American Fidelity & Casualty Company v. Traders & General Insurance Company, 160 Tex. 554

Mr. Chief Justice Hickman delivered the opinion of the Court. . James Edward Duff recovered judgment against Leonard Mizell, doing business as Mizell Truck Lines, for $34,000.00 damages for personal injuries. Mizell carried two policies of insurance. One policy was a standard automobile liability policy issued by American Fidelity & Casualty Company, hereinafter called American, and the other a comprehensive general bodily injury and property damage liability policy issued by Traders & General Insurance Company, hereinafter called Traders & General.

The instant suit was brought by Duff to recover against the insurance companies the amount of his judgment against Mizell, and resulted in a judgment in his favor against both companies, holding them jointly and severally liable on two grounds: first, on the ground of waiver and estoppel arising from their joint defense of the original suit in Mizell’s behalf; and second, on the ground of overlapping policy coverage. The American paid the entire judgment, and Traders & General appealed, seeking to avoid liability for contribution to American of one-half of the amount of the judgment.

The Court of Civil Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court and rendered judgment in favor of Traders & General, holding (1) that the question of waiver and estoppel was not present, and (2) that Traders'& General’s policy did not provide coverage for the accident giving rise to Duff’s cause of action against Mizell. 323 S.W. 2d 81. American challenges in this court the decision of the Court of Civil Appeals on both grounds. 1 Because American has not appealed the decision of the trial court, no question is presented as to the coverage afforded by its policy.

Moreover, if Traders & General was liable under the terms of its policy, the question of waiver and estoppel on account of its joining American in the defense of Duff’s suit against Mizell becomes immaterial. Only if we were to hold that Traders & General’s policy did not cover the accident would we reach the question of whether it waived the defense of non-coverage. We have concluded, however, that Traders & General’s policy covered this accident, and shall not discuss the question of waiver and estoppel.

The insuring clause of Traders & General’s policy is very broad, reading as follows: “Coverage B — Bodily Injury Liability — Except Automobile To pay on behalf of the Insured all sums which the Insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury, sickness, or disease, including death at any time resulting therefrom, sustained by any person and caused by accident.” Its policy also provides coverage against liability for damage to property cause by accident (Coverage D), but that coverage is not involved in this determination.

The scope of coverages B and D is limited by Exclusion (b), which states: “(This policy does not apply:) under Coverages B and D, except with respect to operations performed by independent contractors, to watercraft while away from premises owned, rented, or controlled by the Named Insured, automobiles while away from such premises or the ways immediately adjoining * t’fi $ » We confess difficulty in construing the language of this exclusion. To us, it is rather involved.

American construes it as saying that Coverage B applies to operations on any premises “owned, rented, or controlled” by the Insured; while Traders & General contends that the coverage provided by its policy extends only to accidents occurring on Mizell’s premises at Ganado, Jackson County, Texas, and in the alternative, that if it extends to accidents occurring on other premises “owned, rented, or controlled” by Mizell, the premises on which this accident occurred were neither owned, rented, nor controlled by him.

It is not claimed that the premises upon which the accident occurred were owned or rented by Mizell, and the question is narrowed to whether they were controlled by him. 2 The policy is not explicit.

Item 1 of the Declarations discloses the following information entered by Mizell: “Name of Insured Mizell Truck Line Address Ganado, Jackson County, Texas Location of all premises owned, rented or controlled by Named Insured (Enter ‘Same’ if same location as above address) Same Interest of Named Insured in such premises--- Part occupied by Named Insured--- Business of the Named Insured is Oil Field Trucking The Named Insured is Individual-Leonard Mizell” The policy contains neither a definition of the word “premises” nor any specific limitation of coverage to Mizell’s premises at Ganado.

In order to determine the extent of coverage afforded by this policy, it must be interpreted as it would be were Mizell and Traders & General the interested parties, for it is the coverage as to Mizell with which we are concerned. The mere fact that in answer to questions propounded to him Mizell gave as the address and location of the premises then owned, rented, or controlled by him as “Ganado, Jackson County, Texas,” does not necessarily limit the liability of the company to accidents occurring in that county.

Construing the policy as a whole, we cannot see that it limits coverage to accidents occurring on the premises owned, rented, or controlled by Mizell at the time of its issuance. In its supplemental brief filed in this court, Traders & General sums up the matter in this language:' “The meaning of the word ‘control’ in Traders & General’s policy is of importance in determining whether or not it afforded coverage to the accident in question.

In essence, if the site where this accident occurred were ‘premises owned, rented, or controlled’ by Mizell, our insured, then our Policy afforded concurrent coverage along with American’s policy. On the other hand, if the facts showed that this was not such a ‘premises’ owned, rented, or controlled by the insured as was intended by the parties to this contract when the wording was incorporated therein, then there is no coverage.” Traders & General has thus narrowed the question to whether Mizell was in control of the premises in Montgomery County where the accident occurred.

The fact that the accident may have involved the use of an automobile is not determinative of the liability of Traders & General; so long as it occurred on premises controlled by Mizell, it is immaterial how it was caused. 3 While the question is not free from doubt, we have concluded that Mizell was in control of the premises where the accident occurred. Black’s Law Dictionary (4th Ed., 1951) defines “control” as “Power or authority to manage, direct, govern, administer, or oversee.” In State v.

Camper, 261 S.W. 2d 465, it is stated that “control” is “synonymous with management.” Duff’s injuries occurred while a drilling rig was being “rigged down,” or dismantled, by a Mizell crew on a lease owned by the Peters Drilling Company in Montgomery County. Two of Mizell’s trucks were being used, a tandem and a winch truck, under the supervision of Roy Mizell, Leonard Mizell’s brother. Duff was an employee of Peters, and with other employees of Peters, was involved in the “rigging down” operation.

Peter’s employees were engaged in the dismantling of the rig, while Mizell’s employees moved the various component parts from the substructure of the rig to other locations on the drilling site and stacked them there for future use. The rig belonged to Mizell but was under lease to Peters. All of the activities other than the mechanical dismantling of the rig itself were under the direction of Roy Mizell. He determined how the trucks were to be used, where the comnonents of the rig were to be stacked, and supervised both the loading and the unloading of the trucks.

We have concluded that such authority fulfills the requirement of “control” over the premises as provided for in the policy. There is no case which we regard as being directly in point, but support is afforded our conclusion by the opinion in Pacific Employers Insurance Co. v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., 228 F. 2d 365. Accord: Bates v. Connecticut Power Co., 130 Conn. 256, 33 A. 2d 342; John G. Speirs & Co. v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London, Cal.

App., 191 P. 2d 124. 4 Neither Mizell nor Duff has any interest in the outcome of the present litigation, but as between the two companies, it is our conclusion that insofar as the judgment of the trial court granting contribution between the two companies was reversed by the Court of Civil Appeals, the latter Court’s judgment should be reversed and that of the trial court affirmed. Opinion delivered December 9, 1959. ON MOTION FOR REHEARING Mr.

Chief Justice Hickman delivered the opinion of the Court. 5 In its motion for rehearing, Traders and General urges that it is entitled to indemnity against American for whatever amount it may be liable to pay as a result of our holding that its policy affords coverage for the accident in question. This argument is based primarily upon the ground that American’s policy afforded protection not only to Mizell but to any person while using an insured automobile with his permission, while Traders and General’s policy afforded protection to Mizell only.

It appears that the injuries to Duff resulted from the negligence of an employee of Mizell. Therefore, it is argued that had Duff sued the employee and recovered judgment against both him and Mizell, and had Mizell sought indemnity against the employee, he would have been entitled thereto, and had the employee then sued American, he would have been entitled to indemnity for the full amount of judgment rendered against him. The entire argument is based upon the conclusion that the record establishes that the employee would have been entitled to recover against American.

The burden of proving his right thereto would have rested upon him, and since Traders & General is relying upon the employee’s right to indemnity, the burden likewise rested upon it to establish upon the trial the right of the employee to indemnity. The employee was not a party to this suit, and the trial court denied Traders & General’s claim to indemnity. The Court of Civil Appeals reversed the trial court’s judgment on other grounds and did not discuss this question.

The real question presented is whether or not the claim to indemnity was established in the trial court as a matter of law. 6 The American’s policy provided: “When an accident occurs written notice shall be given by or on behalf of the insured to. the company or any of its authorized agents as soon as practicable.” The record discloses that American did not receive notice of the accident until some eight months had elapsed after its occurrence. That notice came neither from Mizell nor the. driver of the vehicle, but was contained in a letter to American from Mizell’s workman’s compensation insurance carrier.

In Klein v. Century Lloyds, 154 Texas 160, 275 S.W. 2d 95, this court held that where an insured under an automobile liability policy gave no notice of an accident until contacted by the insurer’s adjuster thirty-two days after it occurred, and his policy, like the instant one, required him to give notice as soon as practicable, persons who obtained judgment against the insured for damages arising out of the accident were not entitled to the benefits of the policy. 7 The above provision and the facts relevant thereto were pleaded by American in this case as a defense to its liability as insurer of Mizell.

The trial court held that American had waived and was estopped to assert the defense of late notice because it had entered into an agremeent with Traders & General to defend the suit brought by Duff against Mizell Construction Company, and had in fact done so. But it does not appear that American has entered into any agreement with the employee responsible for Duff’s injuries which would prejudice its right to assert such a defense against him.

It cannot be assumed that had the employee sued American, it would not have relied upon his failure to give timely notice of the accident as a defense, and that the defense would not have been sustained. It follows that liability of both companies rests only upon their coverage of Mizell, and no reason is perceived why indemnity should be granted to either against the other. Traders and General’s claim of indemnity is denied, and the motion for rehearing is overruled. Opinion delivered March 30, 1960.