KINCAID v. CITY OF FLINT, 311 Mich. App. 76

STEPHENS, J. Plaintiffs, all residents of defendant the city of Flint, appeal as of right the order of the circuit court granting defendant’s motion for

summary disposition and denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint. We reverse and remand. I. BACKGROUND On August 15, 2011, defendant’s finance director, Michael Townsend, sent to the city council and mayor a notice of a proposed 35% water and sewer rate increase to be effective September 6, 2011. The increase was proposed to meet a projected fiscal year deficit in the sewer fund of $14,789,666 as well as a water fund deficit of $8,078,917. The city council adopted the proposal and the mayor signed it. Shortly thereafter, defendant was declared to be in a state of financial emergency.

On November 28, 2011, Governor Rick Snyder appointed Michael Brown as defendant’s emergency manager (EM). On May 30, 2012, after he was informed by newly appointed finance director Gerald Ambrose of the financial disarray of defendant’s water and sewer funds, EM Brown created Emergency Order No. 31. Order No. 31 ratified and confirmed the water and sewer rates implemented under former finance director Townsend on September 16, 2011, and additionally raised water and sewer rates, 12.5% and 45%, respectively, effective July 1, 2012.

After the emergency order by EM Brown, plaintiffs in this suit filed a complaint seeking this Court’s original jurisdiction pursuant to Const 1963, art 9, §§ 31 and 32. The claim of error was that defendant violated the Headlee Amendment. This Court dismissed plaintiffs’ claims without a hearing, finding that the rate increases from September 2011 and those set to take place in July 2012 were “revisions of existing user fees that do not implicate the Headlee Amendment.” Kincaid v City of Flint, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 29, 2012 (Docket No. 310221).

Plaintiffs’ claims not relating to the Headlee Amendment were dismissed for lack of original jurisdiction. Id. After the case before this Court was dismissed, plaintiff filed the instant action. The essence of this case is a claim that the rate increases in September 2011 were made contrary to defendant’s Ordinances §§ 46-52.1 and 46-57.1, and a claim that defendant had illegally pooled the monies collected for the water and sewer funds and used them to pay general obligations not related to sewer or water expenses.

Plaintiffs requested that the trial court certify a class action suit against defendant by all sewer and water customers of defendant, declare that the rate increases were an illegal tax under the Headlee Amendment, and order the commingling of funds to cease. Additionally, plaintiffs asked for monetary relief in the form of a refund of the illegally collected rates and for damages caused to defendant’s residents who were left without water and sewer service. In lieu of filing an answer, defendant moved the trial court to grant it

summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(6), (7), and (8). However, before defendant’s motion for

summary disposition was heard, plaintiffs moved the trial court for leave to amend their complaint to allege a violation of MCL 123.141(2) and (3). Defendant responded to plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint by arguing that it should be denied as futile. On February 15, 2013, the trial court heard the two outstanding motions. On June 21, 2013, the trial court entered an opinion and order granting

summary disposition in favor of defendant. On July 12, 2013, plaintiffs moved the trial court to reconsider its decision after which the court entered an order permitting defendant to respond to plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration. The court denied the motion on October 14, 2013. Plaintiffs now appeal the order granting defendant

summary disposition. During the pendency of this case in the trial court, 2011 PA 4 was repealed after it was rejected by a majority of the electorate. One month later, on December 26, 2012, the Legislature approved the local financial stability and choice act, 2012 PA 436, effective March 28, 2013. Many of the provisions of 2012 PA 436 mirror those of 2011 PA 4. II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW The trial court ordered

summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and the parties base their arguments before this Court on that subsection, but our review of the record shows that the trial court went beyond the pleadings in making its decision as did both parties in making their arguments. Plaintiffs’ response to defendant’s motion for

summary disposition relied on 16 exhibits. Plaintiffs also moved for

summary disposition themselves and cited exhibits outside the pleadings. The analysis of this case therefore will be done under MCR 2.116(0(10). See Cuddington v United Health Servs, Inc, 298 Mich App 264, 270; 826 NW2d 519 (2012) (“[B]ecause the trial court considered documentary evidence beyond the pleadings, we construe the motion as having been granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10).”). “This Court reviews decisions on motions for

summary disposition de novo to determine if the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Alcona Co v Wolverine Environmental Prod, Inc, 233 Mich App 238, 245; 590 NW2d 586 (1998). Amotion for

summary disposition under MCR 2.116(0(10) “tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint. . . .” Joseph v Auto Club InsAss’n, 491 Mich 200, 206; 815 NW2d 412 (2012). “In evaluating a motion for

summary disposition brought under this subsection, a trial court considers affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other evidence submitted by the parties, MCR 2.116(G)(5), in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).

Summary disposition is proper when there is no “genuine issue regarding any material fact. . . .” Id. A party opposing a motion made under MCR 2.116(0(10) “has the burden of showing that a genuine issue of disputed fact exists.” Major v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 185 Mich App 437, 440; 462 NW2d 771 (1990). “The opposing party may not rest upon mere allegations or denial in the pleadings, but must, by affidavit or other documentary evidence, set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. This Court also reviews issues of statutory

interpretation de novo. Allen v Bloomfield Hills Sch Dist, 281 Mich App 49, 52; 760 NW2d 811 (2008). When interpreting a statute, we follow the established rules of statutory construction, the foremost of which is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. The first step when interpreting a statute is to examine its plain language, which provides the most reliable evidence of [legislative] intent. If the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, the statute must be enforced as written and no further judicial construction is permitted.

When an ambiguity does indeed exist, we may go beyond the statutory text to ascertain legislative intent. Effect should be given to every phrase, clause, and word in the statute and, whenever possible, no word should be treated as surplusage or rendered nugatory. [People v Carrier, 309 Mich App 92, 104; 867 NW2d 463 (2015) (citations and quotation marks omitted; alteration in original).] III. CLAIMS OF ERROR Plaintiffs’ claims of error are three: (1) water and sewer rate increases that occurred under former finance director Townsend in September 2011 were not authorized by defendant’s ordinances,

(2) EM Brown did not have the authority to ratify Townsend’s unauthorized increases and then further increase water and sewer rates in violation of the same ordinances, and (3) defendant wrongly deposited funds from water and sewer revenue into a single pooled cash account. A. ORDINANCE VIOLATIONS Plaintiffs claim that defendant violated Flint Ordinances §§ 46-52.1 and 46-57.1. Ordinance 46-52.1 reads as follows: (

a) Every year the Director of Finance shall calculate and transmit on or before April 15, to the Mayor and City Council the new water rate schedules with a complete itemization of water system costs for all classes of customers as given in § 46-52, for the purpose of calculating all bills for the forthcoming 12 months beginning July 1 of that year. The new water rate schedules shall be published at least 30 days prior to the date of implementation. (

b) Water rates shall be reviewed annually and the water rate percentage index (WRI) as applied to the water rate schedules shall be limited to an adjustment of 8% in any year unless:

(1) Such adjustment is necessary to provide for all costs of operation, maintenance, replacement and debt service of the water supply system; or

(2) Such adjustment is necessary to comply with applicable provisions of the city’s water supply revenue bond resolutions or ordinances. Ordinance 46-57.1 reads: Every year the Director of Finance shall calculate and transmit on or before April 15, to the Mayor and City Council the new sewage rate schedules with a complete itemization of sewage system costs for all classes of customers as given in § 46-57, for the purpose of calculating all bills for the forthcoming 12 months beginning July 1 of that year. The new sewage rate schedules shall be published at least 30 days prior to the date of implementation.

Plaintiffs argue that the rate increases of September 2011 and those imposed by EM Brown failed to meet the notice and effective date requirements of the ordinances and exceeded the percentage of increase allowed under the ordinances. We agree in part. The 35% water rate increase in September 2011 violated Ordinance 46-52.1 because it was not published and noticed at least 30 days before its implementation, and because it went into effect almost immediately after it was noticed, instead of being implemented over twelve months beginning on July 1 of the next fiscal year.

The sewer rate increases were invalid for the same reasons under Ordinance 46-57.1. The sewer rates were not published and noticed 30 days before their implementation and were implemented soon after the former finance director’s recommendation instead of on July 1 of the next fiscal year. Plaintiffs’ argument that the increases also violated Ordinance 46-52.1 by increasing the water rates above 8% is not supported by the language of the ordinance.

Ordinance 46-52.1 envisions that water rate increases be limited to an adjustment of 8%, but allows for uncapped increases in the event the “adjustment is necessary to provide for all costs of operation, maintenance, replacement and debt service of the water supply system; or ... to comply with applicable provisions of the city’s water supply revenue bond resolutions or ordinances.” On August 15, 2011, former finance director Townsend sent a letter to defendant’s mayor and defendant’s city council providing justification for the amount of the increase.

In that letter, Townsend stated that the water fund operated at a $3.21 million loss for fiscal year 2011 and that defendant was not meeting its state bond requirements “to maintain operating revenues greater than 125% of the amount of debt service on the bonds.” Townsend explained that the rate increases would help cover the rate increases defendant paid to Detroit as well as provide revenue to pay the Drinking Water Revolving Fund bonds. This Court has no basis on which to find those statements invalid.

While the notice, publication, and implementation of the water and sewer rate increases were not authorized, the percentage of increase for the rates did not violate the ordinances. Plaintiffs challenge EM Brown’s rate increases under Order No. 31 on the same basis as they challenged the September 2011 increases noticed by former finance director Townsend. However, EM Brown’s water and sewer rate increases of 12.5% and 45%, respectively, did not violate defendant’s Ordinances 46-52.1 and 46-57.1. On May 30, 2012, EM Brown published notice of the increases and their effective date of July 1, 2012.

The order complied with the notice, publication, and implementation provisions of Ordinance 46-52.1 and Ordinance 46-57.1. Plaintiffs again argue that any increase in water rates over 8% is not authorized under Ordinance 46-52.1, but as discussed above, the language of the ordinance does not support that argument. The language of Order No. 31 established both of the exceptions in Ordinance 46-52.1 that allow for an increase in water rates greater than 8%.

The order explained that defendant was required under MCL 141.121 to set water and sewer rates that were “sufficient to cover the costs of operating the water and sewer systems” and that Townsend’s increase was insufficient to meet defendant’s obligation under state law. The order stated that additional increases were necessary “to cover the costs of operating the water and sewer systems and pay outstanding bonded indebtedness on the water system . . . .” B.

RATIFICATION AUTHORITY OF THE EMERGENCY MANAGER EM Brown not only increased water and sewer rates with the implementation of Order No. 31, but he also “expressly ratified and confirmed” the September 16, 2011 rate increases. Whether EM Brown was granted the authority to ratify the unauthorized acts of another public official is an issue of first impression. We conclude that the Legislature did not delegate the power to ratify to an emergency manager. The EM is a creature of the Legislature with only the power and authority granted by statute.

EM Brown derived his authority from the former emergency manager law, 2011 PA 4. That authority was not as broad as defendant argues. We do not agree with defendant that 2012 PA 436, the successor statute to 2011 PA 4, authorized all the actions of the EM taken under 2011 PA 4. MCL 141.1570(1)(

a) to (

e) state that “[a]ll of the following actions that occurred under the former 2011 PA 4 before the effective date of [2012 PA 436]” became effective under 2012 PA 436: (

a) A determination by the state treasurer or superintendent of public instruction pursuant to a preliminary review of the existence of probable financial stress or a serious financial problem in a local government. (

b) The appointment of a review team. (

c) The findings and conclusion contained in a review team report submitted to the governor. (

d) A determination by the governor of a financial emergency in a local government. (

e) A confirmation by the governor of a financial emergency in a local government. Actions taken under 2011 PA 4 by the State Treasurer, the appointed review team, and the Governor remained effective and were not required to be reap-proved under 2012 PA 436. MCL 141.1570(2). Notably, actions taken by the EM are not included. We also reject defendant’s argument that

an act of the EM is

an act of the governor and that the EM derives power to ratify from the Governor. Former MCL 141.1519(1)(dd) and (ee) state that an EM’s authority is limited to the local level.

An EM “[e]xercise[s] solely, for and on behalf of the local government, all other authority and responsibilities of the chief administrative officer and governing body concerning the adoption, amendment, and enforcement of ordinances or resolutions of the local government as provided in [specific listed acts],” and an EM “exercise[s] any power or authority of any officer, employee, department, board, commission, or other similar entity of the local government, whether elected or appointed, relating to the operation of the local government.” MCL 141.1519(l)(dd) and (ee).

Thus, the EM acts only on behalf of numerous local officials. Former MCL 141.1515(10) and current MCL 141.1549(8) both provide that the Governor may delegate his duties to the Treasurer. Notably, there is no similar provision regarding the delegation of any of the Governor’s authority to the EM. Rather, the EM serves at the pleasure of the Governor. Former MCL 141.1515(5)(d); MCL 141.1549(3)(d). The EM’s responsibilities and authority under 2011 PA 4 are listed in former statutory provisions MCL 141.1515 through MCL 141.1530.

Those provisions are similarly stated in MCL 141.1549 through MCL 141.1562 under 2012 PA 436. Of all the powers granted to the EM, ratification is not one of them. Ratification, in both 2011 PA 4 and 2012 PA 436, is explicitly granted to the actions of certain persons and entities.

Under 2011 PA 4, “[a] 11 proceedings and actions taken by the governor, the state treasurer, or a review team . .. are ratified and are enforceable as if the proceedings and actions were taken under this act.. ..” Former MCL 141.1512(6). 2012 PA 436 contains nearly identical language: “All proceedings and actions taken by the governor, the state treasurer, the superintendent of public instruction, the local emergency financial assistance loan board, or a review team under former 2011 PA 4,... are ratified and are enforceable as if the proceedings and actions were taken under this act. . . .” MCL 141.1544(6).

The clear difference between 2011 PA 4 and 2012 PA 436 is that 2012 PA 436 adds “the superintendent of public instruction” and “the local emergency financial assistance loan board” to legislation governing management of a local government’s financial emergency. Neither 2011 PA 4 nor 2012 PA 436 authorizes the ratification action taken by the EM in this case. Further, the EM’s power to supersede local government authority does not extend to the superintendent of public instruction or the local emergency financial assistance loan board.

Consequently, the Legislature did not grant the EM the power of ratification, nor did the actions of the EM taken under 2011 PA 4 survive the electors’ referendum of that act. Absent the power of ratification, defendant urges this Court to look elsewhere for the EM’s authority to approve the unauthorized 2011 water and sewer rate increases. Defendant argues that the additional powers granted to an emergency manager in former MCL 141.1519(1)(

a) authorized the EM to raise water and sewer rates notwithstanding the ordinances. Under that section, An emergency manager may take 1 or more of the following additional actions with respect to a local government which is in receivership, notwithstanding any charter provision to the contrary: (

a) Analyze factors and circumstances contributing to the financial emergency of the local government and initiate steps to correct the condition. We are not persuaded by this argument. MCL 141.1519(1)(

a) applies in the instance in which the EM, after having analyzed the factors and circumstances contributing to the financial emergency, initiates some action to alleviate the emergency. In other words, some affirmative act is required of the EM. “The word ‘initiate’ is a synonym of the word ‘commence.’ ” Fast Air, Inc v Knight, 235 Mich App 541, 544; 599 NW2d 489 (1999), citing Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed).

In turn, the plain and ordinary meaning of the word “commence” is “to begin; start,” and “begin” is defined as “to take the first step in performing an action.” MCL 141.1519, then in effect, supported the 12.5% water and 45% sewer rate increases initiated by the EM after his appointment. Those increases were initiated after the EM was provided with information from the then-current finance director Gerald Ambrose about the operating losses of both the water and sewer systems, and the increases were implemented to correct those conditions.

Under former MCL 141.1519(1)(a), the EM had authority to institute the change in rates notwithstanding any charter provision to the contrary, and the increases complied with the notice, publication, and implementation guidelines of Ordinances 46-52.1 and 46-57.1. MCL 141.1519(l)(a), however, did not support the action taken by the EM to expressly ratify and confirm the increases recommended by former finance director Townsend. In that instance, the EM did not initiate the steps to correct the condition by an affirmative act, but rather approved the steps already taken by someone else.

Because the EM did not initiate those increases, MCL 141.1519(l)(

a) did not apply. In light of our analysis, we conclude that former finance director Townsend violated defendant’s Ordinances 46-52.1 and 46-57.1, by increasing water and sewer rates without first providing notice and publication to its residents 30 days before the increases took effect, and by not waiting to implement those rates until July 1 of the next fiscal year. We also conclude that EM Brown’s Order No. 31 did not rectify the violations. The trial court’s grant of

summary disposition to defendant was premised on its understanding of the EM’s authority as broad, substantial, and complete. Our decision today only highlights that authority for a closer look at the statutory boundaries of the EM’s power. Because we disagree with the trial court’s conclusion that the EM had the authority to ratify a previously unauthorized rate increase, we reverse its order granting defendant

summary disposition. C. COMMINGLING OF FUNDS Next, this Court must consider whether the trial court properly summarily disposed of plaintiffs’ claims regarding the commingling of funds. Plaintiffs assert that defendant placed water and sewer fees from customers into a pooled cash account with other funds, that defendant used the water and sewer funds to pay its general obligations in violation of the Revenue Bond Act, and that this practice led to a deficit in the water and sewer funds which precipitated the rate increases by former finance director Townsend and EM Brown. Plaintiffs’ arguments rely entirely on the trial court’s grant of defendant’s motion for

summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8). Indeed, plaintiffs maintain that the trial court should not have considered the affidavit of Pamela Hill, a certified public accountant and the audit manager of defendant’s financial statements, nor should the trial court have held against plaintiffs their failure to provide any evidence to the contrary, because MCR 2.116(C)(8) requires the trial court to disregard evidence outside of the pleadings. MCR 2.116(G)(5). However, as has been discussed, defendant’s motion was granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10). Plaintiffs argue that defendant illegally commingled funds.

We find no merit to this claim. The party opposing a motion made under MCR 2.116(0(10) “has the burden of showing that a genuine issue of disputed fact exists.” Major, 185 Mich App at 440. “The opposing party may not rest upon mere allegations or denial in the pleadings, but must, by affidavit or other documentary evidence, set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. See also MCR 2.116(G)(4).

The record reveals that defendant provided evidence, in the form of the affidavit from Hill, whose practice included auditing municipalities, that defendant’s accounting system was entirely legal and was used by several other municipalities. Plaintiffs assert that Hill’s affidavit only evidences the practice of commingling without establishing the legality of the practice. While the trial court only mentioned the Hill affidavit in its order granting

summary dismissal, it also had before it plaintiffs’ exhibits in support of their response to defendant’s motion for

summary disposition, which included an affidavit from city treasurer Douglas Bingaman. Bingaman’s affidavit stated that the water and sewer funds were deposited in a single pooled cash account, but that funds which state law required to be maintained separately were excluded. The affidavit further indicated that “[t]he account is intended to have each City fund, including the water and sewer funds, end up paying only its own operating and other expenses.” Bingaman’s affidavit is evidence that defendant was following the State of Michigan’s recommendation concerning pooled cash accounts.

It was also evidence that the water and sewer funds were not being used to pay the general obligations of defendant. Hill’s affidavit averred knowledge of legal accounting practices that require only certain accounts to be excluded from a municipality’s single pooled cash account and that water and sewer funds were not excluded.

Hill further averred that “[e]ach participating fund’s share of the pooled cash account is accounted for as provided in the Department of Treasury’s Accounting Procedures Manual for Local Units of Government in Michigan,” meaning that the water and sewer funds were also accounted for within defendant’s pooled cash account. In response, plaintiffs provided no evidence that defendant’s accounting system was illegal. This Court’s decision in Major quite plainly requires plaintiffs to provide some evidence that there was a disputed issue of fact. See Major, 185 Mich App at 440. This, plaintiffs did not do.

As such, the trial court correctly determined that there was no genuine issue of material fact for trial and properly granted

summary disposition on this issue. Id. IV. MOTION TO AMEND Plaintiffs lastly argue that the trial court erred by denying their request to amend their complaint. We agree. “This Court reviews grants and denials of motions for leave to amend pleadings for an abuse of discretion.” Hakari v Ski Brule Inc, 230 Mich App 352, 355; 584 NW2d 345 (1998). “There are circumstances where a trial court must decide a matter and there will be no single correct outcome; rather, there may be more than one reasonable and principled outcome.

The trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside this range of principled outcomes.” Pontiac Fire Fighters Union Local 376 v Pontiac, 482 Mich 1, 8; 753 NW2d 595 (2008). “A party may amend a pleading once as a matter of course within 14 days after being served with a responsive pleading by an adverse party. . . .” MCR 2.118(A)(1). “Except as provided in subrule (A)(1), a party may amend a pleading only by leave of the court or by written consent of the adverse party.

Leave shall be freely given when justice so requires.” MCR 2.118(A)(2). “Because a court should freely grant leave to amend a complaint when justice so requires, a motion to amend should ordinarily be denied only for particularized reasons.” Wormsbacher v Phillip R Seaver Title Co, Inc, 284 Mich App 1, 8; 772 NW2d 827 (2009). Those reasons include undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice, or futility. Miller v Chapman Contracting, All Mich 102, 105; 730 NW2d 462 (2007).

Further, MCR 2.116(I)(5) states that when the trial court summarily disposes of a case under subrules (C)(8), (9), or (10), the trial court “shall give the parties an opportunity to amend their pleadings as provided by MCR 2.118, unless the evidence then before the court shows that amendment would not be justified.” The trial court’s reason for denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint was that “[t]he proposed amended complaint is in conflict with this decision.” The fact that an amended complaint would present issues at odds with the trial court’s decision does not appear to be an accepted particularized reason. “[A] court must specify its reasons for denying the motion; a failure to do so requires reversal, unless amendment would be futile.” Noyd v Claxton, Morgan, Flockhart & VanLiere, 186 Mich App 333, 340; 463 NW2d 268 (1990).

Because we cannot discern on what basis the trial court denied plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint, we remand this issue to the trial court. On remand, the trial court is to consider the additional claims in plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint and articulate its reasons for granting or denying the motion. Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. DONOFRIO, P.J., and BORRELLO, J., concurred with Stephens, J. It was later determined that the actual losses were $10,560,000 for the sewer fund and $3,210,000 for the water fund.

MCL 141.1545(6)(d), formerly MCL 141.1214, lists the four instances in which a financial emergency exists. See 2011 PA 4, the local government and school district fiscal accountability act, formerly MCL 141.1501 et seq.

At the time, former MCL 141.1515(4) provided the governor with the authority to appoint an emergency manager: Upon the confirmation of a finding of a financial emergency, the governor shall declare the local government in receivership and shall appoint an emergency manager to act for and in the place and stead of the governing body and the office of chief administrative officer of the local government. Specifically, the Headlee Amendment to the Michigan Constitution provides standing to “[a]ny taxpayer of the state” to bring suit in this Court to enforce the tax provisions of Const 1963, art 9, §§ 25 to 31.

See Const 1963, art 9, § 32. MCL 123.141(2) and (3) state:

(2) The price charged by the city to its customers shall be at a rate which is based on the actual cost of service as determined under the utility basis of rate-making. This subsection shall not remove any minimum or maximum limits imposed contractually between the city and its wholesale customers during the remaining life of the contract. This subsection shall not apply to a water system that is not a contractual customer of another water department and that serves less than 1% of the population of the state.

This subsection shall take effect with the first change in wholesale or retail rate by the city or its contractual customers following the effective date of this subsection. Any city that has not adjusted rates in conformity with this subsection by April 1, 1982 shall include in the next ensuing rate period an adjustment to increase or decrease rates to wholesale or retail customers, so that each class of customer pays rates which will yield the same estimated amount of revenue as if the rate adjustment had been retroactive to April 1,1982. A city that is subject to

section 5e of Act No. 279 of the Public Acts of 1909, being

section 117.5e of the Michigan Compiled Laws, shall begin proceedings to determine rate changes pursuant to

section 5e(

b) of Act No. 279 of the Public Acts of 1909, being

section 117.5e of the Michigan Compiled Laws.

(3) The retail rate charged to the inhabitants of a city, village, township, or authority which is a contractual customer as provided by subsection (2) shall not exceed the actual cost of providing the service. The Board of State Canvassers certified the vote on November 26, 2012.1990 PA 72 came back into effect while the referendum on 2011 PA 4 was pending. MCL 141.1541 et seq. 2012 PA 436 repealed 1990 PA 72, effective March 28, 2013. MCL 141.121, of the Revenue Bond Act, provides in pertinent part:

(1) Rates for services furnished by a public improvement shall be fixed before the issuance of the bonds. The rates shall be sufficient to provide for all the following: (

a) The payment of the expenses of administration and operation and the expenses for the maintenance of the public improvement as may be necessary to preserve the public improvement in good repair and working order. (

b) The payment of the interest on and the principal of bonds payable from the public improvements when the bonds become due and payable. (

c) The creation of any reserve for the bonds as required in the ordinance. (

d) Other expenditures and funds for the public improvement as the ordinance may require.

(2) The rates shall be fixed and revised by the governing body of the borrower so as to produce the amount described in subsection (1). The borrower shall covenant and agree in the ordinance authorizing the issuance of the bonds and on the face of each bond to maintain at all times the rates for services furnished by the public improvement sufficient to provide for the amount described in subsection (1). Rates pledged for the payment of bonds that are fixed and established pursuant to a contract or lease shall not be subject to revision or change, except in the manner provided in the lease or contract.

Former MCL 141.1501 et seq. 2011 PA 4. 2012 PA 436. The EM’s power is superior to and supersedes that of local government officials, employees, and entities. Former MCL 141.1519(1)(ee); MCL 141.1552(1)(ee). The EM’s power is not superior to and does not supersede the authority of the superintendent of public instruction. See e.g., MCL 141.1554(c). The EM is not an appointed member of the financial assistance loan board or review team. Former MCL 141.1212(3); MCL 141.1544(3). Now MCL 141.1552(1)(a).

See SBC v JT Crawford, Inc, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued November 27, 2007 (Docket No. 275334), p 5, quoting The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2006).