TEXAS CO. et al. v. DAVIS et al., 254 S.W. 304

GREENWOOD, J. Defendants in error sued plaintiffs in error to recover the oil, gas, and other minerals, with appurtenant surface rights, in 76% acres of the Josiah H. Bell league of land near West Columbia in Brazoria county, subject to royalties. Plaintiffs in error filed answers containing pleas of not- guilty and special pleas, and also filed a cross-action seeking cancellation of the instruments under which defendants in error claimed. Defendants in error pleaded limitation of four years in bar of the cross-action.

The district court rendered judgment for plaintiffs in error, in the suit against them and on their cross-action, after peremptorily directing a verdict for them. On appeal, the Honorable Court of Civil Appeals (232 S. W. 549) reversed the judgment of the district court and remanded the cause, with instructions to enter judgment for defendants in error for the oil, gas, and other minerals in controversy, and then to try the issues joined as to damages, etc.- Special Chief Justice Sonfield dissented, concluding that the judgment of the district court was correct.

Seeking revision of the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals, plaintiffs in error applied for and were granted a writ of error. On February 23, 1901, W. F. Arnold and wife, Kate Arnold, owned 81% acres of land, which embraced the 76% acres containing the oil, gas, and other minerals involved in this suit. On that day, they executed an instrument, which Jno. C. Underwood also signed and acknowledged, in words as follows: “Know all men by these presents: That I, W. F. Arnold of Brazoria county, Tex., the party of the first part, in consideration of the sum of $1.00 paid by Jno. C.

Underwood, party of the second part, the receipt' of which is hereby acknowledged and the further consideration hereinafter mentioned, have granted, bargained, sold and conveyed, and do by these presents grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said party of the second part, heirs and assigns, all of the oil, gas and coal, and other minerals in and under the following described land, together with the right of ingress and egress at all times for the purpose of drilling, mining and operating for minerals, and to conduct all operations and lay all pipe necessary for the production, -mining and transportation of the oil, gas; water, coal or other minerals, with the right to use sufficient water, gas or oil to operate said property and shall have the right to remove all machinery, .fixtures and improvements placed thereon at any time, reserving, however, to the party of the first part, the equal one-tenth of all oil produced and saved upon said premises, to be delivered in the pipe line to- the credit of the party of the first part free of charge.

If coal is found, the parties of the second part agree to pay the first party four cents per ton for every ton of the same that is mined and marketed, payable quarterly; • if gas . or other minerals are found,' second parties agree to pay the first party one-tenth for the product each year, payable quarterly for the product of each well, while the same is being used off the premises; and the party of the first part by furnishing his own pipe and connections shall have sufficient gas free ’of cost for use in one dwelling house on the premises, so long as gas is utilized off the premises, but at his own risk.

Whenever first party shall request it, second party shall bury all oil and gas lines and pay all damage done to the growing crops by reason of burying and removing the same. No well shall be drilled within 200 feet from any building now on said premises without the consent of the first party.

Said land being of the following description, to wit: (Here follows description of the 81% acres.) “To have and to hold the above-described premises, unto the said parties of the second part, their heirs and assigns, upon the following conditions: In case operations for either the drilling of a well for oil, gas or other minerals, is not commenced and prosecuted with due diligence within two years from this date, then this grant shall immediately become null and void as to both parties; provided that said second party may prevent such forfeiture from year to year by paying to the first party the sum of $10.00 per year, until such well is commenced or until shipments from such mine have begun, and it is agreed that the completion of a well shall operate as a full liquidation of all rental under this provision during the remainder of the term of this lease, which payments can be made at Bank of-or payable direct to party of the first part.

In case the parties'of the second part should .bore and discover either oil or other minerals, then in that event this grant, incumbrance or conveyance shall be in full force and effect for twenty-five years from the time of the discovery of said product, and as much longer as oil, water, gas or other minerals can be produced in paying quantities thereon. Whenever sales are being made of the product produced on the land above described, a settlement thereof shall be made at the end of each quarter.

This grant is not intended as a mere franchise, but is intended as a conveyance of the property above described for the purpose herein mentioned, and it is so understood by both parties to this agreement. It is understood between the parties to this agreement that all conditions between the parties hereunto shall extend to their heirs, executors, administrators and assigns. It is agreed and understood that there shall be no. interference with my farming operations unless full remuneration shall be paid for such interference. ■ “Witness our hands this twenty-third day of February, 1901.” On July 31, 1901, Jno. O.

Underwood conveyed to the Equitable Mining Company, Inc., all the right, title, and interest which he acquired by virtue of the aforesaid instrument. On January 15, 1902, the Equitable Mining Company, Inc., released to W. E. Arnold and Kate Arnold its right, title, and interest in 5 acres of said 81% acres, said 5 acres being without the boundaries of the 76% acres wherein lie the oil, gas, and other minerals involved in this suit.

About October, 1902, the Equitable Mining Company, Ine., conveyed to the Arnold Oil Company, Inc., one-third its right, title, and interest in and to the oil, gas, and other minerals in the 76% acres. Jno. C. Underwood, the Equitable Mining Company, and the Arnold Oil Company commenced and prosecuted with due diligence drilling operations for oil and gas on the 76% acres until four wells had been drilled, within two years from February 23, 1901, to depths ranging from 500 to 1,012 feet, at a total outlay of some $30,000.

In the second well, begun in October, 1902, oil was dis-’ covered in paying quantities, and approximately 1,000 barrels were marketed therefrom ; W. F. Arnold receiving one-tenth royalty. The last work of exploration or production, performed by Underwood or his assigns, on the 76% acres, was in July, 1904, when the fourth well was finished. After "the completion of the fourth well in 1904, all drilling equipment and machinery were removed from the premises. The drilling of the four wells exhausted every dollar available from" either the Equitable Mining Company or the Arnold Oil Company.

The drilling outfit was used in paying for the fourth well. The manager for both companies was Jno. C. Underwood. The last attempt at development by Underwood or by any one claiming under him was narrated by Underwood as fallows: “For a great many years after we ceased operations there, I exerted myself to a considerable degree trying to raise additional money with which to make further development. During the lifetime of Gov.

Hogg, he divided my expenses where expenses were necessary in attempting such promotion, and, after his death, as occasion offered at a small insignificant expense, I would attempt, at my own expenses, to interest people with me.

I did not succeed, and eventually the burden of promoting this matter became more than my financial condition permitted, and I gradually dropped out.” The Equitable Mining Company was incorporated March 30, 1901, with a capital stock of «$50,000, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining oil companies, with authority to lease and purchase the right to prospect for, develop, and use petroleum and other minerals and their products and ti> erect and own tanks, pipes, and cars for the operation of its business. Gov. Hogg was one of the company’s principal ’stockholders. -Mr. A. J.

Eilers of Austin was the company’s president. On July 1, 1905, the rights to do business in Texas of both the Equitable Mining Company and the Arnold Oil Company were forfeited on failure to pay franchise taxes. President Eilers testified that the Equitable Mining Company ceased to do business or to hold meetings of directors or stockholders after entry of the forfeiture of its right to do business in 1905.

Believing Arnold entitled to a release, Eilers signed, acknowledged, and mailed to Arnold, at his request, an instrument, dated January 5, 1909, in the name of the Equitable Mining Company acting by Eilers as president, under .the corporate seal, whereby it was declared that the company had re-mised and released the 81% acres of land to Arnold, and whereby acknowledgment was made that the oil lease to Underwood had become null and void. Defendants in error are the successors or assigns of the Equitable Mining Company and of the Arnold Oil Company. On December 26, 1908, W. F.

Arnold and wife conveyed 70 of the 76% acres tract to A: McGary, for a cash consideration of $8,-750, the deed expressly conveying all the rights, both surface and mineral, in any wise pertaining to the 70 acres. By deeds dated respectively November 21, 1906, December 11, 1908, and August 26, 1917, the remainder of the 81 % acres was conveyed by Arnold and wife to various persons, in different parcels. Whatever rights passed to the grantees in these last-mentioned deeds, as well as to Mc-Gary under the deed to him, now belong to plaintiffs in error.

After the Equitable Mining Company and the Arnold Oil Company ceased their drilling operations, the West Columbia Oil Company in 1906 acquired what is called the “Hogg lease,” and it drilled a well in 1907 west of the Arnold land, without finding any oil. The Palacios Oil Company succeeded the West Columbia Company, drilling six dry wells in 1908 or 1909, being in turn succeeded by -the Markham Fuel Company,, operating for a short period when it became insolvent.

The Brazos Oil Company drilled on the Hogg land close to Arnold’s line in 1909, bringing in a well producing about 1,000 barrels of low grade oil before it began to run salt water. It was about this time that A. Mc-Gary purchased the tract of 70 acres.

In 1913, several parties- acquired leases on 1,800 acres, near West Columbia, which were assigned to the Texas Company, whereupon that company began drilling the first deep wells. ■The Texas Company commenced a well on the 70 acres out of the 76% acre tract in 1918, and brought in a well, which proved the. land richly productive of oil, in January, 1919, having expended approximately $150,-.000 prior to April, 1919. On May 8, 1919, defendants in error instituted this suit for the recovery of nine-tenths the oil, gas, and other minerals in the 76% acres of land.

The right of recovery by defendants in error is predicated on the view, adopted by a majority of the Court of Civil Appeals, that Underwood and his assigns acquired an absolute fee-simple title to nine-tenths the oil, gas, and other minerals in place, upon condition subsequent that specified operations for drilling a well be performed, and that, after compliance with such condition subsequent, neither Arnold and wife nor their assigns could be reinvested with title to the oil, gas, and other minerals, without a written conveyance, in the absence of limitation or estoppel.

Careful consideration leads us to disapprove the conclusion of the Court of Civil Appeals as to the legal effect of the grant to Underwood. The grant was of minerals in place with appurtenant rights. The vital consideration for the grant was royalties on mineral production. Arnold and wife could ■have made a deed of gift to their mineral estate. They could have conveyed the minerals for a nominal or formal consideration. Instead, they were careful to have the writing provide, in addition to the consideration of $1, a consideration of possibly large value, realizable only through exploration and production.

The grant was plainly for the purpose of securing a test of the land, which, if successful, was to result in the mining and marketing of valuable minerals, for the joint profit of grantors and grantee, their heirs or assigns. Testing was merely preliminary to production, which was the real aim and end of all parties. As if to remove doubt as to the true purpose of the grant, it was expressly declared: First, that it was the intent of all partjes that the grant should operate as a conveyance for the purpose mentioned; and, second, that the parties understood such intent.

The conveyance, for the purpose of exploration'and production, and for no other purpose,( was to continue for 25 years and as much longer as oil, gas, o» other minerals could be produced in paying quantities. The grant was to become null and void if operations for drilling a -well for oil, gas, or other minerals were not commenced within two. years and prosecuted with due diligence, provided the forfeiture might be prevented by a stipulated yearly payment of money. The grant was not of an absolute fee.

The estate conveyed, on condition subsequent, was a determinable fee, inasmuch as the land might always' produce minerals in paying quantities, causing the grant to endure forever, and inasmuch as the intent is unquestionable that the land was to be used for no other purpose than to drill for and produce the minerals, and that the grant was to be enjoyed only while the work of mineral exploration and production was carried on. Stephens County v. Mid-Kansas Oil Company, 112 Tex. -, 254 S. W. 290, decided to-day, where authorities-are collated:; Munsey v. Marnet Oil & Gas Co., 112 Tex. -, 254 S. W. 311; Robinson v.

Jacobs, 112 Tex. -, 254 S. W. 309. The conveyance in Wilmore Coal Co. v. Brown (C. C.) 147 Fed. 931, was of minerals and incidental mining rights for 99 years, with privilege of renewal, in consideration of certain royalties, figured on production, payable quarterly.

Holding that after the expiration of 24 years, during which the grantee did nothing to mine or develop the minerals, he had no title thereto, the court said: “No doubt, he took an estate in the minerals conveyed, but the grant was for a definite purpose, the consideration to the original owners being, not the paltry $5 or $10 recited in the deeds, whether paid or unpaid, but the royalties which were to be derived as the result of mining.

The lessee was to make the minerals of value to them, which was the whole inducement for parting with them, and that, with due diligence, an obligation which has been disregarded for nearly a generation. The lessee’s idea is that he can lie by indefinitely and yet retain the rights granted, having 99 years, as it is said, in which to mine, with the privilege of 99 more, and after that forever. Time is of no consequence, according to the argument, and haste not contemplated; developments being virtually left to his discretion, subject only to liability in damages for unreasonable inaction.

But this is not the construction to be adopted.

Judged by its purpose, the grant was not absolute and unconditional, but qualified, and the neglect to exercise the rights and privileges conveyed, for the period which appears here, to the grave detriment of the grantors, is to be taken as a relinquishment and abandonment of them, and that without regard to the acts or intent of the grantee, short of actual assertive operation.” The New York Court of Appeals construed a lease of a tract of land with the exclusive right to extract all oil therefrom “for the term of twelve years from this date or as long as oil is found in paying quantities,” as conferring no right on the lessees, after their abandonment within 12 years of the use of the premises for the purpose of obtaining the oil.

The ground of the decision may be summed up in three sentences as follows: “Undoubtedly the lessees had the right of possession so long as they, in good faith, were engaged in boring wells, or testing the oil-producing, capacity of the land.

But when it was demonstrated that oil could not be obtained, or when they should abandon their search, their right to possess the property would end, and thereafter they would have no more right to occupy it than a stranger. * * * The lessees having tested the premises to their satisfaction, and having for two years ceased to use them for the purposes granted, it was well held by the learned referee that the contract might be and was legally terminated by the lessor.” Eaton et al. v. Allegany Gas Co., Limited, et al., 122 N. Y. 422, 25 N. E. 983.

A tract' of land was leased for 99 years in consideration, of the lessee’s promise to pay one-tenth the gold or other metals procured from the land, which the lessee was authorized to mine. In refusing to sustain the lessee’s right to withhold the minerals from the lessor for 99 years, the Supreme Court of North Carolina said: “It would be unjust and unreasonable, and contravene the nature and spirit of the lease to allow the lessee to continue to hold his term a considerable length of time, without making any effort at all to mine for gold or other metals.

Such a construction of the rights of the parties would enable him to prevent the lessor from getting his tolls under the express covenant to pay the same, and deprive him of all opportunity to work the mine himself, or permit others to do so. The law does not tolerate such practical absurdity, nor will it permit the possibility of such injustice.” Conrad v. Morehead, 89 N. C. 35, followed in Hawkins v. Pepper, 117 N. C. 415, 23 S. E. 434.

The Supreme Court of Illinois, while holding that gas and oil cannot be the subject of separate ownership in place, yet declares: “The right to go upon the. land and occupy it for the purpose of prospecting, if of unlimited duration, is a freehold interest (Bruner v. Hicks, 230 Ill. 536 [82 N. E. 888]); but such interest, being vested for a specific purpose, becomes extinct when the purpose is accomplished or'the work is abandoned.” Watford Oil & Gas Co. v. Shipman, 233 Ill. 13, 84 N. E. 54, 122 Am. St. Rep. 144. The question before us was involved in T. & P. Ry. Co. v.

Durrett, 57 Tex. 48, when it was determined what estate was created by a grant of a railroad right of way through certain premises and of a right t’o use wood, soil, gravel, and stone therefrom. The haben-dum showed that whatever was granted was to be held forever “for the uses and purposes aforesaid.” The court held that the grant conveyed “a qualified determinable feé, liable only to be divested if the estate is used for purposes other than that contemplated by the conveyance.” In Judge Stayton’s opinion in T. & P. Ry. Co. v. Durrett, supra, the case of State v. Brown, 27 N. J.

Law, 13, is cited, wherein the Supreme Court of New Jersey said of a deed: “It conveys all the right, title, and interest of the grantors in the land and its appurtenances for the term specified in the grant, to wit, ‘as long as used for said canal.’ By the terms of the conveyance, the grantees take a qualified fee, liable to be defeated whenever they cease to use the land for the purpose*specified in the grant. 1 Inst. 1, b. 27 a; 1 Cruise, 79, tit. 1, § 82; 2 Bl.

Com. 110.” The Court of Civil Appeals concluded that the wells drilled by Underwood’s assigns liquidated all rentals and 'kept the grant in effect for 25 years. We think tjiat the $10 per year payment clause had no relation to anything save prevention of a forfeiture from failure to drill with diligence, within two years from the date of the grant.

After a well was drilled, with the required diligence, the grantee and his assigns were invested with title, freed of the express condition subsequent, to the oil, gas, and other minerals, and incidental rights, for 25 years from the time of discovery of the oil, gas, or other minerals, and as much longer as same might be produced from the 761/4 acres of land in paying quantities. But such title vested only for the purpose specified in the. writing through which the title was derived.

If it were true that the full purpose of the contract was to merely prove the 76% acres to be oil-bearing, there would be reason for saying that completion of a successful test vested indefeasible rights in the grantee or his assigns for 25 years or longer, but to so prove the land was no more than the 'first step towards the accomplishment of the true and ultimate purpose .of all parties, viz. the mutually profitable production of oil, gas, or other valuable mineral. Grubb v. McAfee, 109 Tex. 531, 212 S. W. 464.

The title and rights .conveyed to Underwood or his assigns were to be held and used for no other purpose than mineral exploration, development, and production. When that purpose was no longer prosecuted by Underwood and his assigns, their title and estate instantly terminated. The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia decided a case very similar to this, styled Parish Fork Oil Co. v. Bridgewater' Gas Co., reported in 51 W. Va. 583, 42 S. E. 655, 59 L. R. A. 566. There the term of the lease was 15 years and as much longer as the premises were operated for oil.

As here, the lease provided for the completion of one well within a comparatively brief time, or for the payment of a certain rental, and provided also: “It is further agreed that when the first well is completed on said premises then all cash rentals shall cease.” The lessees in that case contended that by completing the first well, producing oil in paying quantities, in accordance with the stipulation in the lease, they acquired an absolute vested title to the oil, of which they could not be divested save by reconveyance, etc. It was decided that on completion of the well the lessees did take title to the oil.

But, in denying that the lessees could refuse performance of their obligations and continue-to hold or own the oil, it is said, with irrefutable logic: “There is no case which goes so far as to announce that after mere discovery of oil, the lessee, upon the assumption of a vested interest or title, may cease operation, refuse to develop the property, tie up the oil by his Igase and simply hold it for speculative purposes, or to await his own pleasure as to the time of development.

A well-settled principle of law is, that a contract shall be construed as a whole and in the light of the purposes and objects for the. accomplishment. of which it was made. Oil leases are no exception to the rule, and, as the subject-matter of the lease is peculiar in its nature, the courts have given this, principle great latitude in 'their construction. They are executed by the lessor in the hope and with an expressed or implied condition that the land shall be developed and oil produced. When production takes place, the lease is mutually beneficial.

The royalty which it is stipulated in all these leases that the landowner shall receive, is generally the moving cause of the execution of the lease. * * * ‘If a farm is leased for farming purposes, the lessee to deliver to the lessor a share of the crops, in the nature of rent, it would be absurd to say, because there was no express engagement to farm, that the lessee was under no obligation to cultivate the land. An engagement to farm in a proper manner, and to a reasonable extent, is necessarily implied.

The clear purpose of the parties to this lease was to have the lands developed, and the half-yearly payments, and the other sums stipulated, were intended not only to spur the operator, but to compensate Ray for the operator’s delay or default.’ Ray v. Gas Co., 138 Pa. St. 576 [20 Atl. 1065, 12 L. R. A. 290, 21 Am. St. Rep. 922], * * * All the provisions of the contract must be effective, if possible. By its terms, this lease is to be in force for the period of 15 years from its date and as much longer as the premises are operated for oil or gas.

Another provision is, that the lessor shall have one-eighth of the oil produced and $50 per annum for each gas well. It is just as important to the lessor that when discovery of oil is made, the land shall yield him his royalty as it is that discovery shall vest in the lessee title to the balance of the oil. If the lessee shall be permitted to sit down and refuse to produce, after discovery, the lessor loses a part of what he contracted for. The contract bears no such construction as that.

What the lessee acquires by discovery is the right to produce and take the oil, paying out of it the stipulated royalty, and not title to the oil as it remains in the land, without production.” To the same effect is the later case of Harris v. Michael, 70 W. Va. 356, 73 S. E. 937.

It is settled law in Pennsylvania that where lands are demised for a fixed term and as much longer as oil is found in paying quantities, with the exclusive right to conduct operations for the discovery and production of oil, thus passing title to the oil, such title is lost, even before the expiration of the fixed term, by failure to proceed with exploration and development, though the lease contains no express forfeiture clause, for the reason that the lessees “cannot hold the premises under their lease and not develop the territory.” Highfield Co. v. Kirk, 248 Pa. 23, 93 Atl. 817; Ayr v.

Philadelphia Co., 193 Pa. 456, 44 Atl. 555, 74 Am. St. Rep. 696; Barnsdall v. Bradford Gas. Co., 225 Pa. 338, 74 Atl. 207, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 614; De Witt’s Estate, 266 Pa. 550, 109 Atl. 699. There are many cases holding that a failure to usé proper diligence in the production of minerals, after discovery, is a breach of condition subsequent in the ordinary mineral lease, where the obligation to continue production is merely implied, for which breach the lease becomes subject to forfeiture. Benavides v. Hunt, 79 Tex. 395, 15 S. W. 396; J. M. Guffey Petroleum Co. v. Oliver (Tex. Civ. App.) 79 S. W. 888; Fisher v.

Orescent Oil Co. (Tex. Civ. App.) 178 S. W. 907; Hickernell v. Gregory (Tex. Civ. App.) 224 S. W. 697; Petroleum Co. v. Coal, Coke & Mfg. Co., 89 Tenn. 381, 18 S. W. 66; Eastern Kentucky Mineral & T. Co. v. Swann-Day L. Co., 148 Ky. 82, 146 S. W. 441, 46 L. R. A. (N. S.) 672 ; Mansfield Gas Co. v. Parkhill, 114 Ark. 419, 169 S. W. 958; Price v. Black, 126 Iowa, 304, 101 N. W. 1056; Loveland v. Longhenry, 145 Wis., 68, 129 N. W. 650, 140 Am. St. Rep. 1068; Gadbury v. Ohio & Ind. Consol. Nat. & Ill. Gas. Co., 162 Ind. 9, 67 N. E. 259, 62 L. R. A. 899; Brewster v. Lanyon Zinc Co., 140 Fed. 811-814, 72 C. C. A. 213.

In Grubb v. McAfee, 109 Tex. 535, 212 S. W. 464, this court declined to hold -that' tbe implied obligation to continue the exploration for and production of minerals, under a lease similar to that to Underwood,, was a condition subsequent, for breach of which the lease might be forfeited. We see no necessity for changing the view on that point expressed in Grubb v. McAfee.

However, there are expressions in that opinion as to the nature of the lessee’s title and as to the plaintiff’s suit being maintainable only on proof of abandonment, which are not consistent with our conclusions in this case' and in the case of Stephens County v. Mid-Kansas Oil & Gas Company, supra.

Much the same practical results are obtained whether the mineral estate conveyed is regarded as "determinable or is regarded as held on condition subsequent, where there has been a failure of the lessee to perform the obligations, express or implied, which are essential to the accomplishment of the purpose of the grant. Our object is to announce a rule which is truly consonant with the real intent of the contracting parties.

We are convinced: First, that Underwood and his assigns took only a determinable fee under the grant from Arnold and wife, which terminated long ago; and, second, that abandonment of the purpose for which Underw.ood and his assigns were invested with their title and rights in and to the minerals and land was necessarily fatal t'o the maintenance of the suit of defendants in error.

The evidence is undisputed, which conclusively shows that those under whom.defendants in error claim entirely and permanently stopped and abandoned the exploration and development of the 76% acres and the production of minerals •thereon. Their estate at once terminated without the need of a conveyance. All the oil, gas, and other minerals remaining in the land reverted to Arnold and wife or their assigns, and defendants in error had no title to support their suit. Limitation has not barred the cross-action of plaintiffs in error to remove the cloud cast on their titles by the claim of defendants in error.

Such claim seems to have arisen within four years next preceding the filing of the cross-action. Moreover, we prefer to follow the rule, which appears to be sus-’ tained by the weight of authority, that since the injury from a cloud on the title to real estate is continuing the cause of action for its removal is likewise continuing, and never barred while the cloud exists. Pannell v. Askew (Tex. Civ. App.) 143 S. W. 365; Cooper v. Rhea, 82 Kan. 109, 107 Pac. 799, 29 L. R. A. (N. S.) 930, 136 Am. St. Rep. 100, 20 Ann. Cas. 42; Miner v. Beekman, 50 N. Y. 337; 17 R. C. L. § 71, p. 715.

The judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is reversed, and that of the district court is affirmed. &wkey;oEor other eases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes