The State of Washington, Respondent, v. Marcelino J. Rodriguez, Petitioner, 146 Wash. 2d 260

Madsen, J. — Marcelino Rodriguez seeks reversal of a Court of Appeals decision affirming his conviction on two counts of delivery of cocaine. Rodriguez contends that the appearance of a state witness in prison garb, shackles and handcuffs, while testifying to a criminal association with the defendant, was unfairly prejudicial and that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court, holding that the judge was not required to conduct a security hearing before the appearance of a state witness in prison garb and shackles.

We hold that the prohibition against physical restraints in the courtroom applies to all inmate witnesses. We affirm the conviction, however, because the defendant did not object to the witness’s appearance and has failed to demonstrate that only a new trial could have cured the prejudice caused by that appearance. FACTS Marcelino Rodriguez was convicted of two counts of delivery of cocaine in May 1999. The convictions arose out of two controlled buys arranged by the police through a paid informant, Arturo Suarez.

On two separate occasions during the spring of 1999, Suarez contacted Rodriguez in order to purchase cocaine. Suarez told Rodriguez each time that he wanted to buy an “eight-ball,” or four grams of cocaine. On each occasion the police then gave Suarez prerecorded money with which to make the drug buy. Following each meeting with Rodriguez, Suarez returned and gave the officers two grams of cocaine he said he had purchased from Rodriguez. The amount on each occasion was two grams less than the four grams expected when purchasing an eight-ball.

According to Arnulfo Ojeda, a State witness, Rodriguez contacted him prior to each meeting with Suarez to purchase cocaine for the planned transaction. At the scene of the second meeting, officers observed Rodriguez enter a vehicle to make what officers believed was a drug buy. Officers followed the car in which they had seen Rodriguez and later determined that it was driven by Ojeda. Police obtained a search warrant for Ojeda’s residence and during the search the officers found two of the prerecorded $20 bills that Suarez had given to Rodriguez during the second drug buy.

When the state called Ojeda as a witness, officers brought him into the courtroom wearing a black and white striped prison suit, handcuffs, and his ankles were bound by shackles. Ojeda testified that he had been charged with delivering cocaine to Rodriguez. He also testified that he had pleaded guilty to delivering the cocaine, later purchased by Suarez, as part of a plea agreement in which the prosecutor agreed to recommend deportation rather than incarceration.

Immediately following Ojeda’s testimony, Rodriguez moved for a mistrial arguing that the witness’s appearance in prison garb and shackles while testifying to a criminal association with the defendant was unfairly prejudicial. The trial court denied the motion reasoning that prohibitions on shackling prisoners do not apply to State’s witnesses. Rodriguez appealed. The Court of Appeals affirmed, holding that the trial judge was not required to conduct a security hearing and that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying Rodriguez’s motion for a new trial.

ANALYSIS The issue in this case is whether the trial judge erred when he denied Mr. Rodriguez’s motion for a new trial following the testimony of a State’s witness who appeared in court while shackled and dressed in jail garb. Before we can answer that question, however, we must decide whether the prohibitions against physical restraints in the courtroom apply equally to all inmate witnesses. It is a well settled rule that absent some compelling reason for physical restraint, defendants may appear in court free of prison garb and shackles. See Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 504, 96 S. Ct. 1691, 48 L.

Ed. 2d 126 (1976); State v. Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d 383, 635 P.2d 694 (1981); Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 90 S. Ct. 1057, 25 L. Ed. 2d 353 (1970); State v. Finch, 137 Wn.2d 792, 975 P.2d 967 (1999); State v. Elmore, 139 Wn.2d 250, 985 P.2d 289 (1999), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 837 (2000); State v. Hutchinson, 135 Wn.2d 863, 959 P.2d 1061 (1998), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1157 (1999); State v. Breedlove, 79 Wn. App. 101, 900 P.2d 586 (1995). This rule has also been extended to defense inmate witnesses by every court to consider the issue. See Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d at 399; Wilson v.

McCarthy, 770 F.2d 1482 (9th Cir. 1985); State v. Simmons, 26 Wn. App. 917, 614 P.2d 1316 (1980); United States v. Brooks, 125 F.3d 484 (7th Cir. 1997); Woods v. Thieret, 5 F.3d 244 (7th Cir. 1993); United States v. Amaro, 816 F.2d 284 (7th Cir. 1987); Harrell v. Israel, 672 F.2d 632 (7th Cir. 1982); Kennedy v. Cardwell, 487 F.2d 101, 105 (6th Cir. 1973); United States v. Roustio, 455 F.2d 366 (7th Cir. 1972). This court and the Court of Appeals have addressed the issue of witness restraints generally in two cases, Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d 383 and Simmons, 26 Wn. App. 917.

In Hartzog, this court held that a blanket security order applying generally to all inmate witnesses constitutes an abuse of discretion. The court began by recognizing that, historically, restraints are an extreme measure to be used only when necessary to prevent escape, injury to persons in the courtroom, or to prevent disorder. Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d at 398.

Then the court stated that “[w]hile a shackled witness may not directly affect the presumption of innocence, it seems plain that there may be some inherent prejudice to defendant, as the jury may doubt the witness’ credibility.” Id. at 399 (citing Kennedy, 487 F.2d at 105 n.5). Balanced against the defendant’s right to a fair trial, the Hartzog court noted, is the broad discretion afforded the trial court judge to provide for order and security in the courtroom. Id. at 401.

Accordingly, this court adopted standards set forth by the Court of Appeals in Hartzog for trial courts to consider when faced with physical restraint decisions: “[A]ge and physical attributes; his past record;. . . threats to harm others or cause a disturbance; self-destructive tendencies; the risk of mob violence or of attempted revenge by others;. . . the nature and physical security of the courtroom; and the adequacy and availability of alternative remedies.” Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d at 400 (quoting State v. Tolley, 290 N.C. 349, 368, 226 S.E.2d 353 (1976)).

Notably, the court did not distinguish between the restraint of defense and prosecution witnesses, but ruled that a trial court must engage in a case by case analysis to determine if shackling of an inmate witness is necessary. Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d at 400. The holding was neither explicitly limited to defense witnesses nor explicitly inclusive of witnesses for the State. Rather, the court focused on the need for the trial court to exercise its discretion in determining the necessity and the extent of security measures to protect the process. Id. at 400.

Similar to Hartzog, the trial court in Simmons issued a blanket order that all inmate witnesses for both the prosecution and the defense would be shackled at Simmons’ trial. Following this court’s decision in Hartzog, the Court of Appeals reversed the order and held that “until a record is made, those inmate witnesses called by either the State or the defense cannot be physically restrained.” Simmons, 26 Wn. App. at 921. The State argues that our analysis in Hartzog does not support a prohibition against physical restraint of all witnesses in the courtroom and that Simmons was wrongly decided. We disagree.

Courts that have extended the restraint rule to witnesses have done so for two reasons. First, as this court held in Hartzog, a jury may suspect the credibility of a witness who appears in court wearing shackles, thereby prejudicing the defendant. Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d at 399. See also Harrell, 672 F.2d at 635 (citing United States v. Garcia, 625 F.2d 162 (7th Cir. 1980)); and Kennedy, 487 F.2d 101. Because this impacts a defendant’s right to a fair trial, a witness may not appear in physical restraints except in compelling circumstances. Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d at 400; Wilson, 770 F.2d 1482; and Roustio, 455 F.2d 366.

See also Simmons, 26 Wn. App. at 921 (physical restraints may be used only as a last resort); United States v. Esquer, 459 F.2d 431 (7th Cir. 1972); Harrell, 672 F.2d at 635-36 (both require a showing of extreme need to justify the use of physical restraints at trial); United States v. Fountain, 768 F.2d 790, 794 (7th Cir. 1985) (physical restraint is permissible to prevent grave danger of witness attacking people in courtroom or attempting to escape); Kennedy, 487 F.2d at 105 n.5 (physical restraint may be necessary when there is evident danger of escape or harm by witness in courtroom).

The judge must conduct a hearing weighing the reasons for physical restraint on the record and determine that the prejudice to the defendant is outweighed by the necessity for physical restraint. See Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d 383; Roustio, 455 F.2d at 371; Fountain, 768 F.2d at 794; Simmons, 26 Wn. App. at 921. Although potential harm to a defense witness’s credibility has been accepted as a reason for extending the rule against physical restraint to defense witnesses, that rule has its basis in protecting the defendant’s right to a fair trial.

There is no dispute that prison garb, shackles and handcuffs have effects on a jury that are hard to quantify. As the United States Supreme Court discussed in Estelle, when a defendant wears prison garb during a trial it creates a “continuing influence” that could very well “affect a juror’s judgment” by allowing “impermissible factors [to come] into play.” Estelle, 425 U.S. at 505.

The Supreme Court has also said: “[0]ne accused of a crime is entitled to have his guilt or innocence determined solely on the basis of the evidence introduced at trial, and not on. . . circumstances not adduced as proof at trial.” Taylor v. Kentucky, 436 U.S. 478, 485, 98 S. Ct. 1930, 56 L. Ed. 2d 468 (1978) (genuine risk that jury would convict defendant on basis of extraneous considerations rather than on proof adduced at trial).

Rodriguez argues there is the same danger when one closely associated with the defendant testifies in prison garb, creating a continuing influence on the minds of jurors that could allow impermissible factors to come into play in the jury’s deliberations. The Court of Appeals rejected this argument and held as a matter of law that a defendant is never prejudiced when a government witness appears in court in prison garb or shackles. However, the facts of this case belie that conclusion.

The witness in this case, while clad in clothing clearly denoting guilt and his status as a prisoner, testified to a criminal association with the defendant. This associated guilt and prisoner status had the potential to prejudice the presumption of innocence to which the defendant was entitled. The rule against physical restraint has its roots in constitutional fairness itself and such fairness may be furthered only by extending the rule to government witnesses.

We have been cited to only two courts that have considered whether a government witness testifying while wearing prison garb prejudiced a defendant, and both assumed that prejudice to the defendant was possible. See Brooks, 125 F.3d 484; State v. Charron, 743 S.W.2d 436 (Mo. Ct. App. 1987). Although the court in Brooks affirmed the defendant’s conviction, it considered whether the government witness’s appearance in prison garb caused prejudice to the defendant. The government witness in Brooks had been granted immunity and was serving a sentence for two convictions unrelated to the defendant.

The court found that since it was made clear to the jury that the witness’s status as an inmate was wholly unrelated to any act of the defendant, there was no prejudice. Unlike the situation in Brooks, there is a direct relationship here between the witness’s status as an inmate and the crime with which the defendant is charged. The State’s witness here was incarcerated for essentially the same criminal act for which Rodriguez was on trial and at trial identified the cocaine in evidence as the exact cocaine he had been charged with delivering.

Similarly, the court in Charron considered whether the defendant was prejudiced when a codefendant testified for the State while wearing prison clothing. The court cited Estelle and stated that “ [i] t is well established that a prisoner cannot be compelled to appear in court in identifiable prison clothing.” Charron, 743 S.W.2d at 438. Although the court recognized the potential for prejudice, it upheld the conviction because the defendant had failed to object at trial and there was no indication that the garb was recognizable as prison issue. Id. at 438-39.

The State relies on Brooks and Charron to support its position that the rule against witness restraint should not be extended to include State inmate witnesses. However, both courts did consider whether the defendant was prejudiced when a prosecution witness testifies in prison garb. Here, the State’s witness was not only clothed in jail garb but also bound in shackles and handcuffs. As early as 1897 this court recognized the “ancient right of one accused of crime ... to appear in court unfettered.” State v. Williams, 18 Wash. 47, 50, 50 P. 580 (1897).

In recent years, the concept of a fair trial has been expanded to include the prohibition against physical restraint of both defendants and their witnesses. While it is difficult to measure the prejudicial affect of shackling on a jury, it is possible to imagine the potential. To fully protect the defendant against being convicted by impermissible factors rather than solely by the evidence, the rule against physical restraint, without a showing of necessity, must apply to all inmate witnesses. This view is also supported by the court’s obligation to uphold the dignity of the judicial process.

As stated by this court in State v. Finch, the shackling of witnesses is an affront to the dignity of the court regardless of whether it is a defendant or a witness: “Not only is it possible that the sight of shackles and gags might have a significant effect on the jury’s feelings about the defendant, but the use of this technique [shackling and gagging] is itself something of an affront to the very dignity and decorum of judicial proceedings that the judge is seeking to uphold.” Finch, 137 Wn.2d at 846 (quoting Allen, 397 U.S. at 344).

Justice Brennan, in his concurring opinion in Allen, went on to say “It offends not only judicial dignity and decorum, but also that respect for the individual which is the lifeblood of the law.” Allen, 397 U.S. at 350-51. See also Lemons v. Skidmore, 985 F.2d 354 (7th Cir. 1993); Kennedy, 487 F.2d 101. A policy upholding the dignity and decorum of the judicial forum applies to the use of physical restraints, regardless of who is being restrained.

Accordingly, we hold that an inmate witness, whether testifying for the defense or the state, should not appear before a jury in restraints, absent a finding of necessity by the trial court, based on the considerations outlined in Hartzog. Hartzog, 96 Wn.2d 383. We do not, however, suggest that the trial judge is required to conduct a security hearing sua sponte. Rather, the responsibility for requesting a hearing rests with the parties. In this case neither the State nor Mr. Rodriguez requested a hearing. Additionally, Mr.

Rodriguez did not object to Ojeda’s appearance in shackles, nor did he request a curative instruction to the jury. Instead, after Ojeda completed his testimony, Rodriguez moved for a mistrial. The trial court denied his motion. Our review is of that denial. This court applies an abuse of discretion standard in reviewing the trial court’s denial of a mistrial. State v. Hopson, 113 Wn.2d 273, 284, 778 P.2d 1014 (1989). A reviewing court will find abuse of discretion only when “ ‘no reasonable judge would have reached the same conclusion.’ ” Id. (quoting Sofie v.

Fibreboard Corp., 112 Wn.2d 636, 667, 771 P.2d 711 (1989)). A trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial will be overturned only when there is a “ ‘substantial likelihood’ ” that the error prompting the request for a mistrial affected the jury’s verdict. State v. Russell, 125 Wn.2d 24, 85, 882 P.2d 747 (1994) (quoting State v. Crane, 116 Wn.2d 315, 333, 804 P.2d 10 (1991)). Further, this court has held that trial courts “should grant a mistrial only when the defendant has been so prejudiced that nothing short of a new trial can insure that the defendant will be tried fairly.” State v.

Kwan Fai Mak, 105 Wn.2d 692, 701, 718 P.2d 407, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 (1986), quoted in Hopson, 113 Wn.2d at 284. We have recognized that, under some circumstances, prejudice arising from shackling may be cured through an appropriate instruction to the jury. State v. Ollison, 68 Wn.2d 65, 69, 411 P.2d 419 (1966). In Elmore, this court placed on the defendant “the obligation to object or request a curative instruction regarding shackling.” Elmore, 139 Wn.2d at 273. Mr. Rodriguez did neither. Nevertheless, Rodriguez argues that the prejudice caused by Mr.

Ojeda’s appearance was so great that nothing short of a new trial could cure the error. We disagree. The mere fact that a jury sees an inmate wearing shackles does not mandate reversal. State v. Gosser, 33 Wn. App. 428, 435, 656 P.2d 514 (1982); State v. Early, 70 Wn. App. 452, 853 P.2d 964 (1993). In Gosser, the defendant moved for a mistrial, contending that his right to a fair trial was prejudiced when several jurors observed his shackles being removed outside the courtroom.

He did not request a curative instruction and could point to nothing other than the jury’s brief view of him in shackles to support his contention that only a new trial would cure the prejudice. The court affirmed the trial court’s denial of the motion for mistrial. Similarly, in State v. Sawyer, members of the jury observed a deputy handcuffing the defendant at the end of the first day of trial. This court held that the prompt admonition to the jury the following day cured the error, and affirmed the denial of motion for mistrial. State v. Sawyer, 60 Wn.2d 83, 371 P.2d 932 (1962). In State v. Russell, 33 Wn.

App. 579, 588, 657 P.2d 338 (1983), a deputy sheriff stopped the defendant as he was attempting to join his attorney at a sidebar, which defendant contended created a prejudicial inference that the defendant was dangerous. The defendant did not request a cautionary instruction but instead moved for a mistrial. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s denial of the motion, holding that when an error can be obviated by jury instruction, the error is waived by failing to request such an instruction.

In this case, if Rodriguez had objected before Ojeda testified, the court would have had an opportunity to weigh the considerations involved. If the court concluded that the witness was improperly dressed and restrained, it could have corrected the problem and admonished the jury, reducing or eliminating the potential for prejudice arising from the jury’s view of Mr. Ojeda in jail garb, handcuffs, and shackles.

We believe that requiring a timely objection in the circumstances here is appropriate because in some instances the defense may anticipate some tactical advantage from having a State’s witness testify in restraints. In such an instance, the defense should not be allowed to second-guess its own tactical decision by an after-the-fact objection. Here, Rodriguez argues that Ojeda’s appearance took him by surprise and that his failure to make a timely objection was justified.

Assuming Rodriguez is correct, we nevertheless believe that an appropriate curative instruction, even after Ojeda’s testimony, could have ameliorated any prejudice caused by Ojeda’s appearance. Ojeda testified that he had pleaded guilty to delivering the cocaine that Rodriquez later allegedly sold to the police informant, Suarez. In exchange for his plea, Ojeda testified, the prosecutor agreed to recommend his deportation instead of a jail sentence. Rodriguez does not dispute the admissibility of this testimony. Thus, the jury knew Ojeda had been convicted and that he would not be sentenced to jail, but deported.

Under these circumstances a caution to the jury regarding Ojeda’s appearance would have been sufficient. We conclude that the defendant has failed to carry his burden of demonstrating that a new trial was mandated in this case. CONCLUSION We hold that a court should conduct a hearing to determine the need for security measures whenever a prisoner will appear in court. This is without regard to whether the prisoner is the defendant or a defense or state witness.

However, we affirm the conviction because the defendant failed to timely object or to request a curative instruction, and has failed to establish that only a new trial could have cured any prejudice. The Court of Appeals is affirmed. Alexander, C.J., and Smith, Johnson, Ireland, Bridge, Chambers, and Owens, JJ., concur. As petitioner points out, there is no evidence in the record that there was any need for the witness to be in the courtroom in prison garb, shackles and handcuffs.

There is no indication, even reading the record broadly, that the witness was dangerous or that there was any danger to anyone in the courtroom. The dissent argues that we must apply the harmless error test followed in State v. Elmore, 139 Wn.2d 250, 985 P.2d 289 (1999), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 837 (2000) and State v. Finch, 137 Wn.2d 792, 975 P.2d 967 (1999). However, in Finch, this court reviewed the trial court’s order that the defendant be shackled throughout the trial. Here we are not reviewing a court’s order to shackle a witness.

Similarly, although the dissent correctly notes that a claim of unconstitutional shackling is subject to a harmless error analysis, we are not reviewing a claim of unconstitutional shackling, we are reviewing a claim that a motion for mistrial was wrongly denied. We do not find fault with the trial court for failing to give a curative instruction sua sponte. As this court noted in Elmore, 139 Wn.2d at 273, “ ‘[although no [curative] instruction was requested [regarding shackling], the better course may have been for the trial court sua sponte to give an instruction concerning the shackles.

Nevertheless, we decline to impose upon the trial court the mandatory responsibility of giving such an instruction when the defendant fails to request one. The choice whether an instruction should be given should ordinarily lie with the defendant.’ ” (quoting Wilson v. McCarthy, 770 F.2d 1482, 1485-86 (9th Cir. 1985) (citation omitted)). The dissent contends that a new trial is the only proper remedy when the witness is seen in shackles.

This court has never so held, and these cases in which a defendant’s motion for a new trial was denied, even though the defendant was seen in physical restraints, are to the contrary.