35 (noting that flexible amendment practices "ensure that potentially meritorious prisoner suits are not hastily dismissed with a strike"); Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 27-28 (similar); Tr. of Oral Arg. 32-34, 44 (similar).