Wilma E. VARGO, Executrix of the Estate of Martha J. Fornari, Deceased, Plaintiff Below, Appellant, v. Sandra L. PINE and David J. Pine, Defendants Below, Appellees, 208 W. Va. 416

MAYNARD, Chief Justice. The appellant and plaintiff below, Wilma E. Vargo, Executrix of the Estate of Martha J. Fomari, appeals the October 30, 1998 order of the Circuit Court of Brooke County denying the appellant’s motion for a new trial on the issue of damages. After careful eon-sideration of the issue, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. I. FACTS At about 10:80 p.m. on November 27,1995, Martha Jean Fornari (hereinafter “Mrs. For-nari” or “the decedent”) was walking across an intersection in Wellsburg, Brooke County, when she was struck and killed by an automobile driven by the defendant, Sandra Pine.

As a result, the appellant, Wilma E. Vargo, Mrs. Fomari’s stepdaughter and the executrix of her estate, brought an action against the appellees, Sandra L. Pine (Mrs. Pine) and her husband, David J. Pine, alleging, inter alia, that Mrs. Pine’s negligent operation of her vehicle caused the death of Mrs. Fornari. At trial, evidence was adduced that Mrs. Fornari was walking from west to east across the intersection, had completely crossed three lanes of traffic and was nearly to the opposite sidewalk when she was struck by Mrs. Pine’s vehicle in the eastern portion of the northbound lane.

The parties agreed that it was very dark outside. Mrs. Pine was traveling about 43 to 45 miles per hour and had the green light when traveling through the intersection. There was also testimony that the highway to the south of the intersection is flat and free of curves. Other evidence was heavily contested. There was conflicting testimony concerning how hard it was raining the night of the accident. Also in dispute was whether Mrs. Fornari was struck in the southern end of the intersection where the roadway was illuminated by the lights of a nearby business or at the intersection’s northern end which was dark.

The appellant presented evidence that Mrs. Fornari was wearing a pink jacket, and the appellee countered with testimony that Mrs. Fornari was dressed in dark colors. Finally, there was controverted evidence that the appellee was distracted by a vehicle to her left, which was driven by a friend of the appellee, immediately prior to striking Mrs. Fornari. Concerning damages, the parties stipulated to medical and hospital expenses in the sum of $18,837.50 and funeral expenses in the sum of $5,879.86. The appellant presented expert testimony that Mrs. Fomari’s loss of income amounted to $172,616.97.

Finally, the appellant presented uncontroverted testimony of the close relationship between Mrs. Fornari and the appellant. At the close of the trial, the jury found that the negligence of both the appellee and Mrs. Fornari caused and contributed to the accident. The jury apportioned 51% of the total negligence to the appellee and 49% to Mrs. Fornari. The sum of $18,837.50 was awarded to the appellant for hospital and medical expenses and $5,879.86 was awarded for funeral expenses for a total amount of $24,717.36 in damages. The jury awarded nothing for mental anguish, loss of income and loss of services.

In its judgment order, the circuit court awarded a total of $16,119.02 to the appellant. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW Initially, we note that, [a]s a general proposition, we review a circuit court’s rulings on a motion for a new trial under an abuse of discretion standard. Thus, in reviewing challenges to findings and rulings made by a circuit court, we apply a two-pronged deferential standard of review.

We review the rulings of the circuit court concerning a new trial and its conclusion as to the existence of reversible error under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard. Questions of law are subject to a de novo review. Tennant v. Marion Health Care Foundation, 194 W.Va. 97, 104, 459 S.E.2d 374, 381 (1995) (citation omitted). Additionally, we held in Syllabus Point 1 of Kaiser v.

Hensley, 173 W.Va. 548, 318 S.E.2d 598 (1983), that “[i]n an appeal from an allegedly inadequate damage award, the evidence concerning damages is to be viewed most strongly in favor of the defendant.” With these standards as our guide, we now consider the issue before us. III. DISCUSSION The sole issue is whether the jury’s verdict was so low under the facts that reasonable persons could not differ as to its inadequacy. The appellant notes that the verdict amounts to only $9,622.93, after deducting the post-judgment interest, which is less than the uncontested and stipulated medical and funeral expenses.

The appellant further opines that the jury awarded nothing for mental anguish, loss of income and loss of services despite uncontested evidence that showed $172,616.97 in lost income and a close relationship between Mrs. Fornari and the appellant. To determine the applicable law in reviewing the complained of verdict, a survey of the relevant eases is helpful. This Court has on several occasions considered challenges to alleged inadequate verdicts in wrongful death actions. In Hawkins v.

Nuttallburg Coal & Coke Co., 66 W.Va. 415, 66 S.E. 520 (1909), a coal company employee was killed and his administrator brought a wrongful death action against the coal company. The jury rendered a verdict for the plaintiff for $500 in damages, and the plaintiff moved the court to set aside the verdict because it was so small that it evinced passion, prejudice, or corruption. The circuit court set aside the verdict and awarded the plaintiff a new trial, and the coal company appealed.

This Court held that the circuit court erred in setting aside the verdict and stated: We have held that, where a motion to set aside a verdict is because of excessive or inadequate damages, the court must not encroach on the province of a jury. In their assessment in tort cases there is no fixed measure, as in cases of contract. This is the case in actions generally. But in the case of an action under the statute for the death of a person this is peculiarly the case.

Our decisions go to the effect that the jury, in such cases, is under the statute giving the action absolutely the judge of the amount of damages, and its finding cannot be disturbed unless the court can see that the jury was actuated by passion, prejudice, or corruption. Id., 66 W.Va. at 416, 66 S.E. at 520 (citations omitted). The Court further said that the presence of passion, prejudice, or corruption cannot be presumed from the mere amount of the verdict. Legg v.

Jones, 126 W.Va. 757, 30 S.E.2d 76 (1944), concerned a sixteen-year-old healthy, industrious, and energetic youth who was struck and killed by an automobile while delivering newspapers in the early morning. At trial, the jury awarded damages in the amount of $1000 against the driver of the automobile, and the plaintiff appealed alleging, inter alia, that the verdict was so inadequate as to show bias, fraud, partiality, corruption, and prejudice.

This Court recognized a distinction between wrongful death and other tort actions, stating that “[i]n actions to recover for death by wrongful act, neglect, or default under the statute, it is the peculiar right, as well as the duty, of the jury to fix the amount of recovery. The right is conferred and the duty imposed by the statute which gives the right of action.” Id., 126 W.Va. at 762, 30 S.E.2d at 79.

The Court also restated, in syllabus point 2, the law set forth in Hawkins: In an action for death by wrongful act the jury is the arbiter of the amount of damage, and its finding will not be set aside for the reason that the recovery is inadequate, unless it can be seen that the jury was misled or was motivated by passion, prejudice, partiality or corruption. In addition, the Court noted, citing Hawkins, that “meagemess of the verdict alone is not a sufficient reason to set [the verdict] aside.” Legg, 126 W.Va. at 768, 30 S.E.2d at 79.

Finding no evidence of improper motives which could have influenced the jury, the Court affirmed the verdict. In Kesner v. Trenton, 158 W.Va. 997, 216 S.E.2d 880 (1975), the jury found for the plaintiff on the question of liability where plaintiffs two daughters drowned in a lake operated by the defendant. The jury awarded only funeral expenses, and the circuit court awarded new trials on the ground that the verdicts were inadequate as a matter of law. The defendant appealed and argued that the trial court is forbidden to set aside a verdict in a wrongful death action on the ground of inadequacy alone.

This Court agreed. Relying on the Hawkins and Legg cases, the Court first noted that' it had been “definite and consistent in its view to limit review of jury verdicts in death cases,” recognizing “that the jury’s enlightened conscience is the sole measure of damages.” Kesner, 158 W.Va. at 1007, 216 S.E.2d at 886.

Thus, the Court held in syllabus point 1: Where a jury finds a defendant liable in a wrongful death action, it has absolute discretion, without regal'd to proof of actual damages, pecuniary loss and the like, to make any award it deems “fair and just ...” and the trial court’s submission to the jury of a verdict form which embodies the directions of W.Va.Code 1931, 55-7-6, as amended, is not error.

The Court further held in syllabus point 7 that “[t]he meagerness of a verdict in a wrongful death action is not sufficient reason to set it aside; to be inadequate at law, a verdict must have resulted from error in the case or from jurors’ misconduct.” Finding no evidence that the jury was motivated by passion, prejudice, partiality, or corruption in the rendition of the verdicts, the Court found that the verdicts were not inadequate. However, the Court affirmed the circuit court’s award of new trials because it found that improper jury instructions were given. In Martin v.

Charleston Area Medical Ctr., 181 W.Va. 308, 382 S.E.2d 502 (1989), the Court added a new component to its review of allegedly inadequate damages in wrongful death eases. In Martin, the decedent died as a result of a diagnostic procedure at the Charleston Area Medical Center (CAMC). In the resulting wrongful death action, the decedent was assessed 40% negligence and the defendants were assessed a total of 60% negligence. The jury awarded damages in the amount of $250,000 and the plaintiff appealed alleging an inadequate verdict.

The Court stated as the applicable law: In a tort action arising from wrongful death for alleged medical malpractice this Court will set aside a jury verdict and award a new trial on all issues where: (1) the jury verdict is clearly inadequate when the evidence on damages is viewed most strongly in favor of defendant; (2) liability is contested and there is evidence to sustain a jury verdict in favor of either plaintiff or defendant; and (3) the jury award, while inadequate, is not so nominal under the evidence as to permit the court to infer that it was a defendant’s verdict perversely expressed.

Syllabus, Id., 181 W.Va. 308, 382 S.E.2d 502 (1989). Nevertheless, the Court turned its decision to reverse the verdict, at least in part, on the Legg analysis. The Court explained: In the case before us our decision is informed to some extent by the fact that the plaintiff is a black woman suing for the death of a black husband and father on behalf of herself and four black children. In eases of this type involving white plaintiffs, when plaintiffs prevail at all, the awards ... are substantially higher. Martin, 181 W.Va. at 312, 382 S.E.2d at 506.

The next case in our review, and the one on which the appellant bases her argument, is Linville v. Moss, 189 W.Va. 570, 433 5.E.2d 281 (1993). In Linville, the decedent was attempting to assist the driver of a tractor trailer to back his truck onto the highway when the decedent was struck and killed by another automobile. The decedent was a forty-one-year-old unemployed male who had assumed most of the responsibilities of the household and the care of his twelve-year-old stepson. Testimony at trial revealed $3,719 in funeral expenses and an estimated value of replacement services of $240,180.

The jury returned a verdict of $4000 for reasonable funeral expenses, assessing forty-nine percent negligence to the decedent, twenty-six percent negligence to the driver of the automobile that struck the decedent, and twenty-five percent negligence to the company that owned the tractor trailer. The jury awarded nothing to decedent’s wife and son for loss of services, sorrow, mental anguish, or companionship. The circuit court denied the áppel-lant’s motion to set aside the verdict and to award a new trial on all issues or simply on the issue of damages.

In reviewing the verdict, we applied a similar standard as that in Martin and stated in Syllabus Point 4 that: “ ‘In a civil action for recovery of damages for personal injuries in which the jury returns a verdict for the plaintiff which is manifestly inadequate in amount and which, in that respect, is not supported by the evidence, a new trial may be granted to the plaintiff on the issue of damages on the ground of the inadequacy of the amount of the verdict.’ Syl. Pt. 3, Biddle v.

Haddix, 154 W.Va. 748, 179 S.E.2d 215 (1971).” The Court found that the damages were inadequate and remanded the matter for a new trial solely on the issue of damages. Finally, in Moore v. St. Joseph’s Hospital of Buckhannon, 208 W.Va. 123, 538 S.E.2d 714 (2000) (per curiam), we affirmed an allegedly inadequate verdict of $150,000 in a wrongful death medical malpractice action. There we set forth the applicable standard of reviewing an allegedly inadequate verdict in wrongful death cases, in part, as follows: In Kessel v.

Leavitt, 204 W.Va. 95,185, 511 S.E.2d 720, 810 (1998), this Court observed that “in the absence of any specific rules for measuring damages, the amount to be awarded rests largely in the discretion of the jury, and courts are reluctant to interfere with such a verdict.” (Quoting 22 Am.Jur.2d Damages § 1021, at 1067 (1988) (footnote omitted)). Generally, “[w]e will not find a jury verdict to be inadequate unless it is a sum so low that under the facts of the case reasonable men cannot differ about its inadequacy.” Syl. pt. 2, Fullmer v. Swift Energy Co., Inc., 185 W.Va. 45, 404 S.E.2d 534 (1991).

Moore, 538 S.E.2d at 716. At first glance, a tension in our law is suggested by this survey of wrongful death cases. Hawkins, Legg, and Kesner hold that a verdict in a wrongful death action will not be set aside unless it can be shown that the jury was misled or was motivated by passion, prejudice, partiality, or corruption. The recent eases of Martin, Linville, and Moore essentially indicate that a jury verdict will be set aside if it is clearly or manifestly inadequate or so low under the facts of the ease that reasonable men cannot differ about its inadequacy.

We believe, however, that these two lines of cases can be harmonized by applying them to different circumstances. The Legg analysis applies specifically to those wrongful death cases in which evidence of jury passion, prejudice, partiality, or corruption is found in the record or raised by the parties in their pleadings to this Court. The Martin and Linville analysis, on the other hand, is applicable in those cases in which there is no evidence or claim of jury misconduct, but instead it is averred that the amount of damages is unreasonably low and at variance with the evidence adduced at trial.

Therefore, rather than reading Martin/Linville as a clear break with the Legg analysis, we believe that Martin/Linville provide a standard for reviewing allegedly inadequate verdicts in wrongful death cases where there is no evidence or claim of jury misconduct. Accordingly, we hold that in a wrongful death action, this Court will set aside an allegedly inadequate verdict when it can be seen that the jury was misled or was motivated by passion, prejudice, partiality, or corruption.

In instances where the evidence does not indicate and the plaintiff does not aver that the jury was misled or motivated by passion, prejudice, partiality, or corruption, this Court will set aside an allegedly inadequate verdict in a wrongful death action only where the verdict is a sum so low that under the facts of the case reasonable men cannot differ about its inadequacy. In the instant case, the record does not indicate that the jury was misled or was motivated by passion, prejudice, partiality or corruption. Further, the parties do not cite to the Legg analysis in their briefs to this Court.

Instead, the question presented to this Court by the appellant is whether the jury’s verdict was so low under the facts that reasonable persons could not differ as to its inadequacy. Accordingly, we will review the challenged verdict under the Martin/Linville analysis. Upon examination of the evidence, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying a new trial on the issue of damages. The jury in this action awarded the appellant the total amount of the decedent’s medical and funeral expenses, and this amount was reduced by the decedent’s percentage of negligence.

Additionally, despite the fact that there was testimony that the decedent’s loss of income amounted to $172,616.97, there was no evidence that the appellant was financially dependent on the decedent. Likewise, there was no evidence that the decedent provided any services to the appellant. Stated differently, there was no compelling evidence that the plaintiff suffered any “reasonably expected loss of ... income of the decedent.” W.Va.Code § 55-7 — 6(c)(1)(B) (1992).

Finally, given the decedent’s significant percentage of negligence, the heavily contested nature of liability, and the inherently subjective nature of determining the amount of mental anguish damages, based upon our review of the evidence the jury was not unreasonable in choosing not to award such damages. In

summary, viewing the evidence most strongly for the defendant, there is nothing in these facts which compels us to intrude upon the province of the jury under W.Va.Code § 55-7-6 to decide the fair amount of damages in a wrongful death action. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment order. IV. CONCLUSION For all of the reasons stated above, we conclude that the circuit court did not err in denying the appellant’s motion for a new trial. Accordingly, the judgment of the Circuit Court of Brooke County is affirmed. Affirmed. Justice STARCHER dissents and files a dissenting opinion.

Justice McGRAW concurs in part, dissents in part, and files a separate opinion. . Originally, the appellant alleged that the circuit court erred in denying judgment as a matter of law on the issue of comparative negligence. During oral argument before this Court, however, the appellant waived or abandoned this issue. . In addition, the appellant sued the City of Wellsburg for failure to properly maintain the traffic lights and signals at the intersection in which Mrs. Fornari was killed. Prior to trial, the city settled with the appellant for the sum of $20,000. . The expert explained that Mrs.

Fornari's income was $1,427.00 per month, and her life expectancy was 11.37 years. (Mrs. Fornari was 76 years of age at the time of her death). The multiplication of these two numbers is $194,699.98 gross income. This amount was reduced to its present value of $172,616.97. .This amount represented $24,717.36 plus interest in the sum of $6,087.59 ($30,804.95), less 49% negligence on the part of Mrs. Fornari, which comes to a judgment of $15,710.52.

Added to this number were costs and interest to accrue from May 15, 1998, at the rate of 10% per annum, until paid, totaling $408.50 as of August 3, 1998, the date of the order. . Under the 1967 version of W.Va.Code § 55-7-6, in effect when Kesner was decided, there was a $10,000 cap on wrongful death damages; a $100,000 cap on compensatory damages arising from the death; and damages were provided for reasonable funeral, hospital, medical and other expenses incurred as a result of the death.

Although the wrongful death statute did not, at that time, provide for damages for sorrow and mental anguish, this Court had recognized in Stamper v. Bannister, 146 W.Va. 100, 118 S.E.2d 313 (1961), superseded by statute as stated in Jackson v. Cockill, 149 W.Va. 78, 138 S.E.2d 710 (1964), that grief and sorrow of the beneficiaries are proper elements of damage under the wrongful death statute. The current version of W.Va.Code § 55-7-6 contains no limit on awards of damages. It further provides at (c)(1), The verdict of the jury shall include, but may not be limited to, damages for the following: (

A) Sorrow, mental anguish, and solace which may include society, companionship, comfort, guidance, kindly offices and advice of the decedent; (

B) compensation for reasonably expected loss of (

i) income of the decedent, and (ii) services, protection, care and assistance provided by the decedent; (

C) expenses for the care, treatment and hospitalization of the decedent incident to the injury resulting in death; and (

D) reasonable funeral expenses. . As alluded to in Hawkins and Legg, this Court has traditionally made a distinction between wrongful death and other types °f tort cases. This distinction stems from the fact that, unlike actions for property damage or personal injury, an action for wrongful death did not exist at common law. In fact, there was no right to recover in a wrongful death action until after the British Parliament passed Lord Campbell’s Act in 1846. Smith v. Eureka Pipe Line Co., 122 W.Va. 277, 8 S.E.2d 890 (1940).

Because the right to sue for wrongful death is created purely by statute, we have, on various occasions, made distinctions in our jurisprudence between wrongful death cases and personal injury cases. For example, in Miller v. Romero, 186 W.Va. 523, 413 S.E.2d 178 (1991), we determined that the discovery rule which extends the statute of limitations in medical malpractice claims cannot be used to extend the filing period in a wrongful death action.

We reasoned (hat the bringing of a suit within two years from the death of the person, as required by W.Va.Code § 55-7-6, is an essential element of a wrongful death action and not a statute of limitation. We held in Syllabus Point 2 of Miller that "[t]he two-year period which limits the time in which a decedent’s representative can file suit is extended only when evidence of fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment of material facts surrounding the death is presented.” See also Pennington v. Bear, 200 W.Va. 154, 488 S.E.2d 429 (1997).

In Hawkins, Legg, and Kesner, the peculiar nature of wrongful death actions resulted in a more limited review by this Court of challenged jury verdicts in such cases. . As noted above, this Court is very reluctant to interfere with a verdict rendered by a jury in personal injury and wrongful death cases. We believe that: To discredit this verdict is to discredit our American jury system, a jury system in which many of our citizens participate each year. For all of its defects, the jury that our ancestors fought so hard to attain is a remarkable institution.

What it actually means is that we have decided to give the ultimate say-so in our justice system to a diverse group of ordinary citizens — our fathers and mothers, our sisters and brothers, our co-workers, and our friends. We have decided that it is better to place our faith in the common-sense of ordinary citizens than in a trained class of professional jurors. Gerver v. Benavides, M.D., 207 W.Va. 228, 238, 530 S.E.2d 701, 710 (1999) (Starcher J. concurring).