James H. Benjamin, Plaintiff in Error, vs. The State of Florida, Defendant in Error, 25 Fla. 675

Baney, C. J. The habeas corpus act of 1879, McClellan’s Digest, 563 et seq., provides that the court, justice or judge before whom the prisoner shall be brought shall without delay proceed to inquire into the cause of his imprisonment, and shall either discharge him, admit him to bail, or remand him to custody, as the law and evidence shall require,

section 7 McC’s Dig.; and

section 8, that the return made to each writ may be amended and shall notbe taken to be conclusive as to the facts stated therein, but it shall be competent for the court, justice or judge before whom such return is made to examine into the cause of the imprisonment or detention, to receive evidence in contradiction of the return, and to determine the same as the very truth of the case shall require. The same power to compel the attendance of witnesses is given to a judge or justice in vacation as the court has in term time, and the use of the affidavit of a witness whose presence it may be inconvenient to procure is authorized when taken upon reasonable notice to the adverse party.

Section 9.

In Ex-parte Eagan, 18 Fla., 194, decided at the January term, 1881, it was held that it was in the power of the Supreme Court on habeas corpus under this statute to have a preliminary examination of a party arrested under a warrant issued by a Justice of the Peace, hear evidence and discharge, bail or remand into custody, but that the exercise of the power under such circumstances was discretionary and as a general rule it would remand the prisoner for an examination before the magistrate issuing the warrant; and that the affidavit of the petitioner that he did not believe he could get a fair examination before the magistrate, coupled with the presence of two material witnesses at the place where the habeas corpus was returnable, would not justify a departure from such general rule.

The preliminary examination was held, however, by the Supreme Court, on the consent of the State, through the Attorney-General, made on the ground that such course would save the State great expense. There is no doubt as to a Circuit Court or any judge thereof, or a Justice of this court, having the same power.

The habeas corpus act of 1879 is a revision of that'of 1822, to be found in Thompson’s .Digest, np. 527, 530, and we are satisfied, and a comparison of the statutes will show, that it in no way restricts the remedial application of this writ or the power of the judiciary in administering it, as they existed under the former statute. Decisions of this court prior to the revision show the power of the court under the former act. In Ex-parte Harfourd, 16 Fla., 283, the commitment was made ior

an act not criminal and one criminal, and hence irregular, and it was held that the Circuit Court should, on habeas corpus, if required by the accused, hear and examine into the evidence for the purpose of determining what criminal act had been cornmxuitted and the probable cause shown against the accused, and this, whether the warrant of commitment was regalar or irregular. The decision in Finch vs.

State, 15 Fla., 633, was: When a person is indicted for a capital of-fence, he is entitled upon habeas corpus to produce, for the purpose of being discharged on bail, such evidence as may operate to convince the court that the offence is of such grade, or that there are such strong doubts in the case that a jury should not, upon the case as presented, convict of a capital oftence; and in Holley vs.

State, Ibid, 688, it was held that a party indicted for .murder is entitled, upon proper application, to the writ for the purpose of showing such facts as may satisfy the court that the proof is not strong, nor the presumption great that he is guilty of a capital oftence, and that he is entitled to be discharged on hail ; and further that the indictment charging a capital oftence was not conclusive upon such application under the statute, as to the character of the testimony. Under

section nine of the Declaration of Eights in the present Constitution of this State, “all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offences, whore the proof is evident or the presumption great.’’ Constitution of 1885.

The mittimus, or warrant, issued by the justice of the peace to the sheriff, committing the plaintiff in error to jail, recites that upon the examination held by the justice, the plaintiff in error “ waived an examination,” and the docket of the magistrate shows that he pleaded “not guilty ” to the charge contained in the affidavit on the same being read to him, and that he “waived further examination and it is contended by the State that such xvaiver estops the plaintiff in error from seeking bail or a discharge on habeas corpus.

A discharge is not sought, and consequently we will confute ourselves to a consideration of the effect of such waiver upon the right to bail. The authorities relied upon by counsel representing the State are In re. Madison, 86 Kansas, 729; Stuart vs. The People, 42 Mich., 255; State vs. Cobb, 71 Me., 198.

In the first of these cases Madison and others wore charged with murder in the first degree, and he showed in liis petition for a writ of habeas corpus that they had waived a preliminary examination before the justice of the peace because they believed, as did their counsel, and the sheriff having them in custody, that they were in danger of being mobbed or shot down pending such examination ; and it was insisted that having once waived such examination they were not entitled to have the charges against them investigated or be let to bail.

The opinion of the Kansas Court on this subject is, that , a defendant who is charged with murder in the first degree and who has waived a preliminary examination for such offence not only waives his right to be let to bail, but also to have the facts and circumstances of the alleged offence examined into on a writ of habeas corpus; that there are, however, exceptions to this rule, as where at the time of such waiver of examination there are good grounds to believe that if an examination is gone into, personal violence will be used against defendant and under such apprehension an examination is waived, he will not be estopped by reason of such waiver; that to be estopped he must have waived his right to an examination from a free choice after a fair opportunity to have an impartial examination, and no mere imaginary danger will justify it, but there must be a well grounded belief, based upon such information or observation as would be calculated to excite tear of bodily harm in the mind of a reasonable person.

After a careful examination of the vast amount of testimony in the case, the court concluded that the preliminary examination had been waived from fear of personal violence, and that the prisoners were entitled to be let to bail. Stuart vs. The People was not an application for bail, nor a habeas corpus case. Stuart was arrested upon a warrant issued by a magistrate upon a complaint, sufficient in form and substance, charging him with a criminal offence. He waived an examination and was thereupon held for trial, and was tried and convicted before the Superiar Court of Grand Rapids.

Upon the trial he moved to quash the information filed by the prosecuting attorney, on the ground that there had been no examination by the magistrate before whom he had been brought on the warrant, and the Superior Court denied the motion.

The statute of Michigan provides (sections 7841 and 7845, Compiled Laws, 1871) that the warrant of arrest shall issue upon examination of the complainant and any witnesses who may be produced by him ; and (section 7855) that the magistrate before whom any person is brought upon a charge of having committed an offence, shall proceed to examine the complainant and the witnesses in support of the prosecution on oath in the presence of the prisoner in regard to the offence charged, and any other matter connected therewith which the magistrate may deem pertinent; and (section 7944) that no information shall be filed against any person for any offence until such person shall have had a preliminary examination therefor, as provided by law unless such person shall waive his right to such examination.

The Supreme Court affirmed the ruling of the Superior Court denying the motion, and held that one who is arrested on a criminal warrant can either insist upon or waive examination, and if he waives it, may be held for trial on the showing upon which the warrant for arrest was issued and where a person under arrest waives a preliminary examination the magistrate may bind him over for trial tor the offence charged in the complaint and warrant, and the prosecuting attorney can file an information charging him with any offence covered by the warrant and sustained by the evidence on which such warrant of arrest was issued.

The case of State vs. Cobb was a scire facias against Cobb, a surety on a bail recognizance of Kane, who being arrested and brought before the municipal court of Portland, waived an examination, and it was ordered that he be allowed bail in a sum stated. Railing to find sureties he was committed, but afterwards found sureties who entered into the recognizance with him before a bail commissioner. The statute of Maine (sections 12 and 13,

chapter 133 Revised Statutes) was that when the accused is brought before a magistrate “ he shall first examine, in the presence of the accused, on oath, the complainant and witnesses to support the prosecution as to all pertinent facts, and then the witnesses in defence,” with, inter alia, provisions as to discharge, bail or commitment of the prisoner.

The Supreme Court of Maine held that such a waiver could be regarded at the hearing in the municipal court in all subsequent proceedings as the substantial equivalent for the examination and finding therein contemplated by the statute; and that after expressly waiving the right to a preliminary examination it is not to the person charged nor to his surety to object that the examination was not made -5 and that a recital in the recognizance that such an examination had been made, when the order allowing the recognizance showed there was none, and that it had been waived, was not a material error.

The opinion, after observing that, according to the letter of the statute, the authority to require bail does not arise until the fact of the commission of the offence and of probable cause to charge the accused has been made to appear upon examination by proof produced, states: “ This provision of the statute is clearly for the benefit of those under arrest for ciime.

It is a privilege and a right afforded for their security. * * But such requirement of law may be waived by those whose safety it was designed to secure, and if waived, it cannot be necessary for the magistrate to proceed with the examination and find the facts which independently of such waiver would give him authority to require bail. It is not a question of jurisdiction.

To order bail upon waiver of examination is no more to take jurisdiction by consent than it would be to order bail upon plea of guilty.” No one of these cases, but the first, holds that a waiver of a preliminary examination before a magistrate bars the accused of the right to bail upon habeas corpus, nor was it necessary to affirm in the first one that any such result was ever incident to the waiver. The authorities cited by counsel for the plaintiff in error upon this point are: Cowell vs. Patterson, 49 Iowa, 514, and Exparte Ah Bau and Ah You, 10 Nevada, 264.

In the former of these cases Cowell had been brought before a Justice of the Peace for a preliminary examination upon an information charging him with an assault with intent to kill, and was held to answer, the Justice fixing his bail at $2,000. In default of bail the Justice issued a mittimus to the Sheriff directing him to detain Cowell in jail uutil he should be legally discharged. Cowell applied to a Circuit Judge for and obtained a writ of habeas corpus, his petition averring that the bail was exhorbitant, and that there was no evidence justifying his being held to answer.

For answer to the writ the docket of the Justice of the Peace showing by an entry therein that Cowell had waived an examination was relied on, and Cowell, in reply to this answer averred that there was not sufficient evidence in existence to justify holding him ; that the assault was committed in self-defence, and that the bail fixed was exhorbitant.

A demurrer to reply was sustained, and then the petitioner offered several witnesses and asked to have their testimony taken, for the purpose of showing the allegations of his petition and reply, but the Circuit Judge refused to hear the witnesses and then proceeded to determine the case on the pleadings, and decided that Cowell was neither improperly restrained, nor the amount of the bail unreasonable. Cowell appealed.

The Supreme Court of Iowa in this case holds that it is undoubtedly the right of a person brought before a magistrate for preliminary examination to waive it, and that if the waiver is made no examination should be held. “ The defendant,” it says, “ must be considered as admitting, for the purpose of dispensing with the examination and for no other, that the testimony, if taken, would be sufficient to justify the magistrate in holding him.”

Section 3482 of the Iowa Code provides that on a habeas corpus proceeding the petitioner might deny the sufficiency of the testimony to justify the action of the committing magistrate, and that upon the trial the testimony taken before the magistrate might be given in evidence in connecnection with other testimony which may then be produced. The opinion says the waiver, if made, “ shall not preclude the petitioner from a hearing upon testimony in the proceeding upon habeas corpus. It is true that

section 3482 provides for tendering an issue as to the sufficiency of the testimony to justify the action of the committing magistrate. Now, if the petitioner admitted, by his waiver, that the testimony, if taken, would be sufficient, it might seem that he should not afterward be heard to aver to the contrary. But the same

section provides that other testimony may be produced. So the real question to be tried is as to whether the petitioner ought to be held, in view of all the testimony that may be produced ; and it is clear that the petitioner should be discharged, in view of such testimony, if it appeared that he ought not to be held, even it the testimony taken simply before the magistrate showed otherwise. The presumption against him arising from a waiver ought not to be stronger than in sucha case.” The refusal of the Circuit Judge to hear the evidence was held to he erroneous.

In the Nevada case, Ah Bau and Ah You were held in custody by a sheriff under a commitment issued from a justice’s court, reciting that they had been held to answer upon a charge of attempting to break jail. They sought, on habeas corpus before the Supreme Court, to be discharged on two grounds, the first being because there had been no examination on the said charge. It was shown that the petitioners, when brought before' the justice of the peace, were allowed to waive an examination, and the justice issued the commitment without the introduction of any testimony.

The Supreme Court held that the statute of Nevada contemplated in all cases where a person had been arrested on a charge of crime and brought before a magistrate, that an examination should take place; that the practice of allowing the accused to waive examination was irregular and should be discontinued, but that though this practice was erroneous, it did not furnish any ground for a discharge on habeas corpus, yet the petitioners were entitled to a hearing before the justice, and that upon demand he would undoubtedly give •them one.

The conclusion we have reached after a careful consideration of the question and the authorities bearing upon it is: When a prisoner who is held for a preliminary examination on a criminal charge, waives such examination and the waiver is accepted by the magistrate or other examining officer, he is forever afterwards estopped from asserting in any subsequent proceeding anything he could not have asserted if the examination had taken place, or, in other words, he is at least in the same situation as he would be had an examination taken place; he cannot for his own advantage say that the examination did not take place, and on that ground attack the commitment which the magistrate may have adjudged; this is true whether such commitment be without bail or in default of bail.

That he is in any more disadvantageous position we are unable to see. If the offence charged is capital and consequently not bailable “ where the proof .is evident or the presumption great,” and upon the waiver being made the magistrate accepts it and commits him without the privilege of bail, he, it seems to us, is in the same situation as to all subsequent proceedings that he would have been had the examination been held and the magistrate had committed him without bail.

Had the examination taken place he could under the practice in this State, after being committed, obtain upon proper showing, a writ of habeas corpus and have a full inquiry made into all the facts and circumstances of the case, and upon such inquiry he would not be confined to the evidence, introduced on the preliminary examination, but could show upon the whole case by all the evidence adducible, and ask for the judgment of the court or judge hearing the writ, whether on a capital charge, the proof was evident or the assumption great of his guilt of a capital offence, and if not, that he be bailed in such sum as the law and evidence require.

Had the accused, now before us, been indicted by a grand jury, we do not see that the waiver made by him would preclude him from a hearing upon habeas corpus for the purpose of showing that the proof was not evident, nor the presumption great, as in the. absence of any waiver, was adjudged by this court in behalf of Einch, and followed by it in the case of Holley, both of which decisions are referred to above.

In making the waiver the accused does not admit that either the circumstances or the character of his offending are different from what they really are, or that his offence is more grievous or of higher grade of criminality than the evidence makes it in the eyes of the law, nor when he says to the State, when brought before a magistrate for a preliminary examination, that he will waive such examination, does he by such mere waiver abandon any subsequent remedy which.was given him by the law and not dependent upon an assertion by him of the absence of a preliminary examination.

It is urged that if a prisoner who has waived the examination is permitted afterwards to apply for bail ot 'other relief on habeas corpus, that it will transfer the ordinary jurisdiction of an examining magistrate from the tribunals in which it has been placed by the Constitution and laws to the Circuit and Supreme Courts, and the Judges thereof. While we are fully satisfied that the waiver does not have the effect as to a habeas corpus claimed for it, we are not clear that a proposition of waiver from the accused necessarily relieves a magistrate from making the examination contemplated by our statute.

If the State, however, sees fit to accept and act on the waiver, she cannot claim any advantage greater than she would have if the examination had taken place, and where a committal without bail follows such a -waiver, she is in the same position as to the prisoner that she would be in if the examination had taken place. The plaintiff in error does not seek to take advantage of any defect of the mittimus issued by the magistrate as reciting the charge of a capital offence.

Ilis plea is that the proof against him of having committed a capital offence in killing the deceased is not evident, nor the presumption of guilt of such an offence great, and that therefore he is entitled to bail, and he asks for a hearing on habeas corpus in the manner provided by the statute and law controlling in such cases, and our opinion is that he is entitled to such hearing, and on it to show the real character of his offence by proper evidence, and if, upon full inquiry, it shall not appear that the proof is evident or the presumption great of his guilt of a capital offence, he should be admitted to baü.

The judgment of the Circuit Judge is reversed, and the cause remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.