DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CONSUMER SERVICES, Petitioner, v. Robert H. BONANNO, Judge, etc., Respondent, 568 So. 2d 24

PER CURIAM. The Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (Department) seeks a writ of prohibition from this Court, restraining Circuit Judge Robert H. Bonanno from exercising the jurisdiction of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit Court over the consolidated cases of Sweat v. Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, No. 88-16980; Janvrin v. Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, No. 88-16979; and Balm Citrus Nursery, Inc. v. Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, No. 88-17170. We have jurisdiction. Art. V, § 3(b)(7), Fla. Const.

In 1984, a form of citrus canker was discovered in central Florida. The Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) declared an extraordinary emergency in the State of Florida because of the citrus canker. Fearing that the disease would devastate the citrus industry, the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, with the cooperation of the USDA, embarked upon a Citrus Canker Eradication Program (the Canker Program) under which many diseased plants, as well as healthy plants which had been exposed to the disease, were destroyed. In Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services v.

Mid-Florida Growers, Inc., 521 So.2d 101 (Fla.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 870, 109 S.Ct. 180, 102 L.Ed.2d 149 (1988), this Court held that the state was required to compensate the owners of healthy but suspect citrus plants destroyed under the Canker Program. The underlying actions in the circuit court are suits in inverse condemnation in which the plaintiffs seek compensation from the State of Florida for citrus plants destroyed pursuant to the Canker Program. The Department filed a motion to dismiss arguing that

chapter 89-91, Laws of Florida (the Act), deprived the circuit courts of jurisdiction over this type of case. Judge Bonanno denied the motion to dismiss and ruled that the Act is unconstitutional because it “takes away rights presently vested in the Plaintiffs and imposes new burdens upon the Plaintiffs ... to prove ‘just compensation’ and to overcome a presumptive value in doing so.”

Chapter 89-91 sets forth a mechanism for payment of compensation for citrus plants destroyed pursuant to the Canker Program. For those claimants who choose not to accept the compensation offered, the Act provides that “the sole and exclusive remedy” is through the administrative hearings process with appellate review by the First District Court of Appeal. The Act imposes a value

schedule for destroyed citrus plants which is presumed to represent full and fair compensation unless rebutted by the claimant. The Act provides for the payment of attorneys’ fees for the prosecution of claims before the hearing officer as well as for services rendered in connection with prior lawsuits.

The Act took effect on June 30, 1989, but specifically provides that it is to apply to all claimants, including, but not limited to, those who have filed lawsuits prior to the effective date of this act involving compensation for destruction of citrus nursery plants as a result of the Citrus Canker Eradication Program begun in 1984, except those in which there is a final order as to damages, attorney’s fees, or costs, from which no appeal has been taken. Ch. 89-91, § 2(2)(a), Laws of Fla. Because the Act purports to remove jurisdiction from Judge Bonanno’s court, prohibition is the proper remedy. State ex rel.

Girard v. McNulty, 348 So.2d 311 (Fla.1977). Preliminarily, we disagree with Judge Bonanno that the Act “applies only to citrus nursery plants and not to trees pulled from groves” and therefore is inapplicable to plaintiffs Sweat and Janvrin who are grove owners. Although the Act does use the term “citrus nursery plant,” that term is not defined in the Act. However, the statement of legislative intent in section 2(2)(

a) of the Act states that the Act is intended to apply to “all claimants, including, but not limited to, those who have filed lawsuits prior to the effective date of this act involving compensation for destruction of citrus nursery plants.” (Emphasis added.) Further, in the

schedule of presumptive values included in the Act, there is a value listed for “resets,” i.e., citrus plants that have been replanted into a grove, as well as for potted nursery plants. Ch. 89-91, § 3(1), Laws of Fla. It is evident from review of the Act as a whole that the legislature intended the Act to apply to all claimants whose citrus property was destroyed pursuant to the Canker Program.

The administration of the Canker Program and the subsequent judicial and legislative response are remarkably similar to that which occurred as a result of efforts to eradicate the citrus disease known as spreading decline caused by the burrowing nematode. In Corneal v. State Plant Board, 95 So.2d 1 (Fla.1957), this Court held that the State Plant Board could not destroy healthy trees thought ultimately to be subject to the disease without paying compensation to the owners.

Thereafter, the legislature enacted a statute providing for the destruction of uninfested trees upon the payment of “just and fair compensation” as determined by the State Plant Board. Subject to certain exceptions, the constitutionality of the statute was upheld in State Plant Board v. Smith, 110 So.2d 401 (Fla.1959). Subsequently, the statute was held to represent a constitutional exercise of power which was binding upon parties whose trees had been destroyed prior to the enactment of the statute. Cunningham v. State Plant Board, 112 So.2d 905 (Fla. 2d DCA), cert. denied, 115 So.2d 701 (Fla.1959).

The relevance of these decisions will become more apparent as the several constitutional attacks upon

chapter 89-91 are discussed. The plaintiffs argue that

chapter 89-91 unconstitutionally deprives them of a jury trial.

Article I,

section 22, of the Florida Constitution, provides in pertinent part that “[t]he right of trial by jury shall be secure to all and remain inviolate.” This Court in In re Forfeiture of 1978 Chevrolet Van, 493 So.2d 433, 435 (Fla.1986), determined that the proper inquiry to be made under this state constitutional provision was “whether under English and American practice at the time Florida’s first constitution became effective in 1845, there existed a right to a jury trial” in a given type of proceeding. No right to a jury trial in condemnation proceedings existed at common law. Carter v. State Rd.

Dep't, 189 So.2d 793, 795 (Fla.1966). Therefore, the right to have a jury determine just compensation in Florida is statutory,

section 73.071, Florida Statutes (1987), and is not required by the Florida Constitution. The plaintiffs also contend that

chapter 89-91 violates the requirement of separation of powers as set forth in

article II,

section 3, and

article V,

section 1, of the Florida Constitution. Thus, the plaintiffs argue that the determination of what constitutes just or full compensation for property taken by the government is a judicial function which may not be constitutionally performed by either the legislative or executive branches. They contend that by mandating that the Division of Administrative Hearings determine just compensation for citrus canker cases the legislature has essentially constituted the agency as a court for that purpose. Notwithstanding the plaintiffs’ arguments,

chapter 89-91 is much like the spreading decline statute that was approved in Smith, in which the State Plant Board made the determination of just and fair compensation, subject to judicial review. The plaintiffs seek to distinguish Smith by pointing out that at that time

article V,

section 1, of the Florida Constitution of 1885 authorized the legislature to establish new courts.

Article V,

section 1 of the current constitution precludes the establishment of any court other than the supreme court, district courts of appeal, circuit courts, and county courts, although it does provide that “[cjommissions established by law, or administrative offices or bodies may be granted quasi-judicial power in matters connected with the functions of their offices.” We do not believe that the legislature created a court when it provided that the initial determination of compensation should be made by an administrative hearing officer. In Scholastic Systems, Inc. v.

LeLoup, 307 So.2d 166 (Fla.1974), this Court explained that nonjudges could be authorized to perform some judicial functions under certain circumstances without becoming a court as defined under the present version of

article V,

section 1. In that case, the Court was faced with the question of whether parties had an absolute right of review in the supreme court from orders of the Industrial Relations Commission. The answer to this question turned on whether the appeal which was authorized from orders of judges of Industrial Claims to the Industrial Relations Commission constituted appellate judicial review under the constitution. The Court held that the Industrial Relations Commission was exercising a judicial function sufficient to meet the constitutional requirements of appellate judicial review.

However, the Court said: In recognizing the IRC as a judicial tribunal performing the functions of a court for purposes of the “due process” provision of the constitution, we do not intend to imply that the IRC is literally a “court,” for Art. V, § 1, Fla. Const., expressly prohibits the creation of any courts not expressly listed therein. We are merely recognizing that decisions of the IRC, in its capacity as a body reviewing determinations of Judges of Industrial Claims, are of such judicial nature as to satisfy this constitutional provision Id. at 170.

Similarly, in canker eases, while the hearing officer will be performing a judicial function in determining compensation, he or she will not be acting as a court within the meaning of

article V,

section l. 1A Nichols’ The Law of Eminent Domain § 4.104, at 4-129 to 4-130 (rev. 3d ed. Aug.1985), points out: In those states in which a jury is not required by the constitution in eminent domain proceedings, the owner is entitled to a hearing conducted in some fair and just manner before an impartial and competent tribunal, and a chance to submit before such tribunal, evidence of the value of his property and the extent to which it has been damaged.

The amount of compensation is a judicial question and cannot be decided by the legislature, but the nature and character of the tribunal is in the discretion of the legislature, and it may consist of a justice of the court sitting alone, or of any number of commissioners. (Footnotes omitted.) Under the United States Constitution, the estimate of just compensation for property taken under the right of eminent domain is not required to be made by a court “but may be entrusted by Congress to commissioners appointed by a court or by the executive, or to an inquest consisting of more or fewer men than an ordinary jury.” Bauman v.

Ross, 167 U.S. 548, 593, 17 S.Ct. 966, 983, 42 L.Ed. 270 (1897). In United States v. Jones, 109 U.S. 513, 518-19, 3 S.Ct. 346, 349-51, 27 L.Ed. 1015 (1883), the United States Supreme Court said: There is, in this position, an assumption that the ascertainment of the amount of compensation to be made is an essential element of the power of appropriation; but such is not the case. The power to take private property for public uses, generally termed the right of eminent domain, belongs to every independent government. It is an incident of sovereignty and, as said in Boom Co. v.

Patterson, 98 U.S. [403] 406 [25 L.Ed. 206] [(1878)], requires no constitutional recognition. The provision found in the Fifth Amendment to the federal Constitution, and in the Constitutions of the several States, for just compensation for the property taken, is merely a limitation upon the use of the power. It is no part of the power itself, but a condition upon which the power may be exercised.... [T]here is no reason why the compensation to be made may not be ascertained by any appropriate tribunal capable of estimating the value of the property....

The proceeding for the ascertainment of the value of the property and consequent compensation to be made ... may be prosecuted before commissioners or special boards or the courts, with or without the intervention of a jury, as the legislative power may designate. All that is required is that it shall be conducted in some fair and just manner, with opportunity to the owners of the property to present evidence as to its value, and to be heard thereon.

Thus, it is not unusual for commissions to be utilized as devices to determine just compensation with the right of review for the final determination to a court of competent jurisdiction. See, e.g., United States v. 5.00 Acres of Land, 673 F.2d 1244 (11th Cir.1982) (Big Cypress Land Commission appointed to determine just compensation in attendant eminent domain proceedings). The procedures set forth in

chapter 89-91 are virtually the same as those followed under the Workers’ Compensation Law. The exclusive remedy for compensation for citrus plants destroyed under the Canker Program is through the administrative hearing process. The Workers’ Compensation Law is the exclusive remedy for all on-the-job injuries, and the initial determination of the entitlement to compensation and the extent thereof is determined by a nonjudge. Under both

chapter 89-91 and the Workers’ Compensation Law, the non-judge’s ruling is subject to judicial review in the district court of appeal. The plaintiffs also argue that the retroactive application of

chapter 89-91 makes the act unconstitutional because it takes away their vested rights. The same argument was made in Cunningham with respect to the spreading decline statute. Relying upon the supreme court’s ruling in Smith, the court held that the statute applied to the destruction which occurred pri- or to its enactment because its provisions were procedural and remedial and did not take away vested rights.

This Court later cited Cunningham for the following proposition: Remedial statutes or statutes relating to remedies or modes of procedure, which do not create new or take away vested rights, but only operate in furtherance of the remedy or confirmation of rights already existing, do not come within the legal conception of a retrospective law, or the general rule against retrospective operation of statutes. City of Lakeland v. Catinella, 129 So.2d 133, 136 (Fla.1961).

Chapter 89-91 appears remedial in nature because it confirms the right to compensation and merely provides the procedure by which the amount of compensation is to be determined. Furthermore, whether or not the plaintiffs’ rights are vested in this case is essentially irrelevant because that alone is not dispositive. Under due process considerations, a retroactive abrogation of value has generally been deemed impermissible. The rule is not absolute, however, and courts have used a weighing process to balance the considerations permitting or prohibiting an abrogation of value.

Despite formulations hinging on categories such as “vested rights” or “remedies,” it has been suggested that the weighing process by which courts in fact decide whether to sustain the retroactive application of a statute involves three considerations: the strength of the public interest served by the statute, the extent to which the right affected is abrogated, and the nature of the right affected. Department of Transp. v. Knowles, 402 So.2d 1155, 1158 (Fla.1981) (citations and footnote omitted).

Applying this balancing test, we find that the Act serves a public interest in streamlining the process for settlement of compensation claims for destruction of citrus plants under the Canker Program. Further, unlike the situation in Knowles, where Knowles’ right to full tort recovery was completely abrogated by legislative enactment granting public employees absolute immunity from suit,

chapter 89-91 merely provides a different procedure to obtain recovery. Therefore, we find that the retroactive application of

chapter 89-91 does not violate due process. We also conclude that

chapter 89-91 does not deprive the plaintiffs of access to the courts as guaranteed by

article I,

section 21, of the Florida Constitution. As noted above,

chapter 89-91 provides access to the courts by way of appeal to the First District Court of Appeal. However, to the extent that the statute could be said to place a limitation upon access, there is no violation of

article I,

section 21. In Kluger v. White, 281 So.2d 1 (Fla.1973), this Court held that the legislature may abolish a common law right of access to the courts if it provides a reasonable alternative to protect the rights of the people to redress for injuries.

Chapter 89-91 provides a reasonable alternative. Additionally, the statute actually confers some benefits which would not be available in circuit court. It permits the payment of claims which would be barred by the statute of limitations. Moreover, claimants have no obligation to invalidate the releases they signed in order to receive partial compensation which was earlier authorized by the legislature. Further, as we construe the statute, it puts a floor on the value of destroyed plants.

Even though evidence of the public’s reluctance to purchase plants grown in an infested nursery is admissible for purposes of determining value, Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services v. Polk, 568 So.2d 35 (Fla.1990), the state cannot limit its obligation to pay for destroyed plants to less than the values established by the legislature. The plaintiffs also challenge the Act’s schedules of presumptive values for different citrus stock,

chapter 89-91,

section 3, Laws of Florida, arguing that these schedules remove the determination of what constitutes just or full compensation by setting out the legislature’s own determination of the proper compensation to be awarded. It is true that the legislature may not set conclusive values for property taken for a public purpose because the determination of just compensation is a judicial function. Smith, 110 So.2d at 407. However, section 6(12) provides that these values “shall be presumed to provide full and fair compensation but may be rebutted.” (Emphasis added.) Therefore, the presumptive values set forth in

chapter 89-91 are not conclusive, but are rebuttable presumptions. The owner may come forth with evidence showing that in that particular case, those presumptive values would not provide just compensation. The state may then offer further evidence to support its position. We do not find that these schedules impermissibly interfere with the power of the judiciary to determine just compensation. Nor do we agree that these presumptions unconstitutionally relieve the state of its burden of proof on the value of the destroyed citrus stock.

Section 90.302, Florida Statutes (1987), sets forth the two types of rebuttable presumptions recognized in Florida: Every rebuttable presumption is either:

(1) A presumption affecting the burden of producing evidence and requiring the trier of fact to assume the existence of the presumed fact, unless credible evidence sufficient to sustain a finding of the nonexistence of the presumed fact is introduced, in which event, the existence or nonexistence of the presumed fact shall be determined from the evidence without regard to the presumption; or

(2) A presumption affecting the burden of proof that imposes upon the party against whom it operates the burden of proof concerning the nonexistence of the presumed fact.

Section 90.303, Florida Statutes (1987), defines the former type of rebuttable presumption: In a civil action or proceeding, unless otherwise provided by statute, a presumption established primarily to facilitate the determination of the particular action in which the presumption is applied, rather than to implement public policy, is a presumption affecting the burden of producing evidence. This type of presumption is commonly referred to as a vanishing presumption, or a “bursting bubble” presumption. Once evidence rebutting the presumption is introduced, the presumption disappears and the jury is not told of it.

Section 90.304, Florida Statutes (1987), defines the second type of rebuttable presumption: In civil actions, all rebuttable presumptions which are not defined in s. 90.303 are presumptions affecting the burden of proof. When a presumption shifts the burden of proof, the presumption remains in effect even after evidence rebutting the presumption has been introduced and the jury must decide if the evidence is sufficient to overcome the presumption. Public Health Trust v. Valcin, 507 So.2d 596 (Fla.1987). Presumptions which shift the burden of proof in civil proceedings are primarily expressions of social policy.

Id. at 601; Caldwell v. Division of Retirement, 372 So.2d 438, 440 (Fla.1979); C. Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence 68-79 (2d ed. 1984) (e.g., presumptions of the validity of marriage, sanity in civil cases, legitimacy of a child born in wedlock, the correctness of judgments). The presumptions set forth in

chapter 89-91 do not promote any overall social policy. We find that these presumptive value schedules fit the definition in

section 90.303 of presumptions affecting the burden of production, which does not relieve the state of the burden of proof on value when the citrus owner introduces credible evidence of value. This does not mean that the values as established by the legislature may not be considered as evidence along with any other evidence of value which may be introduced. This was explained in Department of Pollution Control v.

International Paper Co., 329 So.2d 5 (Fla.1976), which involved the constitutionality of a statute which authorized the Department of Pollution Control to conclusively establish the values of different species of fish. Observing that “[wjhere scientific or technical information is difficult or expensive to obtain, statutes prescribing a competent means to establish such a fact are permissible,” we upheld the statute except that we stated that the department could not conclusively prescribe a specific amount of damages. Id. at 8.

We stated: We hold the fish table values as authorized by the statute in issue are proper and relevant to the question of damages. They are admissible and may be introduced as evidence and rebutted like any other evidence. The introduction into evidence of such table requires the trier of fact to accept the specified fish values as a presumed fact unless credible evidence to the contrary is introduced, in which case the fish values shall be determined from all the evidence without regard to any presumption.

The trier of fact will make the final determination of the amount of damages based upon the weight and credibility of all the evidence in the cause. Id. We have also considered the other arguments of the plaintiffs and the amici curiae and find them to be without merit. Thus, we conclude that the respondent no longer has jurisdiction over the underlying actions. We grant the petition and issue the writ of prohibition to prevent further proceedings in case numbers 88-16980, 88-16979, and 88-17170. It is so ordered. SHAW, C.J., and OVERTON, McDonald and GRIMES, JJ., concur.

EHRLICH, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion, in which BARKETT and KOGAN, JJ., concur. . Plaintiff Balm Citrus Nusery is a greenhouse nursery. . It must be remembered that this Court has already determined that a "taking” has occurred and has defined the eligible claimants under

chapter 89-91. The hearing officer will only discharge the limited role of finding the value of the destroyed plants. . The circumstances which permit the judicial review to occur exclusively in the First District Court of Appeal in workers’ compensation cases are equally compelling in canker claim cases. Rollins v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 384 So.2d 650 (Fla.1980). .

Chapter 89-91 also guarantees payment for undiseased plants even though they were located in an infested nursery. We recently upheld the right to compensation for such plants in Polk. However, at the time the statute was enacted, this Court had only addressed the right to compensation for the destruction of plants in uninfested nurseries. Department of Agriculture & Consumer Servs. v. Mid-Florida Growers, Inc., 521 So.2d 101 (Fla.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 870, 109 S.Ct. 180, 102 L.Ed.2d 149 (1988). . The rebuttable presumption with respect to the amount of attorneys’ fees to be awarded for prosecuting claims before the hearing officer shall be treated in the same manner.